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The Significance of Participatory Management on Project Execution Through Direct Labour: a Case Study of Adamawa State, Nigeria

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The Significance of Participatory Management on Project Execution Through Direct Labour: a Case Study of Adamawa State, Nigeria THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT ON PROJECT EXECUTION THROUGH DIRECT LABOUR: A CASE STUDY OF ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA BY ENGR. EZEKIEL OLAJIDE ADENIJI (Matriculation No.: 9975) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) DEGREE IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT ST. CLEMENT UNIVERSITY, BRITISH WEST INDIES NOVEMBER, 2011 1 ATTESTATION This is to attest that this Dissertation is original to the researcher was carried out under my supervision and guidance. …………………………………………………………………………………………. Prof. David Iornem ACADEMIC ADVISER 2 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to His Excellency, Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan GCFR; the President and Commander-In-Chief of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for his kindness, affection and love for me and for God using him to elevate me in life by giving me an appointment as Chairman, Federal Road Maintenance Agency (FERMA). God in His infinite mercies will see you through this onerous assignment in piloting the affairs of our great country Nigeria. You are a man of unparallel calmness, very calculated, a man full of joy, who radiates joy, infects others with joy and I happen to be one of the numerous ones you have infected with joy. May the good Lord continue to bless you and your family in Jesus Name. Amen. You are simply great. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to thank my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ for giving me the opportunity to go through this my Doctoral Degree after a very long break in my academic pursuit. I also thank my dearly and beloved wife, Pharm (Mrs.) Victoria C. Adeniji for encouraging me and enduring throughout the course of this project. My appreciation goes to my dear children, Olueole, Oluseun, Oluyomi and Olusegun who in one way or the other have prayed vigorously for me without which this study would not have succeeded. My eternal gratitude goes to Air Cmdr Jonah David Jang for his usual fatherly roles. I cannot forget daddy and mummy, Chief & Chief (Mrs) Adebayo Adeniji for being there for me. My thanks also go to Barr & Mrs. Olufemi Ajayi, Engr. & Mrs. Ayotunde Ayodeji, Engr. & Mrs. Adebayo Oyebanji, Mr. & Mrs. Adeyemi Adeniji, Mr. & Mrs. Adeyinka Adeniji, Chief & Mrs. Sunday Adeniji, Mr. & Mrs. Timothy Oyewole (who actually told me point blank that he would not be happy until I got my PhD); Mr. & Mrs. Akinyemi Adeniji, Mr. & Mrs. Osuolale Akande, Pastor & Mrs. Chris Bature, Dr. & Mrs. Wale Omole, the Madu family of Lohom in Abia State, the Governor and people of Adamawa State for giving me the opportunity to serve in various capacities in many Direct Labour Task Forces and so many other numerous names to mention. Finally my thanks go to my understanding Academic Adviser, Professor David Iornem whose advice and suggestions could not be quantified and also my brother, Mr. Shaakaa Manasseh whose deft hands typed this project. May the good Lord bless all of you in Jesus Name. Amen 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages TITLE ………………………………………………….……………………….………… i ATTESTATION ………………………….……………….…………................................. ii DEDICATION………………………………….…………………………. …………….. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………………………..iv TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………..…………….. v LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………...…………ix LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………….…………..xvii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………..….………xix 1.0 CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL BACKGROUND …………………………….…………. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK …………….…….…1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY …………………………………………….….. 20 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ………………………………………………….. .……21 1.4 RESEARCH PROBLEM …………………………………………….….…….….21 1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY …………………………………….…..….…….27 1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY ………………………………….…..….…...28 1.7 WORKING HYPOTHESES ……………………………………………………..32 1.8 THE RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY ……………….….….….....33 1.8.1 Survey Methodology ……………………………………….……. ..…..33 5 1.8.2 Sampling Frame ………………………………………….….…….…....34 1.8.3 Sampling Design ……………………………………………..……..….. 34 1.8.4 Sampling Size ……………………………………………….……..….35 1.8.5 Sampling Selection ………………………………………………..…….36 1.8.6 Data Source and Methodology ……………………………….…….…...37 1.8.7 Field Organisation ……………………………………………….…….. 39 1.8.8 Precision of Survey Result ………………………………………….…. 39 1.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………....42 1.10 PREVIEW OF SUBSEQUENT CHAPTERS ……………………………….……43 1.11 DEFINITION OF TERMS ………………………………………………….……..44 1.12 ABBREVIATIONS’ FULL MEANINGS ………………………………………..47 2.0 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………. 49 2.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………...…………49 2.2 PROJECT PARTICIPATION ……………………………………………...……..50 2.2.1 Face-to-face Meeting ……………………………………………...……51 2.2.2 Virtual Meeting ………………………………………………...….……51 2.2.3 Teleconference…………………………………………………...….…..52 2.2.4 E-mail……………………………………………………………………53 2.3 PARTICIPATORY PROJECT MANAGEMENT & PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT …….………………………………………………….…….….54 2.4 APPROACHES TO PEOPLE PARTICIPATION IN PROJECTS ……………… 56 6 2.4.1 Functional Motives ……………………………………………………..57 2.4.2 Empowering Motives …………………………………………………...58 2.4.3 Philosophical Motives …………………………………………………..59 2.4.4 World Bank’s Reason for Community Participation ……………………61 2.5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY ………………………………...62 2.5.1 Overview of Project Management Process ……………………………...62 2.5.1.1 Initiating Process ………………………………………………...63 2.5.1.2 Planning Process ………………………………………………...64 2.5.1.3 Executing Process ……………………………………………….64 2.5.1.4 Monitoring Process ……………………………………………...65 2.5.1.5 Closing Process ………………………………………………….66 2.5.2 Overview of Project Knowledge Areas …………………………………70 2.5.2.1 Scope Management …………………………………..….………71 2.5.2.2 Time Management …………………………………………….71 2.5.2.3 Cost Management ……………………………………………..71 2.5.2.4 Quality Management …………………………………………..71 2.5.2.5 Human Resource Management …………………………….…..71 2.5.2.6 Communication Management …………………………………72 2.5.2.7 Risk Management …………………………………….………..72 2.5.2.8 Procurement Management …………………………….……….72 2.5.2.9 Integration Management ……………………….......................72 7 2.5.3 Overview of Project Life Cycle (PLC)………………………………….72 2.5.3.1 Stages of Project Cycle …………………………………..……..75 2.5.3.1.1 Project Initiation or Identification ………………….75 2.5.3.1.2 Project Preparation ………………….……....…...….75 2.5.3.1.3 Project Appraisal ……………………….……..….…76 2.5.3.1.4 Project Implementation …………………………….76 2.5.3.1.5 Project Evaluation …………………………………..77 2.6 PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT PHILOSOPHIES AND APPROACHES …………………………………………………………………..79 2.6.1 Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) …………………………….…..….….....79 2.6.2 Participatory Rural Appraisal……………………………………….…..81 2.6.3 Asset-Based Approaches (Appreciative Inquiry)………………………84 2.6.4 Facilitating Asset-Based Community Development (FABCD)…………88 2.6.4.1 Collecting Stories……………………………………………………….89 2.6.4.2 Organising a Core Group……………………………………….89 2.6.4.3 Mapping the Capacities and Assets of Individuals, Associations and Local Institutions………………………….…………...90 2.6.5 Building Community Vision and Plan………………………………….92 2.6.6 Mobilizing and Linking Assets for Economic Development…………..93 2.6.7 Leveraging activities, investments and resources from 8 outside the community………………………………………………….93 2.6.8 Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) ………………………………95 2.7 PARTICIPATORY PROJECT INCEPTION AND DESIGN……………….……98 2.7.1 Collecting the data………………………………………….……………99 2.7.2 Visiting the fields…………………………………………….………..101 2.7.3 Defining the Logical Framework Analysis………………….….………102 2.7.4 Involving NGO’s in the Project Design…………………….….……….103 2.7.5 Validating the Project Design: Workshops with Stakeholders….……..106 2.7.6 Participatory Evaluation……………………………………..……….107 2.7.6.1 The Socio-economic Content……………………….…….…….107 2.7.6.2 The current experience of stakeholders…………….………...108 2.7.6.3 The evaluation design……………………………….………..108 2.7.6.4 Data collection and consideration…………………….………...109 2.7.6.5 Analysis………………………………………………….……...109 2.7.6.6 Feedback and Using Evaluation Findings……………………..110 2.7.6.7 Existing skills and Assets, External Input (Planning)………….111 2.8 KEY ELEMENTS OF A PROJECT (EXECUTION) PLAN……………………111 2.8.1 Project Planning and Project Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)…114 2.8.2 Managing Resources……………………………………………….…...119 2.9 Participatory Project Implementation……………………………………….……..120 2.9.1 People’s Agency and Action Plan……………………………………...121 9 2.9.2 Identifying Risks………………………………………..........................125 2.9.3 Project Risk Management………………………………………..…….128 2.10 PARTICIPATORY PROJECT EVALUATION………………..……………….129 2.10.1 Self-reliance and Self-help Approach……………………………..…..131 2.10.2 Identification of Appropriate Stakeholders…………………………….132 2.10.3 Need Identification and Goal Determination…………………………..133 2.10.4 Information Dissemination ………………………………..…………...133 2.10.5 Consultation…………………………………………….……………..134 2.10.6 Genuine Interest………………………………………….……………135 2.10.7 Public Involvement in Decision Making……………………….……...136 2.10.8 Accountability…………………………………………….…………...137 2.10.9 Repeated Intervention…………………………………………….….. 137 2.10.10 Ownership and Control………………………………………. 138 2.10.11 Sharing Benefits………………………………………………. 138 2.10.12 Partnership……………………………………………………...139 2.10.13 Environmental Legislation……………………………………..140 2.11 REPORTING AND COMMUNICATION IN PROJECT PROCESS…….………140 2.12 DIRECT LABOUR……………………………………………………….………140 2.12.1 Approaches to Direct Labour Construction…………………………...147 2.12.1.1 Fully in-house Direct Labour……………………………....147 2.12.1.2 Partially on-house Direct Labour…………………………..148 10 2.12.1.3
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