Working Against Violence: Promising Practices in Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention

WORKING PAPER (&/&7" %&$-"3"5*0/

WORKING AGAINST VIOLENCE: PROMISING PRACTICES IN ARMED VIOLENCE REDUCTION AND PREVENTION

By Paul Eavis

www.genevadeclaration.org working paper GENEVA DECLARATION

Working against Violence: Promising Practices in Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention

By Paul Eavis Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention 2 ISBN: ISBN: 978-2-9700771-1-4 P by Jillian MA Luff, Cartography in Typeset by Meta Frank Benno Junghanns ([email protected]) P Switzerland 1202 1202 47 Avenue Blanc c/o Small Survey Arms G at the address below. the outside scope of the above should be sent to the reproduction concerning Enquiries organization. rights reprographics by law, or permitted with the under expressly appropriate agreed terms prior permission in of prior permission the writing in any or or form system, transmitted, by a any retrieval the means, without No of part this may publication in be stored reserved. reproduced, All rights © P ublished in Switzerland by ublished in the Switzerland rinted by rinted nbmedia, by Donald roofread Strachan eneva Declaration Secretariat eneva Declaration G eneva Declaration Secretariat, Secretariat, eneva Declaration G eneva eneva C opyright G eneva P grafix G G eneva Declaration Secretariat eneva Declaration eneva Declaration Secretariat, or as Secretariat, eneva Declaration G eneva eneva 2011 P ublications Manager ublications 3

The Geneva Declaration n tio a r a cl De

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, endorsed by more than 100 countries, commits signatories to supporting initiatives eneva G intended to measure the human, social, and economic costs of armed e h violence, to assess risks and vulnerabilities, to evaluate the effectiveness of T armed violence reduction programmes, and to disseminate knowledge of best practices. The Declaration calls upon states to achieve measurable reductions in the global burden of armed violence and tangible improvements in human security by 2015. Affiliated organizations include the Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the Quaker United Nations Office (QUNO).

For more information about the Geneva Declaration, related activities, and publications, please visit www.genevadeclaration.org.

III Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention 4 R Endnotes L I O A A A C I mplications for mplications practice ntroduction ntroduction ist of boxes, figures, ist and of maps boxes, figures, ategorizing ategorizing eferences cknowledgements bout bout the author bbreviations and bbreviations acronyms verview of promising practices verview Broader development Broader programming development programming Indirect programming Direct and Monitoring the understanding nature of violence armed of armed of violence armed and victims the perpetrators targeting Measures to Measures reduce access to firearms Improved urban/local governance and design urban/local Improved governance environmental Youth programming that enables violence armed environment the institutional targeting Measures . . . . C A V ontents R . P interventions P interventions ...... 14

30 17 17 63 23 54 45 45 53 57

8 9 5 7 5 List of boxes, figures, and maps ts en t n o C

Box 1 What is armed violence?...... 9

Box 2 Key risk factors of armed violence...... 11

Box 3 The DESEPAZ Programme in Colombia...... 14

Box 4 Crisis and Recovery Mapping and Analysis project in Sudan...... 15

Box 5 Establishing a crime observatory in Honduras...... 16

Box 6 Strengthening firearms legislation in Brazil and Kosovo...... 18

Box 7 Arms-free municipalities in El Salvador ...... 19

Box 8 Reducing alcohol sales hours in Brazil...... 19

Box 9 Disarmament programmes in Brazil, Cambodia, Colombia, and South Africa...... 20

Box 10 Brazil’s ‘Choose Gun Free! It’s Your Weapon or Me’ campaign . . . 22

Box 11 Fica Vivo!, Brazil ...... 22

Box 12 UNDP support for DDR in eastern Sudan ...... 24

Box 13 Lessons learned from DDR programmes ...... 24

Box 14 Creating job opportunities for demobilized ex-combatants...... 26

Box 15 The Cradle to Grave violence prevention programme...... 27

Box 16 Addressing gender-based violence in Côte d’Ivoire...... 28

Box 17 The Safe Dates programme ...... 28

Box 18 South Africa’s Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity ...... 29 I

Box 19 UNDP support to address SGBV...... 31 II Box 20 Brazil’s National Programme for Public Security with Citizenship ...... 32 III

Box 21 Operation Ceasefire in Boston, United States...... 32

Box 22 Croatia: support for community policing and safer communities...... 33

Box 23 Casas de Justicia...... 35 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention 6 Box Box 27 Box 26 Box Box 37 Box 35 Figure 1 Figure Box Box 43 Box Box 30 M Box Box 36 Box Box 24 Box Box 46 Box 25 Box Box 47 Box Box 45 Box 44 Box Box 40 Box 39 Box Box 34 Box 33 Box Box 42 Box 41 Box 32 Box 31 Box Box 29 Box 28 Box Box 38 ap ap 1

for for peace UND K in South and activities peace-building Flashpoints AVR Categorizing health, and programmes development education reduction, in components of poverty violence reduction armed Examples Safer cities: the Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, experience plan in A safety Skopje, community Macedonia G UND The Alternatives Juvenile Justice P of (Hope Station), Department Esperanza Estación juvenile systems justice for reforming support UNICEF Youth inclusion in Liberia and in Youth employment empowerment to reduce programme violence in Brazil After-school for Foundation Arias campaign, Community Safe School—Safe in training Colombia Life-skills parents Colombia: supporting along the prevention Conflict in communities in reduction pastoralist Violence G for youths and prevention their in Conflict communities A of N selection in Sanaag, Somaliland efforts Reconciliation UND P and in development safety Community-driven in the Dominican Republic programme Security) (Neighbourhood Seguro Barrio in Somaliland safety Enhancing community P Santiago de Santiago Chile, Chile ordofan, Sudan ordofan, eace Management Initiative eace ( Initiative Management ort-au- ublic Security, Estación Central Municipality, Municipality, Central Estación ublic Security, uatemala uinea P eace eace and Human support P for criminal improving services justice support support for municipal citizen security plans P for in municipal support citizen security P -supported programmes to build programmes local capacities -supported . P . rince, rince, Haiti . G . O-supported reconciliation initiatives reconciliation O-supported P activities . P rogress, Costa Rica rogress, . . . . K P . . enya–Sudan border enya–Sudan MI), MI), Jamaica P roject (JJA roject K enya . . P . . ) in Tajikistan

. . K enya ...... 48 40 40 44 46 36 36 49 49 39 50 50 54 54 52 52 47 37 37 35 55 12 41 41 51 15 7 About the author uthor Paul Eavis is an independent consultant. Between 2006 and 2010 he worked as a senior adviser on armed violence prevention at the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery at the UN Development Programme (UNDP), Geneva. Prior to this, between 1996 and 2006 he was the director of the

independent NGO Saferworld, where between 1990 and 1995 he was the About the a research director. Over the past 15 years he has written and/or edited numerous reports and briefings on armed violence prevention, small arms control, security sector reform, conflict prevention, and peace building. He holds an MA in International Relations and was awarded the MBE in 2002.

Acknowledgements

This Working Paper draws on the findings of a series of regional seminars on promising armed violence reduction and prevention practices hosted by the governments of Croatia, Guatemala, Kenya, Nepal, and Nigeria carried out with the generous financial support of the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and Switzerland in preparation for the 2nd Ministerial Review Conference of the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development.

The regional meetings brought together state representatives and civil society organizations and were organized in cooperation with the Geneva Declaration Secretariat, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the UN Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific (UNRCPD), and with the Quaker United Nations Office (QUNO). Moreo- ver, the UN Regional Centres for Peace and Disarmament in Latin America and the Caribbean (UNLIREC) and Africa (UNREC) also provided valuable support to these events. I Special thanks are due to Luigi De Martino of the Geneva Declaration II Secretariat; Robert Muggah of the Small Arms Survey; David Atwood of QUNO ; and Sara Sekkenes, Zachary Taylor, Katy Thompson, Helene Pfeil, III Esteban Olhagaray, Ben McCabe, and Sarah-Marie Mannche of UNDP for their valuable insights and advice on drafts of the paper. Thanks are also due to Alessandra Allen, Sarah Hoban, Martin Field, and Alex Potter at the Small Arms Survey for helping to prepare this Working Paper for publication. Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention 8 S QUNO W USD USAID US UND UNAMSIL P P UNICEF A ADR P OECD NCDDR MoYAS JJA CO CDD CBO BRL AVR N N IMA ES ECO DESE DDR CSO CRMA MI RONASCI RONASCI RODE G P P G w HO P EDI P C BV P O A G P W RODE P P E AS AZ P

P P A

p p A Quaker United Nations Office Nations Quaker United US US dollar Development for International US Agency States United Fund Children’s Nations United Development Nations United Leone in Mission Nations Sierra United violence and gender-based Sexual National Alternative dispute resolution Alternative Community Driven Development Development Driven Community Alternatives Justice Juvenile P and Development for Co-operation Economic Organisation and Sports of Youth Affairs Ministry Development Community-driven organization Community-based real Brazilian and prevention reduction violence Armed Adakar Adakar Reintegration and Demobilization, for Disarmament, Committee National of Community Economic y Seguridad Desarrollo, committees/councils Development National National organization Non-governmental for and AIDS Microfinance with Intervention Sudan Eastern and reintegration demobilization, Disarmament, organization society Civil Analysis Mapping and Crisis Recovery bbreviations and acronyms eace Management Initiative eace Management rojet rojet orld Health Organization Health orld P P ilote ilote de Développement eace and Development Initiatives eace and Development P P eace eace Council rogramme for rogramme P eace eace Agreement P P W az ublic Security with Citizenship Citizenship with ublic Security est African States est African P P roject rogramme P P articipatif à articipatif ilot ilot P roject in roject G P ender ender Equity ort-au- P ort-au- P rince/Urban rince/Urban P rince prevent armed violence. Thus, the aim Thus, violence. armed prevent of this paper is working to this fill gap seems to be to the a of best practices reduce regarding research and dearth Yet in spite on of of actors involvement this the various growing issue, there to possible attention solutions. drawing non-war situations. situations. non-war deaths and These occur injuries mostly in of economic opportunities. and trauma, Many the injury, more loss through lives have been devastated and safety and in regions. safety specific (UND Bank Development and the the UN Inter-American Development to actions prevent and reduce such violence (OECD, 2011a). such Agencies as (CSOs), a and number are sector of the undertaking private encouraging of armed violence. is aware of community becoming the increasingly The international impact as a result of violence ( armed more than 740,000 men, and women, youths, children are killed each year It are causes. among is underdevelopment that its underlying estimated Millennium Development impact on and development the threatens devastating of achievement the W such such as the hether hether in or of situations of conflict violence armed has armed crime, a conflict and non-conflict settings. and non-conflict conflict in armed both perpetrated violence armed covers definition working This and/or development. security sustainable people-centred undermines or a against that group, community, state, person, with arms or explosives, Armed violence is the intentional use of illegitimate force (actual or threatened) 1 Box P ) have launched an array of operational efforts to promote security to ) promote security have launched an efforts of array operational

W G hat is armed violence? is hat armed eneva Declaration on and Violence Armed Development eneva Declaration I ntroduction G overnments, local overnments, civil authorities, organizations society G oals. oals. At and the same inequality time, persistent G 1 diplomatic Additionally, high-level processes eneva Declaration Secretariat, 2008, p. 2). Secretariat, eneva Declaration G eneva Declaration Secretariat (2008, p. 2) (2008, Secretariat Declaration eneva P rogramme rogramme 2 are

Introduction 9 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention 10 well as from academic evidence and international experience of well as AVR academic evidence experience from and international G factors that lead factors to the violence, outcomes of AVR of in forms when violence, risk various it comes to addressing structural complex task. Thirdly, while AVR in to related isand processes violence prevention reduction a attribution interventions actually work or can be considered effective. Determining causal it to isspecific evaluation, know whether robust of difficult a scientifically practitioners do not describe their activities as such. Secondly, in the absence since AVR Firstly, activities. A number of promising challenges arise when to AVR seeking identify policies and programmes. AVR and, and working in efficient so more doing, effective encourage it will seek of to a organizations, what understanding generate is better (AVR prevention and in by promising violence reduction documenting practices armed for future AVR for future a outlines section number The final of key programmes. recommendations on focusing of and both promising direct practices, AVR indirect overview of AVR categories of the out sets different a section The following brief characterization of of AVR Over the have past been few years, made many efforts to evaluate the impact and mechanisms monitoring is evaluation limited. often regional ‘promising-/good-practice’ meetings ‘promising-/good-practice’ regional a are from drawn wide of range including of sources, the a findings of series The of selection promising practice examples contained in this working paper is on the rise. evidence. However, the evidence base from low- and middle-income countries they are still the processes, providing most to evaluation resources support grammes lack a grammes of clear change. theory the success of is since challenging, initiatives especially many AVR measuring Fourthly, and for progress. indicators measuring expectations sensi a longer time to a level This and requires of materialize. certain support uatemala, uatemala, tivity to of processes change tivity and of adjustment a corresponding P practices more practices effectively. K enya, Nigeria, Nepal, and Croatia throughout 2010 and Nepal, and throughout Nigeria, Croatia enya, 2011, as P programming. P interventions. The subsequent section provides an provides section The subsequent P interventions. ). Drawing from experiences across multiple sectors and across multiple sectors ). experiences from Drawing P is new a many concept, relatively agencies and P activities can activities lead to reductions short-term 4 Because developed countries have developed countries Because more 3 Likewise, the Likewise, number of credible 5 that were held in Brazil, interventions may take P interventions P pro- P P P . 6

Categorizing AVRP interventions s n tio ven r e t n

Despite the existence of common drivers and patterns of armed violence P i R (see Box 2), countries experience different types and levels of armed violence AV and have devised a range of responses. ng

Box 2 Key risk factors of armed violence orizi eg There is no single cause of armed violence, but rather a range of factors that can t

increase risks of violence. These risk factors can be divided into at least four Ca interrelated categories:

individual (e.g. youth, male, poor behaviour control, history of aggressive behaviour, low education achievement, substance abuse, exposure to violence); relationship (e.g. poor family supervision, exposure to punishment, low family attachment, low socio-economic status, association with delinquents); community (e.g. low social capital, high levels of unemployment, gangs, guns and narcotics, access to alcohol); and societal (e.g. quality of governance, laws on social protection, income inequality, urban growth and cultures sanctioning violence)

Excerpt: OECD (2011a, p. 18)

AVRP interventions cover a wide range of disciplines, such as crime pre vention, rule of law and justice, public health, urban planning and design, conflict prevention, and peace building. While AVRP is a relatively new I concept, initiatives that fall under its umbrella are not necessarily new. Rather, it constitutes a range of policies, programmes, and projects that II have long been evolving on the ground. To help with the categorization of III these initiatives, this working paper uses the typology developed in an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) policy paper and subsequent mapping study7 that distinguishes interventions according to whether they are: ArmEd ViolENcE rEductioN ANd PrEVENtioN 12 Source: OECD (2011a, p. 23) (2011a, OECD Source: edge AVRp programmes combining of edge elements AVRp both approaches. programmes with many are approaches cutting- blurred, and ‘direct’ ‘indirect’ between can the In be initiatives lines broader development practice, distinguished. of 1.1 the an provides Figure ways in illustration which ‘direct’, and ‘indirect’, Figure 1 Figure

economic livelihoods support programmes. support economic livelihoods health, and include education, Examples produce additional benefits. of and violence as armed reduction a can key nevertheless objective, broader development programming or initiatives; urban renewal and interventions, education targeted programmes, hensive rule-of-law compre- schemes, rise to giving e.g. violence, armed youth programming risk factors that and address proximate programmes structural indirect and law initiatives; agencies, enforcement peace-building of the of the reform groups, e.g. demobilization armed arms collection, institutional environments enabling or protecting against armed violence, and that actors, seek to programmes direct address the instruments, population health monitoring, environmental resource management resource environmental monitoring, health population e.g. large-scale urban renewal schemes, public transport systems, systems, transport public schemes, renewal urban large-scale e.g. youths, lighting and targeted development in violence-affected violence-affected in development targeted and lighting youths,

e.g. targeted employment and education schemes for ‘at-risk’ ‘at-risk’ for schemes education and employment targeted e.g. Categorizing AVRp activities AVRp Categorizing Programming on broader development issues issues development broader on Programming legislative changes to the firearms control act control firearms the to changes legislative destruction; gang mentorship activities; and and activities; mentorship gang destruction; e.g. arms collection, management, and and management, collection, arms e.g. areas, strengthening access to justice to access strengthening areas, Proximate and structural risks structural and Proximate indirect aVrP indirect direct aVrP direct that, while not having the prevention 13

Overview of promising practices s e ctic a r p

This section provides an overview of promising AVRP practices. Because of the importance of ensuring that any AVRP programmes are evidence based, romisi the section starts with an overview of promising practices in monitoring and p assessing the nature of armed violence. Promising programmes are then presented according to whether they are direct or indirect interventions. w of e i v

As outlined above, in the absence of thorough evaluations, it is difficult to r know whether specific interventions actually work or can be considered effective. However, a number of key AVRP attributes have been identified as Ove contributing to promising practices and have helped in the selection of programmes presented.8 These attributes include:

ensuring evidence-based programming by conducting baseline assessments, developing indicators that can measure levels of armed violence, and supporting monitoring and evaluation;

adopting an integrated multi-sectoral approach to armed violence that can purposefully bridge security and development efforts, and address both the symptoms and the causes/risk factors of armed violence;

fostering multi-partner co-operation among governmental authorities and civil society, national agencies, and regional organizations;

strengthening the active participation of civil society (including faith- based and customary institutions) in programming efforts;

strengthening institutional capacities for AVRP, including the security I and justice institutions, their oversight bodies, and civil society; II adopting a multi-level approach (‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’) to address armed violence; III

involving, where relevant, traditional authorities in the design and implementation of AVRP programmes; and

including women and marginalized groups in the design and conduct of programming. Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention 14 and and violence (see Box 3). to address high attempts of rates to municipalities crime government inform have by systems been established a surveillance number injury example, of ( responses and programmatic standing of the andextent of distribution armed violence and to inform policy mapping, and data collection, to analysis systems gain a under better databases on basic service provision and community perceptions of and on perceptions to provision risks community databases basic service that Mapping combines project and a (CRMA) Recovery Analysis set of UND are now commonly used to publish In data graphically. Sudan, for example, systems information geographic of computer technologies, and information to map and monitor the incidence of crime and violence. and databases crime and sophisticated violence observatories establishing and Many regions, cities are other low- and countries, middle-income and N academic institutions, organizations, changed over time. and and of these risk drivers a factors how understanding they careful have AVR Effective specific. context and of of violence constellation risk is drivers armed factors The particular armed violence M onitoring and understanding the nature of (DESE Source: Source: series of ‘crime observatories’ coordinated by the Institute for by the Institute coordinated of observatories’ ‘crime series violence reduction strategies. One intervention involved a ban on firearms a ban involved on firearms One intervention strategies. reduction violence P and Violence and Injury lysed on a weekly basis, and data was used to develop a range of coordinated on and a to used was of basis, data a lysed develop range coordinated weekly lence, identifies risk and protective factors, and monitors the impact of violence of the impact violence and monitors factors, and risk protective identifies lence, being carried at certain times, including public holidays. This information and information This holidays. public including times, at certain being carried reporting system has since been copied and implemented across Colombia as a Colombia across has since and copied been implemented system reporting reduction programmes on homicide rates. A permanent working group was was group working A on permanent rates. homicide programmes reduction Box 3 Box established in 1993 to address high rates of crime and violence. The programme in programme The 1993 of and to rates high crime violence. established address estab included the development of a surveillance system that facilitates the collection the collection that facilitates system of a the development included surveillance In the city of Cali, Colombia, the In of Colombia, the Cali, city public health. Violent incidents that occurred in the city were reviewed and ana in reviewed were the city that occurred incidents Violent health. public of data on incidents of armed violence, helps to characterize the context of vio the context helps to characterize violence, of of on data armed incidents office, forensic medicine, and municipal government departments of traffic and of traffic departments and government municipal medicine, forensic office, has developed a knowledge management system P called the has system a management Crisis developed and knowledge rogramme associates it with a significant reduction in rate. the homicide reduction it a with significant associates rogramme lished that included representatives from the police, district attorney’s attorney’s district the police, from representatives that included lished AZ PAZ G

uerrero (1999); uerrero The DESE The P rogramme, or Development, Security, and Security, or Development, rogramme, G P overnments, law enforcement agencies, international international law agencies, enforcement overnments, AZ AZ G utierrez-Martinez et al. (2007) utierrez-Martinez P P revention. An evaluation of of the impact the DESE An evaluation revention. rogramme in Colombia rogramme interventions require a require P clear diagnosis of interventions G P ilgen ilgen and Tracey, 2011). In Colombia, for rograma de Desarrollo, Seguridad y Seguridad de Desarrollo, rograma G Os have established numerous Os have numerous established P eace eace P W rogramme) was was rogramme) P ith the revolution ith the revolution

eace eace P P romotion romotion az az 9 AZ PAZ - human security with maps and simple software tools to generate a geo- 15 referenced evidence base to assist state governors and UN agencies to address conflict risks (see UNDp Sudan, 2011); see Box 4.

Box 4 Crisis and Recovery Mapping and Analysis project in Sudan The CRMA project utilizes a knowledge-management system that issues geo-referenced evidence for UN and partner programming. It includes a relational database and simple software to generate maps and outputs to enable planning. It is operational in a range of Sudanese states (i.e. the east, three protocol states, Darfur). The CRMA project has a wide variety of applica- tions in shaping UNDp approaches to AVRp in terms of:

government development planning, by facilitating state-level diagnostics and strategic reviews; coordination and multi-sector planning, by showing how programmes are connected to needs and infrastructure; conflict-sensitive programming, by identifying ‘hot spots’ and ‘hot issues’; oVErViEw of PromisiNG PrActicEs and emergency response planning, by identifying proximate and structural risks on the ground, from ground water availability, soil fertility, and flood zones to government services.

Source: UNDp (n.d.)

Map 1 Flashpoints and peace-building activities in South kordofan, Sudan

NORTH KORDOFAN SUDAN WHITE SUDAN NILE El Abasia Dilling Dalami Habila Rashad El Fula Lagawa Babanusa Abu El Koaik Jebeha Kadugli Kauda El Muglad Umm Durein Keilak i Buram Talodi SOUTH KORDOFAN ii SOUTH DARFUR SOUTH iii SUDAN Abyei LEGEND:LEGEND: 1st1st prioritypriority flashpoint Peace conferences New locality capitals 50 km 2nd2nd prioritypriority flashpoint Other peace-building activities International boundary

Source: UNDp (n.d.) 16 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention and and placing them on a of violence sent by reports email of and collection eyewitness message text changing the ways in which armed violence can be monitored by enabling the Recent advances in computer and software website development are radically (see Box 5). a has holders, established crime observatory with in a working collaboration range of In the stake government, Honduras, manner. and accurately in they can relatively be a volume of described timely reports, that can events be and, by with a monitored any large-enough eyewitness, reducing reducing violence. in of terms that and tion may preventing of limit reporting its effectiveness for being the community to susceptible humanitarian biases and manipula techniques have some from received criticism mechanisms, crowd-sourcing in for violence-monitoring actively citizens to participate opportunities and live streams, television, so Facebook, on. inside email, radio, Twitter, telephone, Haiti the via message, Internet, text coming maps from of incidents reports violence in near-real time, reflecting The Crisis Map of website Haiti and is software. also on based Ushahidi and to lead-up the 2011 vote on a is new on based constitution the Ushahidi The Observatory of Violence in Honduras was launched in as 2006 launched was a in of joint Honduras Violence Observatory The Secretary on Security, Health, and Education; the public prosecutor; and the the prosecutor; public and Education; Health, on Security, Secretary State Honduran The Agency. Cooperation Development International Swedish UND of Honduras; University National at the Autonomous Security Source: UND Source: assumptions about crime. For example, the police believed that street gangs gangs that street the believed police For example, crime. about assumptions for and build capacity information to police and gather the head of preventive for Institute National levels. The observatory’s information has helped challenge some incorrect some incorrect challenge has helped information observatory’s The levels. hospital, university, and media data to establish reliable statistics. The partner partner The statistics. and reliable media to data establish university, hospital, Box 5 Box narcotics traffickers were mainly responsible. mainly were traffickers narcotics police, from is cross-referenced Information and management. collection data for the Institute of government; the Honduran initiative institutions meet weekly to analyse the findings, and a regular bulletin is and bulletin a regular to the findings, analyse weekly meet institutions published with key data to help influence public policy at the and policy local public key national with to data published help influence obser were responsible for most killings, but the new data showed that organized but the that organized new showed data for killings, most responsible were 10 vatory works with the school hospital, the head of criminal investigation, the head investigation, of criminal hospital, the school with works vatory

In Establishing a crime observatory in Honduras observatory a crime Establishing K Honduras (n.d.) P Honduras enya, for example, the early warning system established in established the for system the enya, warning example, early 11 W G omen are the observatory’s national partners. The The partners. national omen are the observatory’s oogle map. oogle K nown as ‘crowd-sourcing’, the nown as idea ‘crowd-sourcing’, is W hile hile opening up important P eace, Democracy, and eace, Democracy, P ; and the - 17 s e ctic a r p

ng romisi p w of e i v r Ove

A signpost declares a ‘gun free space’ on the road approaching Burao, Somaliland, July 2007. © Andrew McConnell/Panos Pictures

Direct programming As outlined above, direct programmes include those focused predominantly on the instruments of violence (e.g. firearms), the actors (perpetrators and victims), and the wider institutional/cultural environment that enables or protects against armed violence.

Measures to reduce access to firearms ‘There are at least 875 million firearms in the world today of which 75% are owned by civilians’ (WHO, 2009a). The use of firearms accounts for some 60 per cent of homicides (WHO, 2009a). Firearms control measures are a key I direct form of armed violence prevention. A broad range of measures have been undertaken by governments and CSOs around the world to reduce II access to firearms by controlling their sale, purchase, and use. Indeed, III evidence from middle- and high-income countries suggests that countries with more-restrictive firearms policies and lower civilian ownership tend to experience lower levels of armed violence.12

Many countries have undertaken legislative reforms to strengthen controls over firearms. In the Horn of Africa and Great Lakes region of Africa, for 18 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention Latin America. Latin are Similar under initiatives way in and the Europe, Caribbean, trafficking. to for and combat bilateral cooperation illicit improve regional prospects in order to sub-regions in of legislation their respective harmonization (ECO cities of Bogota, Medellin, and Medellin, cities of Cali Bogota, in of bans Colombia, the on introduction bans in places on and specific in times. For firearms at example, the certain A number of municipalities have also introduced local regulations to introduce Light including the on Centre Regional Small organizations, and regional Arms are by being supported national efforts These legislation. new firearms K Republic of of the Burundi, Democratic Congo, the example, governments enya, and enya, or have Uganda are introduced, in the of process developing, As As a of a Rule part of broader Law In Brazil, firearms legislation was reformed in was reformed 2003 legislation to raise firearms In the minimum Brazil, Source: Small Arms Survey (2009); UND (2009); Survey Arms Small Source: armed homicides, weapons- and explosives-related incidents, and armed and armed incidents, and explosives-related weapons- homicides, armed and assistance for initiatives to counter the illicit use, possession, and to possession, use, the illicit counter for initiatives and assistance K legislation was strengthened, a weapons and explosives section was was section a and explosives weapons strengthened, was legislation in firearms mortality. in firearms A that, suggested study over firearms. that 450,000 returned implemented scheme was and disarmament a offences voluntary for firearms introduced have been difficult to implement in sparsely populated, hard to to in implement populated, access have areas sparsely been difficult that suffer from on-going conflicts over property rights. over property conflicts on-going from that suffer robbery during the project period. the project during robbery UND between 2003 and to the between contributed 2005, reforms an 8.8 per cent decrease used mark by ammunition the checks, police and background armed forces, evaluation concluded that the project contributed to a significant reduction in reduction to a significant contributed that the project concluded evaluation established within the Department for the Department within established in violence to armed reduce designed immediate availability of illicit weapons. During the three-year period, firearms firearms period, the three-year During of weapons. illicit availability immediate prevent firearm carrying outside the prevent carrying home firearm or introduce purchaser workplace, [Marinho de [Marinho et Souza al. (2007)]would measures control note that firearms and control the flow of firearms into were Tougher and of the the penalties control country. firearms flow and community initiatives, and are community initiatives, also likely to have contributed to the decline in firearm purchase age purchase to make firearm 25, it illegal to firearms, own unregistered firearms mortality. However,firearms mortality. reductions in were mortality not seen in all areas. to track armed violence, and more than 2,300 weapons were destroyed. An and destroyed. were than more 2,300 weapons violence, armed to track B W osovo Small Arms and Light and Small Light Arms osovo ox ox 6 W AS) Small AS) Control Arms eapons eapons and the of Economic Community supported the authorities and civil society in and society civil the authorities P supported

Strengthening firearms legislation in Brazil and in Brazil legislation firearms Strengthening 13 14 Other factors, including improved law enforcement law improved including enforcement factors, Other W P eapons Control Control eapons rogramme, which are supporting the which are supporting rogramme, G P lobal lobal K osovo (2011) osovo K P osovo by providing technical support support technical by osovo providing ublic Safety, a database was developed developed was a database ublic Safety, P rogramme, between 2008 and 2010 between rogramme, P roject. This project was was project This roject. W K osovo to implement the to osovo implement est African States est African

Excerpt: Bellis (2010, p. (2010, 11) Bellis Excerpt: K osovo carrying weapons on public holidays and weekends following paydays 19 coincided with a drop in the incidence of homicides in these cities on days when the ban was in force (Villaveces et al., 2000). Other cities or communi- s e ties have established gun-free zones in a variety of public places (including

schools, hospitals, and community centres) in order to create public spaces ctic a

in which local residents can feel safe and to challenge commonly held beliefs r p that firearms create security (see Box 7). Lower firearms crime and violence

has been reported in some locations where the approach has been success- ng fully implemented.15 See also the section entitled ‘Improved urban/local governance and environmental design’, below, for a discussion of improved

urban governance and environmental design. romisi p A number of municipality-led gun control initiatives have also been combined with regulations on the sale of alcohol (see Box 8) since, globally, 30 per cent w of of violent deaths are related to alcohol and studies have shown that alcohol e i use commonly precedes aggressive behaviour (WHO, 2009b). v r Other important measures to reduce the availability and misuse of firearms include weapons collection programmes through the disarmament, demobili- Ove zation, and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants or civilian disarmament

Box 7 Arms-free municipalities in El Salvador Municipalities in an Arms-Free Municipalities project, which began in August 2005, have made it illegal to carry firearms in parks, schools, plazas, recreation centres and other locations. The project also aimed to increase police capacity to enforce firearms bans, run a media campaign on the danger of guns and the nature of new regulations, implement a voluntary firearms surrender and collection scheme and evaluate the project. Despite some difficulties in implementation, the project initially reported a 47% reduction in homicides in participating municipalities, among other successes; however, reductions in homicides were not sustained over the first year of the project. Excerpt: WHO (2009a)

Box 8 Reducing alcohol sales hours in Brazil I In the city of Diadema, Brazil, the local by-laws on the sale of alcohol and guns were II changed in 2002 so that alcohol retailers could not sell alcohol after 11 p.m. at night, alongside measures to promote non-violent conflict resolution and public education III on preventing crime and violence. Before that date, an estimated 65 per cent of murders were alcohol related. A review of the new law estimated that it reduced homicides by almost nine per month. This represented a 44 per cent reduction from expected levels and prevented an estimated 319 homicides over three years.

Source: Duailibi et al. (2007) 20 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention buy-back schemes as stand-alone measures. Indeed, studies have studies Indeed, found measures. schemes as no buy-back stand-alone (see of Box 9). however, is evidence, the indicating There effectiveness little to can violence contribute reducing campaigns, armed awareness-raising and reforms out alongside legislative when especially carried programmes, that many have such in demonstrated countries several Experiences to or in individuals their surrender legalize weapons. encouraging important such are for also as non-compliance, Disincentives, repercussions legal can appeal to at whether group, the the target individual or level. community that incentive istargeted an selecting appropriately programme collection A key programmes. element of any for-development firearms successful processes such as or amnesties (voluntary coercive), or buy-backs, weapons- crime crime did not hand in guns. in the However, it city. is in that involved people believed widely organized to an contributed possibly 11 mortality per cent in decrease firearm-related into say has campaign wrong hands.’ the ‘falling from buy-back Estimates guns who Most people said returned they collected. did so to prevent them A as reforms. total of of implemented were part legislative weapons 8,534 In Rio de a Janeiro, Brazil, of study measured the a effects campaign buy-back Africa and South B firearm homicide rates homicide are falling. firearm but that suggest trends of been efforts, no the evaluation disarmament has There by to around 440,000. estimated have firearms reduced civilian in are programmes Africa South disarmament Combined with other efforts, or were handed any in other incentives. without financial during the amnesty firearms Over 100,000 controls. firearm to reforms strengthen legislative took place in amnesty 2005 following a firearms In national Africa, South year. first 650 between preventing had been operating, and 2,300 in homicides its to have by reduced homicides 13 per cent in groups areas where demobilized third of the in insurgent was weapons The programme believed the country. 2003 and was This to thought between 2006. account weapons for over a over that 18,000 collected and reintegration ... demobilisation, efforts were of part disarmament, processes broader disarmament In Colombia, overall homicides. and deaths to the both reducing firearms contributed suggested measures Data analysis systems. storage and stockpile registration police weapons and for and government assistance support combined with development were and The measures set assistance 2006. in with international motion 1998 and between firearms controlled non-government 130,000 removed the end following of the civil war efforts collection weapons In Cambodia, ox ox 9

Disarmament programmes in Brazil, Cambodia, Colombia, Colombia, Cambodia, in Brazil, programmes Disarmament

Excerpt: Bellis et al. (2010, p. et al. (2010, 14) Bellis Excerpt: Excerpt: Bellis et al. (2010, p. et al. (2010, 15) Bellis Excerpt: Excerpt: Bellis et al. (2010, p. et al. (2010, 15) Bellis Excerpt: p. et al. (2010, 15) Bellis Excerpt: 21 s e ctic a r p

ng romisi p w of e i v r Ove

Two young men learn how to make furniture from machine guns following a disarmament programme in Cambodia. © Markus Matzel/Das Fotoarchiv/Lineair

significant crime or violence reduction associated with buy-back schemes and that, without measures preventing access to new weapons, such schemes only reduce the number of firearms in circulation temporarily and may actually increase firearms holdings by lowering ownership costs and stimulating demand for new weapons.16 For maximum effect, however, such measures need to be combined with initiatives to limit access to new weapons, stigmatize weapons ownership, and address the factors driving demand for firearms, i.e. arms control initiatives should take place within a broader AVRP programme. I Poorly secured and managed stocks of state-held weapons can be a major II point of access to illicit firearms through theft or unlawful sales. In Papua III New Guinea, for example, auditing efforts suggested that some 30 per cent of police guns had fallen into criminal hands (Alpers, 2005, p. 26). Stockpile management initiatives, including strengthening storage facilities, marking weapons, and destroying surplus stocks, are being conducted in many countries and are likely to contribute to reducing armed violence by reducing risks of diversion to the illicit market.18 22 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention attitudes to and gun possession while attitudes aim gun others safety, to challenge about the awareness of dangers small arms and bring about changes in and of seek Many impacts violence. to armed such promote programmes campaigns that awareness-raising aim to increase of understanding the risks Many arms control measures are alongside public undertaken and education Public education and campaigns awareness paign the programme. in percent the reduction rate homicide in months of occurred five the first das and within Morro has murders Pedras fallen; a robberies attempted 47 but stage, it that shows since preliminary it the number started of homicides, was considered successful in creating female support for in disarmament. was support female successful considered creating but to the are There campaign disarm. no male evaluations, partners formal and would use the from to evidence arguments campaign their persuade who use guns must have hoped that a women problem’. The organizers little ‘Aincluded: good man is one his who before not does time’, expire and ‘Guys messages Campaign link the performance. use with sexual of firearms and of to to armed violence, awareness increase humorously announcements radio and presenting public service television celebrities television music female and and respected well-known involved The campaign as well as women around the mobilize concept of attractive, disarmament. or weapon me) and targeted women, aimed to make men with guns less the ‘Arma In Não! Ela campaign Ou Brazil, Eu’ your gun (Choose It’s free! B concentrated in concentrated a few areas of of the Analysis city. the that and most number revealed of crime analysis was homicides, a steep 1997 rise experienced and in Belo Horizonte Between 2001, areas. one in of implemented most the violent the das Morro district, Pedras city’s of a in city Belo Horizonte the pilot was programme Meanwhile, Brazilian and providers. law enforcement social service shops). In doing so, the aims programme between to improve coordination and culture work for sports young (e.g. people art, activities extensive with policing and ‘hot-spot’ and problem-oriented combines youths, it at-risk targets initiative, Ceasefire on largely Based Operation Boston’s of homicides. reducing objective with programme the primary community the In Brazil, B ox ox 10 ox ox 11 19

Fica Vivo!, Brazil Vivo!, Fica Brazil’s ‘Choose ‘Choose Brazil’s (Stay is Alive) programme Vivo! a Fica comprehensive G un Free! It’s Your It’s un Free! Fica Vivo! Vivo! Fica W Excerpt: Excerpt: Excerpt: Excerpt: eapon or Me’ cam or Me’ eapon Bellis et al. (2010, p. et al. (2010, 23) Bellis Bellis et al. (2010, p. et al. (2010, 22) Bellis is is still at a -

- often deeply held beliefs that violence is an acceptable way to resolve 23 differences. Awareness campaigns are also used to challenge concepts of s

violent masculinity and the use of the gun as a symbol of power and status. e In Brazil, the ‘Choose Gun Free! It’s Your Weapon or Me’ campaign is one such example; see Box 10. ctic a r p

Measures targeting the perpetrators and victims of armed ng violence A wide range of AVRP programmes focus on the perpetrators and/or victims romisi

of armed violence, for example, ‘at-risk’ children and youths, male and female p perpetrators, gangs and criminal groups, and non-state armed groups. w of e Addressing gang violence i v Across the world, youth gangs are strongly associated with violent behaviour r

and the use of firearms (Small Arms Survey, 2010). A variety of different Ove strategies have been used to address youth gangs, ranging from ‘zero tolerance’ enforcement activities to targeted problem-oriented policing, youth outreach services, and targeted livelihood programmes. A number of these initiatives are discussed in more detail below and also under the section entitled ‘Youth programming’, below.

Available evidence from the United States and Latin America would suggest that community-oriented, multi-strategy programmes that incorporate law enforcement initiatives alongside measures to encourage gang members to find alternative lifestyles and to prevent young people from joining gangs are the most promising in reducing gang violence (de la Brière and Rawlings, 2006). For example, the US-based Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s comprehensive gang prevention and intervention model has reported some successful findings (OJJDP, 2008). Innovative interventions targeting at-risk youths and former narco-traffickers and gang members are also being supported by Brazilian public authorities, municipalities, and NGOs (see Box 11). In Rio de Janeiro, for example, large-scale pacification I programmes have already targeted 18 favelas with a combination of police 20 and social welfare programmes to positive effect. Likewise, organizations II such as Afroreggae and Viva Rio are involved in direct mentorship and accompaniment to assist young men formerly affiliated with armed groups. III Other initiatives, such as the US Operation Ceasefire (see Box 21), have shown some success in reducing gang violence. By contrast, evidence suggests that ‘zero tolerance’ enforcement activities focusing solely on incarcerating gang members have not proved very successful in preventing or reducing gang violence (Rodgers, Muggah, and Stevenson, 2009). 24 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention surveys. by perception-based as evidenced cohesion, and social security of community levels to increased had contributed project In June 2011 UND 200 disabilities. with including of ex-combatants, 2,254 tion and reintegration in in 2008 July and the initiated was demobiliza resulted of phase the project second The committees). peace development (through and ants communities by ex-combat identified needs and development security to priority address resources as well as and providing mediation; resolution, conflict control, arms in and training programme mapping opportunities a reintegration supported UND support. reinsertion with and provided were demobilized and groups forces armed with associated 300 children and approximately members Front Sudan in Eastern Security gration Commission, with support from UND from support with Commission, gration and Reinte Demobilization, Sudan Disarmament, the North In tion. response, among the popula of firearms the such prevalence as tackling risks, security to other address efforts alongside support, reinsertion basic and lized, given demobi to were disarmed, be Forces into rapidly the Sudan Armed integrated of the ES implementation of the part early poverty. As and overwhelming insecurity regional from stemming conflict aimed at 11 ending of years low-intensity agreement This between the Sudanese the Sudanese between Sudan Eastern The B Source: Adapted from OECD (2011b, p. (2011b, 43) OECD from Adapted Source: should: packages support and associated that DDR measures suggest K B UND Source: ey lessons learned from evaluations of DDR programmes over the last decade decade over the last of DDR programmes evaluations from learned ey lessons ox ox 12 ox ox 13

include adequate resources to support the reintegration of ex-combatants. the reintegration to support resources adequate include and and women; groups vulnerable of needs the and reach special address that the ensure programmes ex-combatants; of returning acceptance family increase programmes; and benefits sensitization community support women; and of needs experiences the different including issues, gender address and confidence; to trust building clear approaches include raising; and awareness a of training wide range skills support groups; and armed other as well as combatants at non-combatants be targeted stakeholders; of the various interests and the and needs dynamics of analysis conflict be on based a thorough

Lessons learned from DDR programmes DDR from learned Lessons UND P (2011a) P support for DDR in eastern Sudan in eastern DDR for support undertook a review of the project. The review noted that the noted review The of a the project. review P undertook P eace Agreement (ES eace Agreement G overnment of National Unity and the Eastern Front. Front. and the Eastern Unity of National overnment A, Eastern Front combatants who had not been combatants Front Eastern PA, P roject in 2007. roject During A) was signed in October 2006 2006 in PA) signed October was P , developed the Support to Human the Support , developed P hase One, 1,700 Eastern Eastern 1,700 One, hase also P also - - - - - Addressing ex-combatants and armed groups 25 In many post-conflict societies, a critical challenge in consolidating the peace s and preventing the re-emergence of violence is how to deal with ex-combat- e ants, including those associated with former armed groups. The international ctic

community has supported numerous DDR programmes to help countries make a r

the transition from war to peace by assisting former combatants to put down p their weapons and gain the skills to pursue alternative income opportunities. In 2010, for example, UNDP was supporting DDR programmes in 21 countries.21 ng

A review of the literature on DDR suggests that DDR programmes have been successful in demobilizing hundreds of thousands of ex-combatants over the romisi p past decade (Muggah, 2009, p. 11). However, less success has been achieved in ensuring the reintegration of ex-combatants into communities, partly due w of e

to less funds being made available to support the reintegration effort. This i v

said, numerous programmes have been developed to create employment for r ex-combatants and other war-affected populations (see Box 14), and the UN is seeking to implement a system-wide approach to encourage employment, Ove income generation, and reintegration (UN, 2008). Many CSOs are also implementing innovative programmes to support the reintegration of former combatants and women associated with armed groups.22

Support for the victims of violence In addition to physical injury and life-long mental-health problems, being a victim of armed violence can also increase an individual’s risk of becoming a perpetrator of violence. Identifying, caring for, and supporting victims of violence, including victims of gender-based violence (see below), is thus crucial in protecting health and breaking cycles of violence.

Meeting the needs of armed violence victims requires adequate health, justice, and social and economic inclusion policies and services. Unfortunately, injury patterns from firearms are often complex ‘and generally consume dispropor- tionately high levels of medical resources per patient’ (Moyes, 2010, p. 6). In turn, the impact of this high cost often makes both the victim and his/her I family much poorer.23 II Promising initiatives for victim support include programmes offering trauma care, psychosocial support, legal services (such as access to courts and III dispute resolution—see below), and hospital-based programmes that deal with the physical and emotional consequences of armed violence. The US- based Cradle to Grave programme (see Box 15) has reported promising effects in terms of improving adolescent attitudes towards guns and violence (Goldberg et al., 2010). 26 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention in in a timely manner. are also services, in important ensuring that victims of violence are dealt with and such to legal as support victims psychosocial other services, referring Improving hospital and clinic of victims for protocols violence identifying and work side-by-side. and members ex-combatants community by having and reconciliation fostered resolution conflict culture of peaceful also indicate that the … programme evaluations to helped situation, build a In to and addition the improving agriculture. security tion of infrastructure and wages received members aid food for community in labor the rehabilita and vulnerable combatants Former areas for revitalization. economic as to while access an improving to violence, alternative rural opportunities slowly. UNAMSIL and the NCDDR also recognized the need to provide economic tation of Programme, which the was Opportunities progressing Reintegration and the the between of payment benefits implemen reinsertion conventional as identified key areas of unrest and instability … in an to effort bridge the gap were in implemented places quick projects impact labor-intensive, based, Community- …. jobs and creation short-term of infrastructure rehabilitation and reconstruction through process to the Programme reintegration support Stop-gap Response the implemented Early Warning—Proactive (NCDDR) and Reintegration Demobilization, for Disarmament, Committee National and In the 2002, the in Mission United Nations Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) Stop-gap projects in B to links employment. longer-term suggesting ventures, income generation of a into invested their earnings portion and reduced, many beneficiaries were incidences and violence crimes domestic that indicated petty projects of An evaluation access needed to to activity. economic revitalize markets more jobs produced and than 8,000 up opened roadways, Zwedru-Tappita and of One the the such Gbaranga-Zorzor rehabilitation project, cohesion…. and social for promoting that recovery routes economic are necessary market up opening while important simultaneously populations, affected to projects for provide employment members and short-term community war- road rehabilitation several labor-intensive has undertaken The collaboration of DDR: and the sustainability on stability unemployment of of the effect in recognition ex-combatants and demobilized for communities UND In the 2006 Infrastructure projects inLiberia: ox ox 14 P , and the

Creating job opportunities for demobilized ex-combatants demobilized for opportunities job Creating G overnment of Liberia, with the support of the the UN with support in Mission of Liberia, Liberia, overnment W orld orld Bank, the prioritized creation of job short-term opportunities W Sierra L ith ith this in mind, a have of range programmes training eone: Excerpt: UN D Excerpt: Excerpt: UN D Excerpt: PK PK O (2010, O p. (2010, 44) O (2010, O p. (2010, 43) - 27 Box 15 The Cradle to Grave violence prevention programme s In the US city of Philadelphia, the hospital-based programme Cradle to Grave e was developed to address the rising levels of young firearm victims being ctic

treated at the hospital. Youths aged 13–15 from low-income and working-class a backgrounds were invited to take part in a two-hour programme held in the r p

emergency department. The young people followed the past treatment of a young gunshot victim from the time he entered the trauma department through ng the failed attempts at resuscitation until his death. This was accompanied by education about inner-city violence, photographs of the effects of gunshots,

and discussions around the questions ‘Who would you die for?’ and ‘How much romisi p is your life worth?’ An evaluation of the programme found that it was effective in improving attitudes towards guns and violence. It was also particularly valuable

in diminishing the belief that violence is the only effective way for people to w of e i

repair damaged self-esteem. v r Source: Goldberg et al. (2010) Ove

been developed for health-care staff to aid their understanding of violence and increase victim identification and subsequent support and referral. For example, in Cambodia and Iraq, in pre-hospital contexts, training village first-responders and paramedics proved effective in reducing death from injuries (including landmine and unexploded ordnance incidents, road traffic accidents, and other causes) from 40 per cent to 9 per cent (Moyes, 2008, p. 7).

Evaluations of two other intimate-partner-violence programmes suggest that training can improve knowledge of and attitudes towards screening for intimate-partner violence, as well as perceived self-efficacy in supporting victims (Harwell et al., 1998; Roberts et al., 1997). Overall, however, scientific evaluations of the long-term effects of care and support programmes are currently limited, with most evidence coming from the United States.

I Addressing gender-based violence II Armed violence is deeply gendered. Across all societies, young males are the most common perpetrators, as well as direct victims, of armed violence. III Although women, boys, and girls suffer as direct victims, many more emerge as survivors of non-lethal attacks and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), caretakers of male victims, and new heads of households.

The relationship between gender and violence is complex. Evidence suggests, however, that gender inequalities increase the risk of violence by men against 28 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention a critical part of a part AVR critical knifed. violence are of shot or the women who majority die intimate-partner from have studies women shown that against does not involve firearms, always and ( situations abusive seek protection women and inhibit to from of the remove themselves ability those affected crime, and interpersonal violence. and crime, interpersonal women against and in violence directed of girls situations conflict, armed Centers for Disease Control and Control for Disease Centers and the Carolina of North by the funded University was originally programme The and is there component. a also communication, parental community mented in mented an in Africa. form adapted South is now being in imple the Dates Safe programme the States, United Originating violence. on dating-partner has to effects been shown have lasting programme 83.1 83.1 per cent. women reached against violence sexual towards changing their attitude to contributed campaigns who of that indicated awareness surveyed people the percentage by 2008 and increased Additionally, 48.6 2009. percent between assistance receiving The number of survivors activities. awareness-raising had and been served 46 that 711 determined survivors 000 through reached national agencies, local groups and multiple levels of government … An evaluation A key element of success among was the inter-its focus on project’s co-ordination May from 2008 to implemented 2009. November was The project the ministries. UN and agencies armed forces, government and to organisations state respond to institutions and including prevent violence, of and the local capacity between to and co-ordination improving (iii) victims women by against the about assistance (i) raising (ii) providing issue, awareness aimed to violence prevent sexual Committee, Rescue mented by International in imple- Violence Côte d’Ivoire, Gender-Based from Protection The project, B Source: Foshee et al. (1998); Foshee Source: assault. sexual and preventing communication, through power equalizing friends, helping means and of abuse, dating relationships caring such as defining subjects cover sessions The and among abuse peers. dating with violence associated and behaviours attitudes targets programme A old and boys ten-session girls. for 13–15-year- is initiative a and school Dates Safe programme The community B ox ox 16 ox ox 17 24 The use or threat of arms is also in involved of incidents sexual

The Safe Dates programme Dates Safe The Addressing gender-based violence in d’Ivoire Côte violence gender-based Addressing P articipants in the programme produce a produce for play in and posters the programme articipants (IRC, P 2009). (IRC, W HO (2009c, p. 5) HO (2009c, P revention. In randomized controlled trials, the trials, controlled In randomized revention. 25

P romoting gender equality is, therefore, is, therefore, gender romoting equality W HO, 2009c). Although HO, violence 2009c). Although Excerpt: OECD (2010, p. (2010, 32) OECD Excerpt:

- A wide range of programmes are in place to address gender-based violence. 29 Programming options include, among others, school-based programmes s

that address entrenched beliefs and gender norms and attitudes, awareness e raising to prevent domestic violence and challenge concepts of violent masculinities, community empowerment programmes, support for the ctic a provision of legal aid and strengthening the representation of survivors of r p SGBV, the training of criminal justice actors on gender-based violence, and psychosocial support to the victims of SGBV. ng

With school- and university-based interventions, a number of programmes

have been developed to address gender norms, issues of equality, and sexual romisi abuse. Positive impacts have been reported, for example, for the Safe Dates p programme in the United States; see Box 17. Initiatives that work solely with male peer groups such as the Men’s Program in the United States have also w of e i

been shown to change violence-related attitudes in the short term, especially v towards rape, and to promote new ideas of masculinity based on respect for r

women (Foubert and Newberry, 2006). Ove

Community interventions to reduce gender inequality usually seek to empower women and to increase their social and economic position in society. Promising initiatives in developing countries have involved microfinance schemes that provide small loans to mobilize resources for income- generation projects. One of the most rigorously evaluated and successful programmes is the Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) in South Africa; see Box 18.

Box 18 South Africa’s Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity

The IMAGE programme has been proven to reduce intimate-partner violence. Conducted in rural South Africa, it combines a microfinance programme that focuses on the poorest women in a given community with Sisters for Life, which is a series of participatory education sessions on gender awareness and HIV/AIDS. It thus combines microfinance with training for loan recipients to enable them to I confront their husbands about sexual and intimate-partner violence. The Sisters for Life sessions are made obligatory for receiving a loan; they are accompanied II by activities to encourage wider community participation to engage men and boys. A rare and important feature of the programme is that it integrates prospective, III randomized community intervention trials to evaluate and document the impact of the programme at the individual, household, and community levels. IMAGE has been shown to lead to a reduction of more than 55 per cent in intimate- partner violence. Source: Pronyk et al. (2006) 30 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention through the acquisition of firearms, or turn to alternative systems of or systems the to justice turn acquisition through of alternative firearms, may into to deem their it take own hands, necessary security including are or criminal systems justice weak individuals communities or corrupt, of victims If violence. including formal its consequences, supporting role both in critical of the prevention crime and violence and in dealing with play a the services police, the and judiciary, correctional perpetrators, reduce Responsible violence. for of and the violent arrest prosecution Many view the as criminal sector justice the to sector principal and prevent Improved enforcement law and criminal justice interventions and of the reform law agencies. activities, enforcement and to search and checkpoints watch associations, seizure neighbourhood P such as or and youth groups institutions, informal elders. community such as institutions the as criminal well system, justice as the role of behaviour. violent This includes the governing role of and formal practices occurs address the laws and formal social and informal norms practices in on focusing environment which the violence institutional Interventions violencearmed targeting theMeasures institutional environment that enables but also to address issues of (UND masculinities violent men engaging and to boys in stop women, violence against interventions of of the a recognition importance growing and This violence. reflects with male peer to groups address gender of concepts norms, masculinity, solely work on focus women, some and programmes education community aimed at still tend most reducing programmes gender to inequality Although organizations, including UND organizations, and A in assistance number dealing of services. with legal international children, abused access to interventions, women’s psychosocial shelters, and counselling to information providing care providing for and treatment can from range for the Services of violence. support victims gender-based are and in systems services place to adequate provide care and legal are of those aimed programmes at that ensuring category effective Another the assess on impact of violence. these programmes 2011). to have However, few evaluations been undertaken (EngenderHealth, and in promote gender equality relationships sexuality towards attitudes for men workshops to their skills-building explore education provides and the America, United Latin the Asia, States, Men as see see Box 19. such in measures supporting a are actively number of (UNICEF), countries; rogrammatic interventions can range from informal mediation and mediation can informal from range interventions rogrammatic P , UN W omen, omen, and the UN Children’s Fund P P artners programme programme artners , 2011c). In Africa, 31 Box 19 UNDP support to address SGBV s In Sierra Leone, UNDP supported the establishment of a legal aid mechanism e through which six local CSOs provided legal aid to survivors of SGBV. To date, ctic

1,879 SGBV survivors have received legal support through the programme. This, a in turn, has resulted in 45 convictions (compared to just 10 in 2009 and zero in r p

2008, according to the government).

Excerpt: UNDP (2011b, p. 18) ng

In Nepal, UNDP facilitated and supported informal legal aid desks. Four SGBV-orientated legal aid desks operating in police stations provided informa-

tion and legal assistance to 790 claimants, with 403 of the cases related to romisi p domestic violence. Mobile legal aid clinics in three Districts provided a range of free legal services and information to 1,524 people (80 percent of whom were w of

women). At the community level, the paralegal programme was expanded to 360 e i

wards of 70 Village Development Committees and over 2,000 paralegal v committee members received training on SGBV and justice. r

Excerpt: UNDP (2011b, p. 19) Ove

In Somalia, since tensions between formal and traditional legal systems can perpetuate gender inequality, a referral system was established in Somaliland, through which Clan Elders refer cases of SGBV to formal courts. These referral systems have resulted in a 44 per cent increase in sexual violence cases reaching the formal courts since the previous year. The Sexual Assault Referral Centre in Hargeisa dealt with 107 cases (59 rape cases and 48 attempted rapes), 89 involving minors. Excerpt: UNDP (2011b, p. 19)

and protection, such as criminal groups. An effective criminal justice system can also reduce the likelihood of perpetrators reoffending.

Experience has shown that the most-effective interventions in the criminal justice sector are those that address the entire criminal justice system through comprehensive, multi-sector crime and violence prevention programmes, framed within a broad approach aimed at (re-)establishing the rule of law I (UNODC and World Bank, 2007). A good example is Brazil’s National Programme for Public Security with Citizenship (PRONASCI); see Box 20. II

The police are viewed by many as a particularly important actor in AVRP, as III they provide the entry point for many citizens to the criminal justice system. Promising law enforcement strategies to prevent and reduce crime and violence include ‘hot-spot’ policing, problem-oriented (or result-oriented) policing, and community-based policing (OECD, 2010). ‘Hot-spot’ policing is based on the premise that crime and violence tend to be concentrated in 32 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention suggest that this targeted approach was associated with reduced gun that approach was crime, associated this suggest targeted out in cious vehicles carried and the Evaluations United individuals. States ‘stop and uses targeted search’ approach often techniques to suspi- target The areas. on tion data high-crime to law activities enforcement target places and particular occur times of at day,particular and relies on victimiza in the national programme by the end of in 2012. programme the national plans billion) to 3.81 (USD BRL 6.71 billion invest government federal The states. To date, the effort. support teams that include social workers, psychologists, educators, and other specialists are Multi-disciplinary or at crimes risk who of have offended. already committing and and corruption, a focus oncritical preventive/rehabilitative young adults who crime to organized measures public fight stronger improving and security, prison municipal bodies, government as well as with civil society. The approach and state, federal, various with and in policies social partnership public security In Brazil, B strategy concluded it offered at least short-term effectiveness. short-term least at offered it concluded strategy on this based programmes of later studies although Ceasefire, on Operation conducted evaluations the of limitations highlighted have researchers Other gunshots. for call-outs service police and assaults firearms homicides, youth in reduction asignificant found programme the of Evaluation services. social to access and referrals job including violence, of alife from away move to support offered also were members Gang system. justice crimes bewould within dealt the with routinely non-violent although criminal enforcement, enhanced and focused to subjected be would crimes firearms and Violent work. outreach and meetings through members gang to this communicated and offences firearms and violence to approach tolerance azero adopted Police members. gang violent and traffickers firearms at measures deterrence and enforcement police target to data tracing firearms and research used Ceasefire Operation responses. appropriate develop and homicide youth of nature the examine to others and services social agencies, justice criminal of partnership amulti-agency together brought project The city. the in homicide youth of levels increasing address to Project Gun Boston the of part as developed was Ceasefire Operation B Source: Ministry of Justice, Brazil (n.d.) Citizenship ox ox 20 ox ox 21

P Operation Ceasefire in Boston, United States United in Boston, Ceasefire Operation Brazil’s National National Brazil’s RONASCI was RONASCI created in 2007 to reduce armed violence by coordinating P RONASCI has engaged 150 municipalities and 22 150 municipalities has engaged RONASCI P rogramme for for rogramme P ublic Security with with Security ublic Excerpt: Bellis et (2010, al. p. 19) Excerpt: 26 includes includes - although the long-term effects of these strategies are unknown (McGarrell, 33 Chermak, and Weiss, 2002). s Problem-oriented policing is a broader approach that seeks to identify a e specific problem, such as gun crime, in a community and then to tailor multi- ctic agency responses to bring about a solution. Such an approach has been a r p implemented in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, through the Fica Vivo! (Stay Alive!)

programme (see Box 11); in Boston, United States, through Operation ng Ceasefire (see Box 21); and through the Barrio Seguro (Neighbourhood Security) programme in the Dominican Republic (see Box 27). romisi

Community-based policing seeks to reduce crime by developing partnerships p and trust between the police and communities so both can work more pro-

actively together to identify and respond to crimes that affect the community. w of e Different community-based policing models have been implemented in high-, i v middle-, and low-income countries, including Brazil, Croatia, Haiti, Kenya, r South Africa, and Uganda, with various degrees of success (Bellis et al., 2010). Ove In some other countries, community policing has been interpreted as members

Box 22 Croatia: support for community policing and safer communities

The Croatian Ministry of the Interior, with support from UNDP, is working with the police and communities on a Safer Communities Project aimed at enhancing safety and security within local communities. The project focuses on two main strategies: increasing community safety through the formation of community crime prevention councils and small infrastructure projects implemented in cooperation with community police, local government, citizens, and other major community stakeholders, and increasing the visibility of community police officers through awareness-raising and information campaigns. To date, the project has been implemented in four Croatian towns and has led to the refurbishment of the biggest children’s play ground in Vukovar, the design and construction of the Creative Industry Centre in Varaždin, the construction of a traffic polygon for cyclists and motorists in Bjelovar, and an awareness-raising campaign and community police visibility project in Cˇakovec and Med–imurje county. The community police visibility project involves I cooperation with the Prometej Association (for the promotion of the Internet in education) and has led to the creation of 22 community police websites covering II Med–imurje county. The portal enables students, teachers, and parents to commu- III nicate with police over web mail or through direct phone contact in case of potential safety and security issues arising in or around schools. Preliminary reviews of the project suggest that it has resulted in increases in safety and security and improved trust and cooperation among the police, civil society, and communities.

Source: UNDP Croatia (n.d.) 34 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention their differences and them in ways resolve (see their Box differences non-violent 24); and to together communities talk aimed about processes at conflicting bringing ( that may gone to have previously a council of elders or leaders religious in level seek mediators which to people’s problems trained courts, resolve (see centres Box 23); and mediation village- arbitration community-based P success in resolving conflicts and violence. preventing success in conflicts resolving base for ADR mechanisms is still they weak, have been shown to have some inaccessible to the or evidence a Although otherwise expensive, population. pendent of that a system may court be formal (or is to perceived be) biased, ADR isto designed be often inde- Community-based acceptable solution. in disputants in reaching assists a which a mutually third party neutral ADR includes mechanisms. mediation/conciliation Court-annexed resolution broad mechanismscourt-annexed categories: and dispute community-based and fall niques of into disputes litigation, for short formal two resolving n.d.).Bank, refer to ADR the of mechanisms processes typically and tech a from mechanisms mediation desire ( to and traditional revive reform developed countries alike, with an interest in ADR in some countries stemming have in ADR mushroomed initiatives the and developing decades, two last In methods. (ADR) dispute resolution alternative through resolution conflict are of those aimed community programmes at supporting category Another youth reoffending. to to and custody, youths, alternatives to rehabilitate reduce the chances of on role played the by important juvenile in justice systems helping to provide below, touches programming’, ‘Youth entitled above. The section outlined for to the of violence have support legal victims provide gender-based been to disputes. Some resolve of in other services justice the place programmes improve the of ability citizens and to communities or use the to courts access aim Access to to programmes justice reoffending. likelihood of perpetrators in order and to deeply felt and address injustices grievances to reduce the that victims of crime and violence are able to access a range of justice services of the functioning is criminal system justice to ensuring Critical the effective (Bellis et al., 2010, organizations p. community 15). and on focus have crime risk factors, the of involvement well-established commissioner of police and the have minister a of security), internal clear are the (i.e. from those that support have high-level policing based efforts 2009). community- Onwudiwe, has Research shown that the most effective with the in police working community to partnership tackle crime ( of policing taking the into community their own than hands, rather the W rogramming options in for rogramming the include, ADR support among field others, hitson, 1991–92); community-based mediation and conflict resolution resolution and mediation conflict 1991–92); hitson, community-based 27 W isler isler and W orld orld - 35 Box 23 Casas de Justicia s Many Latin American countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, and Costa e Rica, have developed Casas de Justicia (Houses of Justice) that provide informa tion on the law and justice system so that people have a better understanding ctic a

of their rights. Casas de Justicia also offer conflict resolution services, which r p involve professionals from various sectors, such as educators, psychologists,

lawyers and police officers. Colombia first launched Casas de Justicia in 1995. ng Today, there are 40 Casas de Justicia providing services, including conflict resolution, to the most marginalised populations. With their services, people are able to resolve their disputes peacefully. They have served over 90 000 romisi

people, exceeding the original expectation. In Bolivia, Centros Integrados de p Justicia (Integrated Justice Centres) have been established in remote regions to provide access to law and justice and other services to marginalised popula- w of e

tions, particularly Indigenous Peoples. Honduras has developed ‘mobile justice i

of the peace courts,’ consisting of buses operating as mobile judicial offices that v r serve marginal areas of Tegucigalpa and San Pedro. Excerpt: OECD (2010, p. 29) Ove

Box 24 Peace Management Initiative (PMI), Jamaica28

In locations where killings and shootings occurred, PMI used volunteer staff to liaise with inner city communities to provide mediation and conflict resolution services. Once a ceasefire had been agreed, additional interventions were developed to build skills and community cohesion and to promote peace. These included counselling sessions, life skills training, theatre programmes, a radio station, a dance hall intervention, and other cultural activities. There have been no formal evaluations of the initiative, but UNICEF has called the work ‘innovative and promising’. Excerpt: Bellis et al. (2010, p. 26)

A joint donor–Government of Jamaica assessment of community security programmes in 2010 concluded that the PMI ‘is a small organisation having a large impact’ (McLean, 2009).

I family group conferencing processes aimed at bringing together families of the affected person and of the perpetrator to discuss the impacts of the II criminal action and determine appropriate reparations (OECD, 2010, p. 29). III Many such initiatives are undertaken by CSOs in cooperation with relevant government agencies.

International organizations, such as the World Bank and UNDP, can play a key role in providing technical and financial assistance for access to justice projects in low- and middle-income countries (see Box 25). C onclusion 36 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention Community safety and security programmes and security safety Community members to identify their own safety and security needs and and to their to security own members with work safety identify seek to community encourage programmes and security safety community area, and As an combine emerging-practice a of range strategies. prevention that approaches involve multiple sectors use community-based countries Many promising AVR concluded. 31 and heard were cases 77 service, in months three first their In circuit. court Southern the of part as time first the for towns new three to judges and magistrates bringing Leone Sierra In Burundi In offices. prosecutor’s and courts cantonal two in Offices Support Witness the of establishment the supported pro Herzegovina and Bosnia In B Source:DD armed violence. and security intarget communities andareduction inthenumberof victims of its initial phase of implementation, contributing to increased perceptions of safety of mines and explosive remnants of war. The project has reported positive results in supporting explosive ordnance disposal andthedestruction of private stockpiles the adoption of procedures for thesafe handling andstorage of firearms, and training members of district safety committees in conflict management, encouragingconsultations to support the development of community and district safety plans, include undertaking comprehensive baseline surveys,supportingbroad-based munity anddistrict safety plans andto enhance controls over firearms. Activities mittees in Somaliland to support thedevelopment andimplementation of com- The Danish Demining Group is working with community anddistrict safety com- B period. electoral the during disputes resolving peacefully in role important an played courts Electoral processed. subsequently offences electoral 82 with period, electoral contentious the during electorales’ infractions des a‘guide of use the in trained were 4,000) (over Burundi in magistrates All significantly. improved performance judicial administration, court on project apilot implemented UNDP where Burundi, of provinces northern ox ox 25 ox ox 26 ceedings, and advice UNDP and representationand for victims witnesses,

G UND Enhancing community safety in Somaliland safety community Enhancing , six courts were completely rehabilitated and equipped. In the the In equipped. and rehabilitated completely were courts , six (n.d.) P , UNDP funded mobile courts in the Southern Province, Province, Southern the in courts mobile funded , UNDP support for improving criminal justice services justice criminal improving for support initiatives from low-, middle-, P and from initiatives high-income , to increase justice delivery, efficiency of case case of efficiency delivery, justice increase , to Excerpt: UND Excerpt: Excerpt: UND Excerpt: UND Excerpt: (2011b, p. 14) p. P (2011b, (2011b, p. 14) p. P (2011b, 14) p. P (2011b, 37 Box 27 Barrio Seguro (Neighbourhood Security) programme in the s

Dominican Republic e

Capotillo is one of Santo Domingo’s highest crime and drug-trafficking areas. ctic

In August 2005 a pilot programme, Barrio Seguro, was implemented there with a the aim of reducing and preventing violence. Key interventions implemented r p included increased police patrols in crime ‘hot spots’; the addition of specially trained police patrols; situational crime prevention measures, for example street ng lighting and new public recreational areas; investments that targeted young people, such as building new classrooms in schools and developing cultural workshops and sports clinics; and general prevention programmes, including romisi p literacy and civic education programmes. During the first two months of the programme, assaults and robberies declined by 85 per cent, and during an eight- month period, a 70 per cent reduction in homicides was noted. The programme w of e i

has since been copied and implemented in other neighbourhoods within the city. v r Source: UNODC and World Bank (2007) Ove

Box 28 Community-driven safety and development in Port-au- Prince, Haiti

The World Bank implemented a pilot Community-driven Development (CDD) project in Cité Soleil and Bel-Air, two slums in the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area. The pilot project, Projet Pilote de Développement Participatif à Port-au- Prince/Urban Community Driven Development Pilot Project in Port-au-Prince (PRODEP PAP) aimed to mitigate conflict/violence and support stabilisation in targeted slum areas by (i) quickly providing improved access to basic services and income generation opportunities to beneficiary community groups or associations; and (ii) contributing to strengthen the social cohesion and capital in the targeted communities. An evaluation of the pilot concluded that PRODEP PAP was successful in helping to create and strengthen social cohesion through the creation of development committees/councils (COPRODEPs), made up of representatives from 138 community-based organisations (CBOs) from Cité-Soleil and 105 CBOs from Bel-Air. The COPRODEPs were able to successfully prioritise and I allocate resources for the implementation of community subprojects that were proposed and implemented by CBO members themselves through a II participatory and inclusive process. The project was also able to achieve III participation of local government authorities, which served to improve the relationship between local government and civil society, in terms of helping local government representatives to better understand and address their constituents’ needs. Based on the success of the pilot, a national-level urban CDD project was launched in 2009. Excerpt: OECD (2010, p. 37) 38 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention peace-building activities as means a direct of them fairly activities from preventing peace-building America have sought to engage young men directly in violence prevention and and in A Latin Africa programmes number of prevention promising conflict agencies and authorities. or government with relevant in cooperation (see Box many initiatives 31), reconciliation either on undertaking their own clans and to of establish local institutions (see governance Box 30). CSOs are conferences and meetings have taken place to build peace between conflicting In parties. Somaliland, conflicting for between example, a multitude of peace violence and dialogue by processes community reconciliation encouraging Other promising initiatives have focused on measures to defuse inter- or intra- and (see CSOs Box 29). such peace as committees capabilities, management district local conflict focuses on these supporting capacities, with a focus particular on supporting UND For challenges. example, and those local in institutions to leadership positions address these the of capacities national seek and to initiatives strengthen peace-building and As such, prevention many in transitions. conflict peacefully political and engage lines constructively and to political sectarian manage conflicts to and across the together possess work forums, institutions skills, country P for peace among prospects or potential antagonists. former strengthening and have promising proved conflict initiatives in peace-building averting a and number prevention of environments, In conflict and pre- post-conflict prevention and peace buildingConflict Caribbean and Latin America (see Boxes 27 and 28) (UND Somaliland (see Box 26), Sudan, South in and municipalities the various including settings, of a post-conflict variety have been in implemented programmes security community Comprehensive access improving for violence, to through example basic services. more seek broadly to and economic, of address the social political, drivers also tend They and to agencies, local government. include that elements and communities among law to communities, enforcement trust increase aim in to and programmes public of increase perceptions security safety These to and responses. formulate implement appropriate organizations law and enforcement criminal agencies justice and social and community (UND at the national and structures municipal governance levels coordinating in and the of undertaken context the of a development national strategy at work tend They when level the to targeted is community be most effective reventing violent conflict and peace sustaining conflict violent that require reventing key in actors a P , 2009). P ’s work on preventing violent conflicts ’s on work conflicts violent preventing K osovo, Liberia, Macedonia, Macedonia, osovo, Liberia, P , 2009; DD G , n.d.). being drawn into armed groups or gangs. These programmes include 39 training in peace building and conflict resolution and the direct involvement s

of youths in election-monitoring and violence prevention initiatives. e ctic a r

Box 29 UNDP-supported programmes to build local capacities for p

peace ng In Ghana in 2010 the National Peace Council (NPC), with the support of UNDP, successfully mediated the Bawku conflict, which had started to claim lives. This

has paved the way for economic and civic activities to resume, such as the romisi

opening of markets, schools, and health facilities and the holding of local p elections. Earlier, in December 2008, the NPC mediated a successful political

transition following one of the closest elections in Ghanaian history and one w of e where the potential for violent tensions was high. These successes prompted a i v

unanimous vote in the Ghanaian parliament in April 2011 establishing the NPC r as an autonomous statutory body with the power to convene all actors for

mediation and dialogue. Ove In Kenya in 2010 UNDP pursued a three-pronged strategy to support national actors in ensuring that the constitutional referendum was violence free, following the disastrous national poll in 2008. Firstly, it assisted the National Steering Committee on Conflict Management and Peacebuilding and Kenyan CSOs to ensure that district peace committees, especially in violence-prone areas, were fully functional and able to conduct violence prevention and mitigation activities. Secondly, it supported the informal facilitation of dialogue among the key political actors, especially through the relevant parliamentary committee, in reaching consensus on the draft constitution in advance of the referendum. Thirdly, a national early warning and response platform—Uwiano— was convened with UNDP support in partnership with the National Commission on Integrity and Cohesion to respond through analysis and the targeted deploy ment of monitors and mediators to text messages received from the public. Nearly 250 potentially violent incidents were identified and defused. When it happened, the referendum was entirely peaceful, with not a single life lost. In Nigeria in April 2011 post-election violence was successfully prevented in Plateau state (which has seen 12,000 lives lost to inter-communal violence over the past decade) through a UNDP-assisted effort to engage local civil society I and law enforcement in a functioning early warning and response system (similar II to the Uwiano platform in Kenya) first launched in 2010, linked with a platform for political dialogue. This model of early warning and response combined with III dialogue will now be extended through UNDP support to the neighbouring states of Bauchi, Kaduna, and Kano, which have all experienced violence.

Sources: Jonah David Jang, governor, Plateau state, Nigeria; Mzalendo Kibunjia, chair, National Commission on Integrity and Cohesion, Kenya; correspondence from Chetan Kuman, senior adviser, Conflict Prevention, Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, UNDP 40 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention Sanaag is located in the remote eastern region of Somaliland, bordering P bordering Somaliland, of region eastern remote the in located is Sanaag B Source: Comunidad Segura (2010c;2010d;2010e) agree peace cross-border peaceful promote to officials government and leaders K in Forum Development Turkana the and reconciliation; community promote to organizations women’s and groups, youth leaders, community and political AccessDevelopment Initiative Link in Somalia, which clantogether brings elders, the trauma; from recovery and reconciliation community promote to shops work runs which Burundi, in Services Reconciliation and Healing, Trauma, the include Examples prevention. and reduction violence armed to contributing high were evaluated, not although projects, reconciliation several Africa, in society civil by organized meetings best-practice regional the During B P for Academy and Interpeace Source: charter. peace the of implementation the ensuring for responsibility took elders Clan adopted. was 19 articles of consisting charter apeace conference, Erigavo the of conclusion the At driven. and initiated locally was process whole The hostilities. defusing and bridges, creating parties, warring between messages carrying by process peace the in issues of governance and inter-clan accommodation. higher-level to escalation agradual by followed first, with dealt be to tended issues Local clans. other to on moved negotiations the before terms agree and meet to clans two for be to tended pattern the efforts, reconciliation Somali of anumber with common In Harti). two and Isaaq (two clans four between of conflicts the resolution involved peace process The 1993. and October August June 1991 and July 1993 and culminated in aconference grand between in Erigavo between conferences 15 small some of atotal involved Sanaag in peace viable P for Academy and (Interpeace destroyed’ were houses 2,000 and livestock of heads 30,000 7,000 killed, were wounded, in people the region 3,000 that estimated has been 1988 and it mid-1991, who share landgroups ‘Between or boundaries. between pronounced particularly are conflicts These resources. water and grazing to access for compete they as clans between conflicts and to tensions contributed has environment harsh Sanaag’s north. the to Sea Red the and east the to land enya, which promotes cross-border dialogue and reconciliation between clan clan between reconciliation and dialogue cross-border promotes which enya, ox ox 30 ox ox 31 ments and cooperation. and ments

A selection of N A selection Reconciliation efforts in Sanaag, Somaliland in Sanaag, efforts Reconciliation eace and Development, 2008, p. 65). The process of building a building of process The 65). p. 2008, Development, and eace G O-supported reconciliation initiatives reconciliation O-supported eace and Development (2008) Development and eace W omen played a crucial role lighted as as lighted unt - 41 Box 32 Conflict prevention for youths and their communities in Guinea s Between 2005 and 2007 the US Agency for International Development (USAID) e funded an initiative in the conflict-prone south-eastern border regions of Guinea. ctic

Its objectives were: (i) to improve community capacity to manage conflict through a the training of community management committees and numerous CBOs in r p conflict resolution, community reconciliation, and mediation and the provision of small grants for projects to link youths and their communities in conflict pre- ng vention; and (ii) to build youth and community capacity to resist violence through the training of youth animators in a range of violence prevention, facilitation,

and other skills; the training of 5,000 at-risk youths in life skills, numeracy, and romisi literacy; and the provision of follow-on apprenticeship schemes and microenter p prise start-up grants. As a result of the project—and in spite of a period of strikes,

political instability, and proactive recruitment by armed groups—the project w of e reported a small decrease in the incidence of violence in target communities. i v

This was reinforced by a community perception that youth involvement in vio- r lence had decreased. There was also an increase in the peaceful resolution of less-serious incidents of crime and violence with the increased involvement of Ove community management committee members and community leaders.

Source: Harrelson, Macaulay, and Campion (2007)

Box 33 Violence reduction in pastoralist communities in Kenya

Armed violence and insecurity is particularly visible in many semi-arid pastoral communities in north-eastern and north-western Kenya. A history of tensions, fierce competition for scarce resources, the widespread availability and owner ship of firearms, the low capacity of rule-of-law institutions, and general socio economic misery have produced a fragile environment that is highly conducive to armed violence. In 2004, with support from UNDP, the Kenyan government piloted a project to explore ways to address these issues in Garissa district. The project has expanded into a three-year programme. It used existing structures such as district peace committees and the district security and intelligence committee to gradually build up the capacity of both the local administration and communities (including the development of women’s peace forums) to address local security and safety issues, including the proliferation of small I arms and light weapons. It also worked with NGOs to address development priorities such as livelihood support and access to water resources. A review of II the project showed that it had addressed the root causes of tensions in the dis- III trict and had contributed to a reduction in levels of armed violence. The project has since been expanded to other districts in Kenya (Wajir, Mandera, Moyale, Marsabit, and Isiola) and the approach is reflected in the Kenya National Policy on Peacebuilding and Conflict Management.

Source: UNDP Kenya (2010) 42 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention areas. are under initiatives way to seek to and prevent reduce violence in semi-arid A across borders. number often of groups, pastoral different and between to was paid to attention the and pas- particular issue rustling in of cattle Africa, such as land, water, or seminars oil. In the promising/good-practice regional Around the world, a significant driver of violence is competition over resources violence in 2009 electoral early (UND activities linked with district peace committees in peace linked committees with district activities and of peace-building 528 out peace-monitoring recruitment youth to carry prehensive programme to address the programme prehensive problem in in violence prevention and facilitation skills in in violence and prevention facilitation include of an of to programmes initiative these youth types Examples train clashes clashes and perpetrators. prosecute may rustling take place, and to work with law to enforcement prevent officials to across with branches the help country established anticipate where cattle ral conflicts involving conflict between sedentary farmers and pastoralists and pastoralists farmers sedentary between conflict involving ral conflicts 29 In G ambia, for example, a Cattle Farmers’ Association has been Association ambia, Farmers’ for a example, Cattle 30 P In K enya, 2011).enya, K enya, UND enya, G uinea uinea (see Box 32) and the K K enya’s semi-arid enya’s areas semi-arid enya, following the following enya, is supporting P a is com- supporting 43 s e ctic a r p

ng romisi p w of e i v r Ove

A Masai leader approaches a group of Kikuyus to broker a peace agreement following post-election violence in Naivasha, Kenya, January 2008. © Frederic Courbet/Panos Pictures

(see Box 33). Several CSOs, including, for example, Pastoralist Community Initiatives and Development Assistance in Kenya, are engaged in local peace- building initiatives among nomadic cattle herders in northern Kenya and along the Kenya–Ethiopia border (Comunidad Segura, 2010a).

Cross-border initiatives Many border areas in low- and middle-income countries are susceptible to I armed violence. Often seen as peripheral areas by central government, II border areas can be under-governed and lack government services (including health, education, and security services) and hence are vulnerable to the III growth of criminal activities, including the illicit trafficking of a range of commodities, organized crime, and banditry. In addition, border areas can be subjected to an influx of refugees, which can further threaten local peace and stability. These problems are exacerbated by corruption among law enforcement officials and the lack of cross-border cooperation. 44 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention development of cross-border measures, including joint measures, of police development cross-border operations. development programmes. G Community in Community include youth-programming include schemes, mediayouth-programming and civil awareness cam ity. Interventions range from voluntary to enforcement-based activities and can marginalized youths, gender-based discrimination, and rising income inequal including of the legacies risk of presence violence, factors, groups, armed Indirect AVR I W in For example, development. to socioeconomic support efforts coordinated combined with communities, agencies and enforcement dialogue between among law cooperation greater by dynamics encouraging conflict/crime A are to seeking number address of programmes cross-border innovative such such as by those developed ECO ndirect programming uinea, in cooperation with civil society, have established joint security and have joint uinea, with civil security established society, in cooperation est Africa, the governments of the governments est Africa, divisions, leading to the recovery of over 2,600 rifles. 2,600 over of recovery the to leading divisions, A 2007, and 2005 Between territories. disputed previously pacify to helped has and communities, between trade established workers, aid for environment asafer create helped also has organization The families. their with abductees of reunification and property, of restitution works, it which in areas the in Source: Comunidad Segura (2010b) A rural to food and care health basic services, ambulance A property. stolen tracking and dialogue, cross-border of facilitating youths, and women among committees peace forming beneficiaries, 120,000–150,000 estimated an with communities or 8kraals, serves program The workshops. resolution conflict- and mediation cross-border through peace brokering of aim the P Adakar border. the along arms illegal of abundance an and resources water scarce and pasture over tensions by years K the along conflict Ethnic B P P ox ox 34 EDI oversaw peaceful disarmament in Lokichoggio, Oropoi, and K and Oropoi, Lokichoggio, in disarmament peaceful oversaw EDI EDI has enjoyed substantial success, including a sharp reduction in crime crime in reduction asharp including success, substantial enjoyed has EDI

eace and Development Initiatives (A Initiatives Development and eace P Conflict prevention along the the along prevention Conflict programmes address programmes a wide of variety proximate and structural P W EDI monitors and reports potential sources of conflict and provides provides and conflict of sources potential reports and monitors EDI est Africa and Southern Africa, respectively, can support the can support respectively, Africa, and est Southern Africa enya–Sudan border has been worsened in recent recent in worsened been has border enya–Sudan 31 Regional cooperation and frameworks protocols, W G ambia, Senegal, ambia, Senegal, AS and the Southern African Development Development AS and African the Southern K P enya–Sudan border enya–Sudan EDI) was founded in 2006 with with 2006 in founded was EDI) G uinea-Bissau, and uinea-Bissau, beneficiaries … beneficiaries akuma akuma paigns, paigns, 32 - (formal and informal) skills development programmes, employment schemes, 45 targeted education interventions, and urban renewal/environmental design s

activities. e

Youth programming ctic a

In violent contexts, youths confront a variety of incentives to engage in violence, r p whether to achieve a sense of status and belonging or to secure an income or livelihood opportunity.33 While most youths do not engage in significant or ng repeated acts of violence, evidence suggests that unemployed and out-of- school youths are at greater risk of becoming perpetrators and victims of romisi

violence and crime, as well as youths who suffer from economic and social p deprivation, marginalization, neglect, and abuse (Hilker and Fraser, 2009). Young people are often involved in armed violence simultaneously as w of e perpetrators, victims, and witnesses. i v r Much research has been undertaken on the risk factors for youth violence 34 and on those factors that can prevent youths from engaging in violence. Ove A key conclusion is that intervention at the infant and early childhood stages

III

Children take part in a ‘Goals for a Better Life’ training session, an initiative set up to keep young people in school and out of gangs, Bogotá, May 2007. © Peter Dench/Corbis 46 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention low- low- and countries. middle-income more evidence is although on needed in the of impacts these programmes stage, including how to deal with conflict non-violently, also appear promising, programmes, which provide children with academic and social skills at an early competencies can prevent youth violence (see Box 36). developing children’s life skills by building social, emotional, and behavioural aimed that at programmes also suggests Evidence countries developed from addressing children’s behavioural problems, including behaviour. aggressive Child– 2007), et (Love Head and al., Early Start 2005), and Morawska, the Chicago P and and the children. of that creation protect support social environments the of provision training, for and parenting social parents families, support P social behaviour and the of perpetration violence in later years ( ships, children and are at adolescents risk of greater being in involved anti- are to central a child’s healthy In development. the absence of these relation- and with parents other relationships caregivers and safe, stable, nurturing According According to the and abuse. substance violence to from ranging criminal activity yield on some behaviours impacts of risky the strongest activities—can and training, parenting educational mental stimulation, support, nutritional health care, programmes—including development in early-childhood that investing demonstrates in countries Evidence various programmes from and childhood early parents developmentSupporting to tives violence and joining groups. violent alterna that seek can as to be are constructive provide critical, strategies rogrammes rogrammes such as the Triple romising programmes that include can relationships romising improve parent–child programmes positive parenting and to provide skills training and small grants. adolescents and parents to promote healing, social reintegration and programme with the Christian Children’s Fund worked withchildren, behaviour and family violence levels. Similarly, inAngola, aUSAID-supported conflict management,which reportedly hadpositive impacts onadolescent deliver support services and training inhealth education, counselling, and ... inColombia worked with over 4000 vulnerable individuals and families to A programme supported by the Canadian International Development Agency B ox ox 35 P arent Center (Reynolds arent et Center al., (Reynolds 2001) have all with been associated

Colombia: supporting parents supporting Colombia: W orld Health Organization ( orld Health Organization P - P ositive P arenting W HO) and research institutes, HO) and institutes, research P rogramme rogramme (Sanders, Bor, Excerpt: OECD (2011b,p. 38) Excerpt: P re-school re-school enrichment 36 W 35 HO, 2009d). - 47 Box 36 Life-skills training in Colombia s In 1993, the Ministry of Health in Colombia commissioned the NGO Fe Y Alegria e (Faith and Joy) to develop and pilot a life-skills training programme for ctic

schools, based on WHO’s life-skills education materials adapted to the a

situation in Colombia. The programme covered violence prevention and r p alcohol and tobacco use, and aimed to approach these problems through

developing young people’s interpersonal skills and meeting their social ng and emotional needs. It was to be particularly targeted at marginalized youth. The initial programme had three main themes: expressing and

managing feelings; assertiveness; and managing conflict. This has since romisi been expanded to include critical thinking and decision-making skills. The p programme also included a training component for teachers to enable them

to deliver the curriculum. The teacher training covered theories of w of e adolescent psychology, the course curriculum and teaching methods. i v

Teachers were also taught to provide teacher training to other teachers. r In primary schools, the life-skills training programme was conducted as Ove part of the standard curriculum, and taught for two hours per week. The impact of the pilot project was not fully evaluated, but interviews with both teachers and parents revealed they felt their children’s behaviour improved; they were more polite, attended school more often, and reduced their aggression in the classroom. In 1999, the life-skills training programme materials were circulated more widely to schools in Colombia. These programmes have also been developed and implemented in several other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Excerpt: Bellis et al. (2010, p. 29)

Supporting education programmes Interventions in the education sector can be important indirect interventions to reduce armed violence by helping to instil values of citizenship and responsibility in children and to prepare them for work. Indeed, feeling a sense of bonding to one’s school has been shown to be an important protective factor against violent behaviour, making schools an important site for violence pre- I vention initiatives (World Bank, 2008). II School-based armed violence prevention programmes can include training in non-violent conflict resolution and positive social skills (see Boxes 37 and 38). III Such programmes often teach social skills, including anger management, problem solving, and how to develop and maintain healthy relationships. There is strong evidence that these types of programmes are effective in reducing aggression in young people (WHO, 2009d). Programmes to improve school enrolment and reduce dropouts can also help to reduce armed violence among 48 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention advice and support advice to and support youths (see Box 39) 2008). (UN, and employment livelihood and evidence-based providing projects, finance and income micro generation supporting public works, ployment-intensive rapid job and enabling developing creation supporting labour policies, em- and post-conflict recovery strategy. and is employment for secure livelihoods gainful a key violence prevention that can lead to that Ensuring violence. there are frustrations opportunities ties are and among youth exclusion the the underlying most common factors and or lack Unemployment underemployment of opportuni viable livelihood youth for opportunities livelihood Supporting In of terms such programmes: to in stay school (de la 2006). and Brière Rawlings, offered conditional cash transfer programmes to provide incentives for children have also institutions and international Some youth violence. governments since youth, leaving is school for as early risk factor an recognized important youth resistance to youth resistance in involvement and gangs by groups violent promoting are those aimed at interventions building programmatic important Other in society participation youths Supporting for for sustainability. their guarantee to as so budgets, municipalities’ the in included were proposed activities The plan. implementation alocal and teams, prevention assessment, institutional members, community school for workshops training includes which schools, for plan prevention aviolence of boration ela the in participate actors these All project. the in involved are cent) per 13.6 is, (that country the in 81 the of out municipalities Eleven NGOs. and students), school high and school elementary (teachers, schools (families), community the government, local the of participation increased encourage to aims It Rica. Costa in violence in increase the to response in developed (2005–2010) project pilot afive-year is Community’ School—Safe ‘Safe The B secondary and tertiary education (OECD, 2011b, p. 40). education and tertiary secondary vocational education non-formal, supporting linked to employment programmes, [and] programmes; ‘catch-up’ accelerated supporting of schools; and staffing equipping the rehabilitation, supporting populations; and displaced affected K for conflict- education emergency delivering include options ey programming ox ox 37 P eace and Human and Human eace

Safe School—Safe Community campaign, Arias Foundation Foundation Arias campaign, Community School—Safe Safe P rogress, Costa Rica Costa rogress, P romising programmes in this area include Excerpt: Zavala (2011) Zavala Excerpt: - - - 49 Box 38 After-school programme to reduce violence in Brazil s The Open Schools (Abrindo Espaços) Programme was launched by the UN e Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in 2001 and adopted by the ctic

Brazilian Ministry of Education in 2004 as a public policy entitled Open School: a Education, Culture, Sport and Work Programme. The programme offers sports, r p cultural, arts, and leisure activities, and initial work training for youths on weekends. Preliminary evaluations suggest that the programme has had a positive ng effect on levels of violence, both in schools and their surroundings. In São Paulo, the Open Schools Programme, known locally as Family School, was implemented in 5,306 schools between 2003 and 2006 and helped to reduce romisi p criminal acts by 45 per cent.

Source: World Bank (2008); UNESCO (2007) w of e i v r

Box 39 Youth empowerment and employment in Kenya Ove

The Government of Kenya, with the support of the World Bank, has developed a youth empowerment and employment programme:

This aims to increase access to youth-targeted temporary employment programmes and to improve youth employability. There are three components to the project: Labour-intensive works and social services: … The component will finance labour-intensive projects that provide income opportunities to between 200 000 and 300 000 participating youth …. At the same time the projects will also enhance the communities’ access to social and economic infrastructure (e.g., water dams and irrigation, roads, forestry resources, waste management systems). Private sector internships and training: … This pilot component will provide unemployed youth aged 15-29, who have at least eight years of schooling and have been out of school for at least a year, with an opportunity to acquire relevant experience through a private sector internship and training programme. Capacity building and policy development: The main objective of this I component is to enhance the capacity of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MoYAS) to implement the national youth policy and increase II the institutional capacity for youth policy planning. This will be done III through training of MoYAS staff, particularly the district youth officers; communication activities to increase awareness of the project; and policy development, through the provision of technical assistance to the National Youth Council and youth policy development. Excerpt: OECD (2011b, p. 40) 50 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention youths youths and reduce the chances of youths reoffending. in systems to helping to and custody, alternatives to provide rehabilitate Various studies have highlighted the role important played by juvenile justice juvenileSupporting justice youth centres, and recreation initiatives (see Box initiatives and 40).youth centres, recreation their societies. and inclusion of the young participation resilience people greater through in reductions in violent behaviour. training hadchanged attitudes of youth about violence and contributed to on violence outcomes, but perceptions of the community were that the skills and their integration in the community. Theproject was not evaluated determined to have been successful inimproving youths’ knowledge and life or implementation boards, for example. Theproject was evaluated and youth-led initiatives. Projects may include youth members on their decision decisions that affect them, by supporting greater political participationand also means giving youth—often amajority group—a stronger voice in to assets and opportunities in the community. Greater integration of youth to see youth as apositive force for development and give youth more access about the situations of youth. Over time, people in the communities began esteem withamedia and outreach campaign to educate older residents combined training innonviolent conflict resolution and strengthening self- In post-conflict Liberia, the Youth Education for LifeSkills programme B districts. six in adults and children to representation legal free provide to Programme Education and Aid Legal apilot launched Ministry Justice the 2009, September in aresult, year. As each law the with conflict in children 2500 around to representation and counselling legal free provide to volunteer to lawyers 335 engaged Kenya in project funded aUNICEF- Similarly, prosecution. criminal avoiding mediation, into cases reduced levels of pre-trial detention and adiverted number of young offender involvement has Its youth. including people needy to aid legal free provided Office Defence Public Kharkiv pilot the Ukraine, In rights. child of protection the for standards international met reforms legal ensuring in office men’s Ombuds the of role the reinforced project acapacity-building Montenegro, In B ox ox 40 ox ox 41

UNICEF support for reforming juvenile systems justice for reforming support UNICEF Youth inclusion in Liberia inclusion Youth P romising programmes include supporting youth leadership, include supporting romising programmes Excerpt: Mercy Corps andUSAID (2006)inOECD (2010, p. 38) 37 Excerpt: OECD (2011b,p. 45) Excerpt: P rogramming in this rogramming - area can include supporting policy development, legislative reform, legal aid 51 services, and community rehabilitation projects. UNICEF supports numerous s

programmes to reform juvenile justice systems in different parts of the world e (see Box 41). These and similar programmes rely on close cooperation among ministries of justice/interior, local authorities, the police, and CSOs. See, for ctic a example, the Hope Station project in Chile (Box 42). r p

Other promising initiatives in this field include efforts to support the adoption ng of and compliance with UN conventions that address juvenile justice, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which obliges signatory states to

establish a separate juvenile justice system for youths under the age of 18 that romisi promotes prevention, diversion, and community rehabilitation (see Box 43). p w of e

Improved urban/local governance and environmental design i v

‘Urban centres are home to half the world’s population and are expected to r absorb almost all new population growth over the next 25 years’ (OECD, 2010, Ove p. 13). A growing number of urban areas are afflicted by high levels of armed violence. Rapidly urbanizing areas often experience a convergence of several risk factors for violence, for example limited or unequal basic service provision,

Box 42 Estación Esperanza (Hope Station), Department of Public Security, Estación Central Municipality, Santiago de Chile, Chile

Estación Esperanza is implemented in the Estación Central Municipality, central-northern part of Santiago de Chile. It was developed as an answer to the need for special psychological care of minors under the age of 14 involved in illegal acts, identified by the police (Carabineros), and whose rights have been infringed. Within the framework of this project, the age limit is important: after the age of 14, a new and stricter law on juvenile responsibility is applied. That is why it is essential to work with this group of vulnerable children so as to strengthen and foster social behaviours, thus discouraging violence and crime-associated risk behaviours. This is a multi- institutional project that benefits from the participation of the municipal government, the police force (Carabineros) and the Ministry of the Interior. I Specific strategies have been developed with a view to strengthening pro- II social behaviours in vulnerable children and teenagers, taking into account their own experiences, and offering them psychological counselling as a III way to identify the strengths and weaknesses that may impact the development of such behaviours. Likewise, a community network focused on children and youth was created, so as to identify social inclusion opportunities that may foster pro-social behaviours. During the process, a role model figure or the family is invited to participate if needed. Excerpt: Zavala (2011) 52 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention G JJAP. Only six young people hadreoffended by April2008. projects operated, whilejuvenile offending rose by 3%inareas not offering a an average drop of42%in the rate ofjuveniles offending indistricts where been charged withacrimeand prosecuted. Over 250 youth participated, with The JJAPprojects accepted more than 250 youth whowouldotherwise have and social assistance including prevention of violence against women.... NGOs to expand activity options, such as vocational training, jobassistance and aimed for full attendance. TheJJAPs alsoformed links witharange of worked with schools to return project participants to mainstream classes living and social activities such as sports and excursions. TheJJAP staff vocational classes, classes in‘soft skills’ such as civic education, healthy offered to all local children through the Child and Youth Centres, including social services support; and remedial education. Some activities were therapy and family work,including parental skill development; legal support; Interventions included individual psychological assessment and support; psychosocial and practical assistance for each child and their families. and one psychologist whoprovided individually tailored programmes of Each project was staffed by aproject co-ordinator, lawyer, two social workers and Youth Centres and NGOs as resources to provide support and assistance. community-based rehabilitation programmes that used both state run Child charged withcriminal offences. Five JJAPprojects provided non-residential 18 to provide alternatives to prosecution and detention when youth were Tajikistan introduced its JJAPproject for youth between the ages of10and To comply with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, B implementation of this new legislation. security plans ineach municipality inGuatemala. UNDPis supporting the reform of the security sector, and mandates the development ofcitizen introduced that establishes aNational Security Council to coordinate the As aresult of the success of this pilot project, anew national law has been homicide rate dropped from 80/100,000 people to under 50/100,000. address vagrancy and reduce violence inbrothels. Within two years, the street lighting, introduce community-based policing, reclaim public spaces, included action to bancarrying guns inbars,control alcohol sales, improve out of the main threats to citizen security, and aplan was developed that Municipal Citizen Security Commission inSanta Lucia. A survey was carried UNDP worked with the local government to support the establishment ofa B ox ox 43 ox ox 44 uatemala

The Juvenile Justice Alternatives Alternatives Justice Juvenile The UND P support for municipal citizen security plans in plans security citizen municipal for support P roject (JJA roject Excerpt: OECD (2011b,pp. 30–31) Excerpt: Excerpt: UNDP(2009, p. 24) Excerpt: P ) ) in Tajikistan inadequate law enforcement, perceptions of inequality across groups, young 53 people frustrated by a lack of social and economic opportunities, and the s

disruption of social networks (kinship, family, and ethnic networks). As a e result, urban-centred AVRP has emerged as an important programming area, and many municipal-based programmes—often called ‘safer-city’ or ‘citizen- ctic a

security’ programmes—have achieved tangible improvements in the reduction r p of crime and armed violence. ng Urban-focused AVRP programmes require the direct engagement and leadership of local governance structures. Mayors and local authorities are often well placed to lead and coordinate integrated policy and programmatic efforts romisi that target the security and safety needs of their citizens. In recognition of p this, the Mexican government launched a national programme in 2010 called 38 the Mayors for Peace Network, which involves agreements between the w of e government and municipalities on the implementation of projects that address i v risk factors for armed violence. Municipal AVRP programmes also rely on close r cooperation among local authorities, law enforcement agencies, CSOs, and Ove members of the community, in both planning and implementing responses.

Typical programming options to address urban violence include policy development (e.g. development of ‘safer-city’ plans); establishing and enforcing public decrees and regulations (such as early closure of bars and tightening controls on the carrying of firearms); initiating urban renewal schemes (such as through the provision public lighting and recreational spaces); enhancing municipal service delivery (including access to water, sanitation, waste collection, etc.); and building institutional capacity for sustained actions. Examples of promising urban-centred AVRP initiatives include programmes led by the mayors and municipal authorities in cities in the Dominican Republic (see Box 27), Colombia (see Box 3), Guatemala (see Box 44), and Macedonia (see Box 45).

Increasingly, environmental design is being seen as an important programming approach that seeks to transform the built environment (such as recreational spaces and bus terminals) and institute urban environmental renewal programmes to reduce opportunities for crime and violence. For example, in South Africa, the environmental designs including the improve- I ment of lighting in public transportation, reorganization of bus terminals, II and reducing the distance between services alleviated the feeling of insecurity among citizens (OECD, 2010, p. 36). III

‘In Kenya, Adopt-A-Light is a slum and street lighting initiative that has improved security in the slums of Nairobi’ (Bellis et al., 2010, p. 27).

UN-HABITAT’s Safer Cities Programme is another example of a comprehensive approach that seeks to address crime and violence prevention through 54 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention (see (see Box 46). results some has encouraging the delivered programme evaluation, formal that that aim to reduce inequalities by, and for improv- reducing example, poverty factor for armed violence et (Rutherford al., 2007). Development programmes Social and among is in groups economic risk inequality an society important Broader development programming by supporting new and alternative forms of new forms by and justice. supporting alternative and design, environmental and social prevention, governance, improved city W were followed by meetings group the concerns. These establishment of an Action security and safety priority identify to meetings group focus nine in holders stake community various together brought that programme safety community incidents and armed violence. armed and incidents criminal recorded in decrease amodest to led measures of combination the that found programme the of Areview measure. deterrent crime additional an as group security andof athe hiring private boards, crime-reporting anonymous of installation the passageways, narrowed that vendors illegal from stalls of removal the patrols, police more-frequent as such priorities, identified the N The police. the in distrust and crime of armed levels high from suffered Macedonia, Skopje, in Town Old of community The B Source: UN-HABITAT (1996–2007, p. 17) Tanzania. in towns other in replicated being is project the and units Cities Safer municipal other to guidance providing is unit Salaam es Dar the Currently, permanent. concepts these make to helped has which structure, city Salaam’s es Dar within up set been has unit Cities aSafer efforts, these of part As plan. restructuring municipal the in included were activities and objectives, approach, and its the project that commission the result and with the police, city the from support strong has programme The campaign). adrug and tribunals, ward sensitization, livelihood, (youth projects pilot several and strategy prevention a of crime development the supported has programme resulting The government. from support financial and political receives organizations) and (ward leaders, participants the involvingpolice, grassroots community members, Acoalition 2004. and 2000 in undertaken were surveys victimization and In Dar es Tanzania,Salaam, the Cities Safer B Source: Saferworld (2006,pp. 29–34) ox ox 45 ox ox 46 orking G orking

A community safety plan in Skopje, Macedonia in Skopje, plan safety A community Safer cities: the Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, experience Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, the cities: Safer roup on Safety and Security in the Skopje Old Town that addressed addressed that Town Old Skopje the in Security and Safety on roup P rogramme was established in established 1999, was rogramme G O Saferworld implemented a implemented O Saferworld 39 Although lacking any Although - ing access to health and education services are likely to help to prevent and 55 reduce armed violence, especially if they contain elements that target specific s

risk factors for armed violence in a given context. To date, however, it would e ctic a

Box 47 Examples of armed violence reduction components in r p poverty reduction, health, and education development programmes ng Armed violence reduction components in poverty reduction, health, and education development programmes include the following:

improved service delivery (e.g. access to safe drinking water and sanitation) romisi to areas affected by or at risk of armed violence (e.g. under-governed p peripheral areas);

employment and alternative livelihood programming for youths at risk of w of e armed violence; i v

programmes for alternative livelihoods and resource and land management r in areas where armed violence is linked to narrowing livelihood options and Ove competition for scarce resources; rural development programmes in areas that feed rural-to-urban-slum migration; programmes to ensure the equal access of girls to schooling and to prevent them from dropping out; assistance to armed violence victims, including outreach to victims of domestic and gender-based violence; ensuring safe access to and delivery of education and health services to areas and populations that are excluded from and/or are experiencing/at risk of armed violence; education- and health-related programmes that encourage social cohesion and community development; early childhood education and the development of primary school curricula that encourage the non-violent resolution of disputes; programmes to improve the educational prospects of at-risk children and youths, especially activities likely to result in viable employment; health and education programmes to reduce and prevent domestic violence I and gender-based violence; developing public health systems’ capacities for violence and crime II reporting (data collection, analysis, reporting), including reporting of domestic and gender-based violence; and III reforming education curricula to nurture a culture of peace, gender equality, respect for people’s differences, peace building, and social inclusion.

Source: OECD (2009) 56 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention respond to respond and these inequalities. target can and stood programmes development mapped so that (area-based) it in to is this ensure under- that are important report, inequalities properly (see Box components 47) (OECD, 2009). As with all the contained measures and health reduction and can education be adapted poverty to include AVR of that examples address how indicative some provides useful programmes The OECD paper policy on address and the reducing inequalities violence. link armed between appear that that no on have evaluations been programmes undertaken Armed Armed Violence Enabling Reduction: Development P 57

Implications for practice e ctic a r p s for n This working paper has attempted to present some of the promising practices that can be drawn from the enormous numbers of programmes and activities tio a being undertaken around the world to prevent and reduce armed violence. lic

While by no means exhaustive, it has sought to demonstrate that govern- p m ments, local authorities, civil society, and the private sector are pursuing I many innovative measures. This concluding section seeks to present a number of lessons and implications for future practice (OECD, 2011a):

Many promising interventions combine both ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ programming. Although many activities are being undertaken discretely to control and reduce access to weapons, engage perpetrators and victims, and reform the practices of law enforcement agencies (i.e. direct programming), the most promising interventions are those that combine both direct and indirect approaches by targeting both the symptoms and the broader drivers of armed violence.

AVRP covers a diverse range of programmatic interventions. Although not always described as AVRP per se, a vast array of interventions are under way emphasizing conflict prevention, peace building, the rule of law, crime prevention, security and justice, and public health that are reducing insecurity and enhancing safety.

Efforts to reduce and prevent armed violence effectively require the clear diagnosis of its scope, distribution, and drivers. Effective strategies to prevent and reduce violence need to target context-specific drivers and risk factors of violence and hence need to be informed by a clear analysis of its nature and scope. The use of baseline assessments and the develop- I ment of national and sub-national capacities to monitor, measure, and II analyse the scope, scale, and distribution of armed violence (through, for example, crime and violence observatories) are making important III contributions to AVRP efforts.

Effective AVRP programmes involve a combination of sectors and approaches. Experience suggests that the most promising AVRP programmes are those that bring together a range of violence prevention and reduction 58 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention

work and work according work to a of clear change. theory frame- when overarching they have a articulated, most clearly effective that tend rise give to risk factors Such violence. to armed programmes be the across a key target number and of strategies sectors purposefully countries on and preventing countries violence. reducing armed a is There ations. lack currently of low- and evidence from middle-income evalu- programme need robust to undertake practitioners development base of in works’, especially ‘what low- and settings, middle-income practices with reliable evaluations There is a to need to document good strengthen or efforts promising the long term. to violence capacities in armed prevent institutional build the necessary AVR multi-year This necessitates measures. of and and short- symptoms violence requires armed long-term drivers Short- and long-term approaches should be combined. Promoting gender is equality a critical of part AVRP actors. and international regional, national, by must sub-national, be relevant implementation Their supported by violence. armed affected that include processes particularly groups should be such on developed programmes the basis of consultative of the risk target Toviolence. factors their maximize impact, purposefully to potential address the significant of root causes violence if armed they Development programmes that seek to reduce andpoverty inequality have and national, development sub-national plans and programmes There is a need to integrate AVRP and objectives actions into regional, and CSOs, sector. the private local authorities, agencies, government linkages among these levels, and rely on between extensive partnerships create national), that at work (community, multiple sub-national, levels national level are to those be The most promising sustainable. strategies and the community at municipal but levels, they the support require partnership AVRP Effective programmes require both local and national ownership and needs needs effectively. needs of men and women and to ensure that meet these programmes development policies and programmes. It is critical to analyse the different and Too however, in girls women are often, AVR under-represented dimensions of violence and which seek to address gender inequalities. ventions are those on based a of clear the understanding gendered . Many promising AVR programmes are at P being undertaken programmes . In order to strengthen . the In evidence order to strengthen programmes that P can help programmes . Effective AVR . Effective Addressing the Addressing . P inter- P and There is a need to develop common indicators and methodologies for 59 measuring and monitoring change. Practitioners should be encouraged to develop common measurement systems to allow the comparison of e reductions in armed violence and thus the assessment of what works ctic

best in particular contexts. a r

Sustaining the impact of AVRP programmes requires strengthening p institutional capacities for AVRP. Sustainability continues to be a major challenge. Promising programmes for AVRP (over the medium to long s for

term) include components to strengthen institutional capacities for n

AVRP, including security and justice institutions, their oversight bodies, tio and civil society. a lic p m I

III 60 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention 10 9 8 7 6 3 2 1 5 4 UND G the of Secretariat See IRIN (2010); Ushahidi (n.d.). (n.d.). Ushahidi (2010); IRIN See 24). p. 2009, Hazen, and (Zavala periods vention non-inter during 107.5 to 100,000 per compared 100,000, per 89 was 1994) ber 1993–Decem (November period the intervention during the homicideIn rate Cali, on seminars regional the of reports forthcoming the from drawn been have principles The 2011a). (2009; OECD See magazines. ‘good-practices’ its for (n.d.) Segura Comunidad and 2011b); (2010; OECD (2010); al. et Bellis See (n.d.). Segura Comunidad website, its on available Segura, Comunidad by produced was magazine a ‘good-practices’ meetings, eachsociety For civil of these ized by the Quaker Office. United Nations organ meeting society civil regional a‘good-practice’ by preceded was meeting Each weapons). light and arms small particular, (in violence of instruments the and violence, gender-based crime, organized issues, cross-border conflicts, nity commu resource-based violence, urban and youth including violence, armed of AVR innovative and promising identify to and level, regional the at learnt lessons and experiences share to strategies, and policies prevention violence armed of implementation Act See G G the about mation infor more For 2015. by security human in improvements tangible and violence armed of burden global the in reductions measurable achieve to states on calls Declaration The practices. best of knowledge disseminate to and programmes; risks and vulnerabilities; to evaluate of the armed violenceeffectiveness reduction assess to violence; armed of costs economic and social, human, the measure to intended initiatives supporting to signatories commits countries, 100 than more G The UND (2011); IADB See Declaration, and UND and Declaration, G the government, host the among acollaboration meetings, regional The H P for Centre See eneva Declaration Secretariat (n.d.). Secretariat Declaration eneva K S (n.d.). P . See G . See eneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, endorsed by by endorsed Development, and Violence Armed on Declaration eneva K nowledge (2009). nowledge Endnotes eneva Declaration Secretariat (n.d.). Secretariat Declaration eneva P romising romising ublic Health, Liverpool John Moores University and W and University Moores John Liverpool Health, ublic eneva Declaration, related activities, and publications, see see publications, and activities, related Declaration, eneva P eneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development and and Development and Violence Armed on Declaration eneva practices. These meetings focused on key regional patterns patterns regional key on focused meetings These practices. P (2009). P , aimed to review the development and progress of the the of progress and development the review to , aimed P ractices on Armed Violence Reduction, organized by the the by organized Reduction, Violence Armed on ractices HO (n.d.); (n.d.); HO eneva eneva - - - - 11 For more information on correcting crowd-sourcing in a crisis, see Humanitarian. 61 Info (2009).

12 See, for example, Richardson and Hemenway (2011); Miller, Hemenway, and Azrael s e (2007); Ajdacic-Gross et al. (2006); Killias, van Kesteren, and Rindlisbacher (2001); ot

Rosengart et al. (2005). n d

13 For an overview of legislation on firearms, see GunPolicy.org (n.d.); Small Arms n Survey (2011). E 14 According to Antonio Rangel Bandeira of Viva Rio and figures released by the Ministry of Justice in 2010, the reforms have contributed to an 11 per cent decrease in firearms mortality, saving 5,000 lives. 15 See Kirsten (2004; 2006). 16 See Callahan, Rivara, and Keopsell (1994); Kuhn et al. (2002); Mullin (2001). 17 See also Dreyfus et al. (2008); Wille (2005); Lamb (2008). 18 For more information on stockpile management programmes, see Regional Approach to Stockpile Reduction (n.d.); SEESAC (n.d.). 19 See also Small Arms Survey (2006, p. 315). 20 See IPP (2011). 21 In 2010 UNDP provided technical assistance to DDR initiatives in 21 countries, including Afghanistan, Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Indonesia (Aceh), Kosovo, Liberia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, the Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, and Uganda. 22 See the ‘good-practices’ magazines produced by Comunidad Segura (n.d.). 23 A 2004 Médecins Sans Frontières survey in Burundi states that three out of four patients need to go into debt or sell belongings to pay medical bills, while 17.4 per cent of people requiring treatment had no access to health care, primarily due to financial considerations (Small Arms Survey, 2007, p. 215). 24 Canadian statistics, for example, indicate that, between 1998 and 2007, women were three to five times more likely than men to be killed by their intimate partners. Approximately 30 per cent of the solved homicides against women involved stabbing and 28 per cent involved shooting (Ogrodnik, 2009). Another study from the Dominican Republic found that 70 per cent of female homicides in 2000 were intimate-partner homicides and, of these, 50 per cent were perpetrated using bladed weapons and 39 per cent using firearms (Pola, 2008, p. 53). 25 For example, in a recent study of sexual assault in South Korea, 30 per cent of I the attacks examined involved weapons (Soo et al., 2009). A Canadian study found that weapons were used in 24 per cent of sexual assaults against women II committed by strangers and 13 per cent of assaults committed by perpetrators III known to the female victims (Stermac, du Mont, and Kalemba, 1995, p. 1092). 26 See also Braga et al. (2001); Corsaro and McGarrell (2009). 27 See World Bank (2000). This includes results of ADR evaluations conducted in developing countries and in the United States by the Conflict Management Group, Stanford law professor Deborah Hensler, and District of Columbia superior court judge Nan Shuker. 62 Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention 32 31 30 29 28 35 34 33 36 39 38 37 See SADC (2001); ECO (2001); SADC See G at Nigeria in held seminar regional promising-practices the of report forthcoming the See G at Nigeria in held seminar regional promising-practices the of report forthcoming the See (n.d.). Segura Comunidad by produced magazines ‘good-practices’ the and (n.d.) Secretariat of See thethe best-practice seminarsreports published by the (2009). al. et Levy also See See Schweinhart et al. (2005); W (2005); al. et Schweinhart See W See (2011b). OECD in published and Hilker McLean P by conducted research on draws section This See also CIDA (2007); W (2007); CIDA also See See UN-HABITAT (2005). UN-HABITAT See P for Mayors See 2009b). (2009a; UNICEF also See HO (2002); Hilker and Fraser (2009). Fraser and Hilker (2002); HO eneva Declaration Secretariat (n.d.). (n.d.). Secretariat Declaration eneva (n.d.). Secretariat Declaration eneva eace 2020 Vision Campaign (2011). (2011). Campaign Vision 2020 eace W AS (1992). AS hitson and Adelski (1999). Adelski and hitson orld Bank (2008). Bank orld eggy Ochandarena and Lyndsay Lyndsay and Ochandarena eggy G eneva Declaration eneva Declaration 63

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