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Induction in Alocasia Macrorrhiza' Received for Publication December 8, 1987 and in Revised Form March 18, 1988
Plant Physiol. (1988) 87, 818-821 0032-0889/88/87/081 8/04/$0 1.00/0 Gas Exchange Analysis of the Fast Phase of Photosynthetic Induction in Alocasia macrorrhiza' Received for publication December 8, 1987 and in revised form March 18, 1988 MIKO U. F. KIRSCHBAUM2 AND ROBERT W. PEARCY* Department ofBotany, University ofCalifornia, Davis, California 95616 ABSTRACT and Pearcy (10) used gas exchange techniques to investigate the slow phase of induction from about 1 to 45 min. These studies When leaves ofAlocasia macrorrhiza that had been preconditioned in indicated that there might also be a fast phase of induction that 10 micromoles photons per square meter per second for at least 2 hours is complete within the first minute after an increase in PFD. This were suddenly exposed to 500 micromoles photons per square meter per fast induction phase is difficult to analyze with gas exchange second, there was an almost instantaneous increase in assimilation rate. techniques because instrument response times are typically so After this initial increase, there was a secondary increase over the next slow as to obscure the underlying plant response. In the present minute. This secondary increase was more pronounced in high CO2 (1400 study, measurements of the induction response were made in a microbars), where assimilation rate was assumed to be limited by the gas-exchange system modified to resolve very fast responses. This rate of regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). It was absent investigation of the fast induction phase extends our work done in low CO2 (75 microbars), where RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (Rub- previously on the dynamics of photosynthesis of the Australian isco) was assumed to be limiting. -
Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U
Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U. ban on light bulbs Maarten Afman Energy & Industry section Infrastructure Systems & Services Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management Delft University of Technology Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U. ban on light bulbs M.Sc. Thesis ‘Final version d.d. 4th February 2010’ Maarten Afman Graduation committee: Prof.dr.ir. M.P.C. Weijnen (chair; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section ) Dr.ir. G.P.J. Dijkema (first supervisor; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section) Dr.ir. C. van Daalen (second supervisor; TU Delft, Policy Analysis section) ir. E.J.L. Chappin (daily supervisor; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section) dr. W. Jager (external supervisor; University of Groningen, Marketing department) Programme SEPAM – Systems Engineering, Policy Analysis and Management Graduation Delft, 18th February 2010 Address M.R. Afman, v.d. Heimstr. 55, 2613EA Delft, The Netherlands E-mail addr. [email protected] Student no. 9006424 Energy & Industry section Infrastructure Systems & Services Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management Delft University of Technology Summary The need for a ban on bulbs? Energy consumption of the residential lighting sector is high: 3.8 TWh per year for the Netherlands alone, approximately the production of a power plant of 800 MW. Consequently, if 40% of the energy consumption for consumer lighting could be saved, a 320 MW power plant could be taken off the grid. Such a saving would be realistic if consumers would not rely so much on outdated and inefficient lighting technology, i.e. the standard incandescent light bulb and halogen lighting. -
Lesson 2: Ohm's Law with Light Bulbs and Leds
NNIN Nanotechnology Education Teacher’s Preparatory Guide Lesson 2: Ohm’s Law with Light Bulbs and LEDs Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to illustrate ohmic and non-ohmic materials in a simple series circuit. This activity will introduce semiconductors as diodes so that future activities may build upon this idea to conclude with micro/nano-circuits. Time required: 45 – 55 minutes Level: High School Physics Teacher Background: Ohm’s Law. Georg Simon Ohm discovered that materials have an ohmic, or linear, region. His equation (Eqn 1) explains that as the potential Figure 1. Photograph of LEDs. difference (V) increases, so does the current (I), and the (www.ohgizmo.com/wp- content/uploads/2007/10/led_of_l relationship is linear to a point. The slope of a voltage vs. ed_1%20(Custom).jpg) current plot yields the resistance (R). Temperature affects the resistance. If a resistor heats up, the value of its resistance increases, and the resistor is now considered non-ohmic. Non-ohmic materials have a non-linear relationship between voltage and current. ∆V = IR Eqn 1 Resistivity Resistivity () is an electrical property of a material. Its relation to resistance (R) is shown in Equation 2. The equations that relate resistivity to temperature, and resistance to temperature, are shown below in Equation 3 & 4. The temperature coefficient of resistance is alpha () and it is a material constant. T0, 0, and R0 represent the known temperature, resistivity, and resistance, respectively. L R = ρ Eqn 2 A ρ = ρ0 [1+ α(T − T0 )] Eqn 3 R = R0 [1+ α(T − T0 )] Eqn 4 Diodes & LEDs Figure 1 shows typical LEDs used in electrical circuits. -
Evaluation of Electric Lighting Products
U.S. CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION DIRECTORATE FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES EVALUATION OF ELECTRIC LIGHTING PRODUCTS December 2007 Anna Luo Electrical Engineer Division of Electrical Engineering Directorate for Engineering Sciences This report has not been reviewed or approved by, and may not necessarily reflect the views of, the Commission. Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 1 II. PROJECT OUTLINE................................................................................................................ 1 III. VOLUNTARY STANDARDS................................................................................................ 1 IV. TERMINOLOGY.................................................................................................................... 2 V. PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS........................................................................................... 3 VI. TASK 1 – Review of Incident Data......................................................................................... 4 A. Portable Lighting Incidents ............................................................................................ 4 B. Installed Lighting Incidents............................................................................................ 5 C. Incidents Associated with Other Factors........................................................................ 6 VII. TASK 2 - Inspection of Collected Samples .......................................................................... -
Light Bulbs + Sockets Light Bulbs + Sockets Prices See Main Assortment Shop.Griederbauteile.Ch Prices See Treasure Trove Shop.Griederbauteile.Ch
Light Bulbs + Sockets Light Bulbs + Sockets Prices see Main Assortment shop.griederbauteile.ch Prices see Treasure Trove shop.griederbauteile.ch E10 Page 2 – 3 Multi LED Page 3 E5/8 + E5.5/16 Page 4 E14 E27 + E40 (Projection Lamps) Page 5 T2 Ba7s Ba9s Page 6 + 7 Ba15s + Ba15d Page 7 Ba20s + Ba20d Page 8 T¾ Page 8 + 9 T1 T¼ + T1½ + T1¾ Page 9 – 13 Special Bulbs + Wedge Base Page 14 LED Lamps + Projection Lamps Page 15 Halogen + Fluorescent Page 16 Festoon Page 17 Telecommunication Bulbs Page 17 – 20 Glow Lamps Page 20 Indicator Lights Page 21 Sockets Page 21 – 23 Subject to alterations and errors. www.griederbauteile.ch Pictures are a guide only. 1 Edition April 2017 Light Bulbs + Sockets Light Bulbs E10 Spherical Shape Order No Voltage Current Pow er Bailey Number EBA.0110 1.5V 100mA 150mW E24001090 EBA.0210 2.5V 100mA 250mW E24001100 EBA.0230 2.5V 300mA 750mW E24002300 EBA.0407 3.8V 80mA 266mW E24003070 EBA.0430 3.8V 300mA 1140mW E24003301 EBA.0605 6V 50mA 300mW E24006050 EBA.0610 6V 100mA 600mW E24006100 EBA.0630 6V 300mA 1800mW E24006300 EBA.1205 12V 50mA 600mW E24012050 EBA.1210 12V 100mA 1200mW E24012100 EBA.1225 12V 250mA 3W E24012250 EBA.2402 24V 20mA 480mW EBA.2405 24V 50mA 1200mW E24024050 EBA.2412 24V 125mA 3W E24024125 EBA.3602 36V 20mA 720mW EBA.3605 36V 50mA 1800mW E24036050 EBA.3608 36V 83mA 3W EBA.4802 48V 20mA 960mW EBA.4804 48V 40mA 1920mW EBA.4806 48V 63mA 3W EBA.6002 60V 20mA 1200mW EBA.6004 60V 40mA 2400mW Light Bulbs E10 Cylindrical Shape Order No Voltage Current Pow er Bailey Number EBB.0230 2.5V 300mA 850mW E28002300 -
Incandescent Light Bulb Disposal Halogen Light Bulb Disposal CFL
What do you do when your light bulbs burn out? Different types of light bulbs require different disposal methods to keep your family, and the planet, safe and healthy. Check out our light bulb disposal guide for information on how you should dispose of or recycle the various bulb types you may have around the house. Incandescent light bulb disposal The old, incandescent light bulbs are on their way out, being replaced by more efficient alternatives. These traditional bulbs are either a vacuum, or have been filled with an inert gas to avoid chemical reactions. Since the materials which make up these bulbs are nontoxic, it is ok to dispose of them with your garbage. Many areas do not accept incandescent light bulbs for recycling, but check with your local provider to make sure. Incandescent bulbs are fragile and can break in your garbage container; avoid accidents by disposing of your incandescent bulbs inside used packaging or another item which can contain the glass if it breaks. Halogen light bulb disposal Halogen light bulbs are typically used as flood lights, and can be found outdoors as well as inside. They contain halogen gas inside the tube which holds their filament. Like incandescent bulbs, recycling programs do not commonly accept halogen bulbs. Halogen bulbs do not contain toxic materials, so it is safe to throw them out with your household garbage if you cannot find a recycling solution. CFL light bulb disposal Unlike incandescent and halogen light bulbs, CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) contain small amounts of mercury. Because of the mercury they contain, CFLs should be recycled for safe light bulb disposal. -
History of Electric Light
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 76. NUMBER 2 HISTORY OF ELECTRIC LIGHT BY HENRY SGHROEDER Harrison, New Jersey PER\ ^"^^3^ /ORB (Publication 2717) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AUGUST 15, 1923 Zrtie Boxb QSaftitnore (prcee BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. CONTENTS PAGE List of Illustrations v Foreword ix Chronology of Electric Light xi Early Records of Electricity and Magnetism i Machines Generating Electricity by Friction 2 The Leyden Jar 3 Electricity Generated by Chemical Means 3 Improvement of Volta's Battery 5 Davy's Discoveries 5 Researches of Oersted, Ampere, Schweigger and Sturgeon 6 Ohm's Law 7 Invention of the Dynamo 7 Daniell's Battery 10 Grove's Battery 11 Grove's Demonstration of Incandescent Lighting 12 Grenet Battery 13 De Moleyns' Incandescent Lamp 13 Early Developments of the Arc Lamp 14 Joule's Law 16 Starr's Incandescent Lamp 17 Other Early Incandescent Lamps 19 Further Arc Lamp Developments 20 Development of the Dynamo, 1840-1860 24 The First Commercial Installation of an Electric Light 25 Further Dynamo Developments 27 Russian Incandescent Lamp Inventors 30 The Jablochkofif " Candle " 31 Commercial Introduction of the Differentially Controlled Arc Lamp ^3 Arc Lighting in the United States 3;^ Other American Arc Light Systems 40 " Sub-Dividing the Electric Light " 42 Edison's Invention of a Practical Incandescent Lamp 43 Edison's Three-Wire System 53 Development of the Alternating Current Constant Potential System 54 Incandescent Lamp Developments, 1884-1894 56 The Edison " Municipal -
Efficient Lighting Using Compact Fluorescent Lamps and Fixtures
APPLICATION NOTE An In-Depth Examination of an Energy Summary Efficiency Technology Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) can provide energy savings of up to 75 per- cent and slash maintenance costs in many common applications formerly Efficient Lighting dominated by incandescents. The chal- lenge is to obtain excellent visual qual- ity with these compact sources, as they Using Compact are often misapplied. This application note draws on the experience of lighting Fluorescent Lamps designers, manufacturers, and product users to provide guidance in how—and and Fixtures how not—to apply compact fluores- cents. CFLs come in several sizes and con- figurations, and can be applied nearly anywhere that incandescent sources are used for general area lighting. Ap- plications include ceiling downlights, task lights, wall sconces, and pendant and decorative fixtures. But even these Summary .............................................1 versatile light sources cannot be used everywhere, and they must be applied How This Technology Saves carefully to get satisfactory results. Energy .................................................1 Limitations include difficulty in dimming, Types of Compact Fluorescents.......3 the availability of lamps in sizes that fit existing fixtures, sensitivity to frequent Applicability ........................................5 on-off cycling, and low beam power be- cause of the diffuse linear light source. Field Observations to Assess In addition, lamp orientation and tem- Feasibility............................................7 perature need to be considered, since Estimation of Energy Savings ...........8 they can affect light output. Cost and Service Life .........................9 How This Technology Laws, Codes, and Regulations........10 Saves Energy Definitions of Key Terms .................10 References to More Information......11 Compact fluorescent lamps are simply miniature versions of full-sized fluores- Major Manufacturers ........................11 cents, with a few key differences. -
Incandescent Light Bulbs Based on a Refractory Metasurface "2279
hv photonics Article Incandescent Light Bulbs Based on a Refractory y Metasurface Hirofumi Toyoda 1, Kazunari Kimino 1, Akihiro Kawano 1 and Junichi Takahara 1,2,* 1 Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (A.K.) 2 Photonics Center, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-6-6879-8503 Invited paper. y Received: 5 September 2019; Accepted: 9 October 2019; Published: 12 October 2019 Abstract: A thermal radiation light source, such as an incandescent light bulb, is considered a legacy light source with low luminous efficacy. However, it is an ideal energy source converting light with high efficiency from electric power to radiative power. In this work, we evaluate a thermal radiation light source and propose a new type of filament using a refractory metasurface to fabricate an efficient light bulb. We demonstrate visible-light spectral control using a refractory metasurface made of tantalum with an optical microcavity inserted into an incandescent light bulb. We use a nanoimprint method to fabricate the filament that is suitable for mass production. A 1.8 times enhancement of thermal radiation intensity is observed from the microcavity filament compared to the flat filament. Then, we demonstrate the thermal radiation control of the metasurface using a refractory plasmonic cavity made of hafnium nitride. A single narrow resonant peak is observed at the designed wavelength as well as the suppression of thermal radiation in wide mid-IR range under the condition of constant surface temperature. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,144,129 B2 Munday Et Al
USOO9144129B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,144,129 B2 Munday et al. (45) Date of Patent: Sep. 22, 2015 (54) SWITCHABLE LUMINANCE LED LIGHT 6, 2012, provisional application No. 61/667,982, filed BULB on Jul. 4, 2012. (71) Applicant: The Regents of the University of (51) Int. Cl. California, Oakland, CA (US) H05B 39/00 (2006.01) H05B33/08 (2006.01) (72) Inventors: David Munday, Santa Cruz, CA (US); (52) U.S. Cl. Ryan Baker, Santa Cruz, CA (US); CPC ........ H05B33/0839 (2013.01); H05B33/0803 Julian Dahan, Santa Cruz, CA (US); (2013.01); H05B33/0815 (2013.01); Y02B Russell Petersen, Santa Cruz, CA (US); 20/346 (2013.01) Craig Sloan, Santa Cruz, CA (US) (58) Field of Classification Search None (73) Assignee: THE REGENTS OF THE See application file for complete search history. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNLA, Oakland, CA (US) (56) References Cited (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS patent is extended or adjusted under 35 8,853.950 B1* 10, 2014 Ch 315/127 U.S.C. 154(b) by 420 days. 2011/O133655w - - A1 6, 2011 Reckerall et. al.. .................. 315, 159 (21) Appl. No.: 13/727,463 * cited by examiner (22) Filed: Dec. 26, 2012 Primary Examiner — Lincoln Donovan O O Assistant Examiner — Khareem EAlmo (65) Prior Publication Data (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Adam Warwick Bell: US 2013/0328493 A1 Dec. 12, 2013 Matthew Rupert Kaser Related U.S. Application Data (57) ABSTRACT (63) Continuation of application No. 13/727,463, filed on A switchable luminance LED light bulb, including embodi Dec. -
Lamp Fitting Guide
Lamp Fitting Guide The LumaCross LED bulb is designed for use in shaded table and vertical-oriented floor lamps as a direct replacement for incandescent, CFL and traditional globe-shaped LED bulbs. Given the unusual shape of LumaCross, it is helpful to understand how to evaluate an existing lamp to make sure that your new LumaCross will fit correctly. LAMPSHADES. Lampshades are designed for aesthetics and functionality. They are sized dimensionally to accom- modate the lamp base. When considering a shaded table or floor lamp for LumaCross, the shade attachment mechanism (called a “fitter”) is important. There are three primary methods of attaching a lampshade: the Spider-Harp Style Fitter (Fig. 1), the Uno Fitter (Fig. 2), and the Clip-On Fitter (Fig. 3). One of the most common lampshade fitters used for ta- ble and floor lamps is the Spider-Harp Fitter. Large base lamps and those with large shades use Spider-Harp Fitters because they are better at securing the shade. As shown in Pic 1, the harp attaches to the lamp base and the spider, which is part of the lampshade, attaches to the top of the harp using a finial screw. When considering replacement of a globe-shaped bulb with a LumaCross bulb in a lamp with a Spider-Harp Fitter, the most im- portant consideration is the height of the harp. Since the LumaCross bulb is 5.1” high, it will typically fit inside harps that are at least 6” high (measured as shown here). For lamps with taller harps, the existing bulb can be un- screwed and the LumaCross screwed in without removing the harp. -
Incandescent Light Bulbs – Compact Fluorescent Lamps Questions and Answers
FAQ Incandescent light bulbs / Compact fluorescent lamps August 2011 --------------------------------------- Incandescent light bulbs – Compact fluorescent lamps Questions and answers Overview Why are 60-watt incandescent bulbs being withdrawn from sale from 1 September 2011? ............. 1 What different types of lamp are there? ............................................................................................. 2 How much electricity do the different types of lamp use? .................................................................. 3 Why are some compact fluorescent lamps only in energy efficiency class B? .................................. 3 Where can compact fluorescent lamps be used? .............................................................................. 3 How long do compact fluorescent lamps last (burn time and number of on/off cycles)? ................... 4 Are there compact fluorescent lamps that emit light whose warmth is similar to that of incandescent bulbs? ........................................................................................................................... 4 How do I find the right compact fluorescent lamp to replace my old light bulb? ................................ 5 How long do compact fluorescent lamps take to reach full brightness after switching on? ............... 6 Compact fluorescent lamps are considerably more expensive than comparable incandescent bulbs. Why are the total annual costs so much lower despite this? ............................ 6 Compact fluorescent lamps