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The Satirical Reception of the New Learning in English Literature, 1592-1743

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The Satirical Reception of the New Learning in English Literature, 1592-1743 UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE Department of English Studies THE SATIRICAL RECEPTION OF THE NEW LEARNING IN ENGLISH LITERATURE, 1592-1743 PHILIP JENKINS 2019 UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA FACULTAD DE FILOLOGIA Departmento de Filología Inglesa Tesis Doctoral LA RECEPCIÓN SATÍRICA DE LA NUEVA ERUDICIÓN EN LA LITERATURA INGLESA, 1592-1743 Vº Bº DEL DIRECTOR Trabajo Presentado Por PhiliP Jenkins Para la obtención del grado de Doctor en Filología bajo la dirección del Dr. Pedro Javier Pardo García. Dr. Pedro Javier Pardo García i This doctoral thesis is dedicated to the memory of my mother, Mrs Barbara Jenkins. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following PeoPle for their helP and suPPort while I was writing this doctoral thesis. Firstly, I would like to thank my suPervisor, Dr Pedro Javier Pardo García of the University of Salamanca. Secondly, I am also grateful to my father Anthony Jenkins for his support throughout the writing of the thesis. Thirdly, I would like to exPress my gratitude to Dr Daniel Jolowicz for his helP with my translations from the original Latin. And finally, many thanks are due to Vince Woodley of University Information Services, University of Cambridge for his help with the formatting of this thesis. v TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Part I. THE ANTIQUARIAN 1. THE SATIRICAL RECEPTION OF THE ANTIQUARY 7 1.1. Antiquarianism in England 7 1.2. Early Satirical Accounts of Antiquaries 14 1.3. GuilPin, Nashe and Lodge 16 1.4. John Donne 21 1.5. Character Sketches 23 1.6. Shackerley Marmion’s The Antiquary 26 1.7. The Antiquary in the Interregnum 30 1.8. The Satirical Reception of Antiquarianism after the Restoration 33 1.9. Conclusion 37 Part II. THE VIRTUOSO 2. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE FIGURE OF THE VIRTUOSO 39 2.1. Natural PhilosoPhy and Early Modern Science 41 2.2. The Changing Scientific Worldview 42 2.2.1. The ShaPe of the Universe 43 2.2.2. Francis Bacon and the Baconian Method 45 2.3. The Venues of Natural PhilosoPhy 48 2.3.1. Gresham College 48 2.3.2. The University of Oxford 49 2.3.3. The Royal Society 50 2.4. The Figure of the Virtuoso 52 2.5. The Range of Ideas Associated with the Virtuosi 55 2.6. The Negative PercePtion of the Virtuosi 56 2.6.1. Laughter 57 2.6.2. Puritanism 58 2.7. The Revaluation of the Virtuosi 59 2.8. The Telescope and the Microscope 62 2.9. Literary Responses 64 3. THE FIRST SATIRICAL ACCOUNTS OF THE VIRTUOSI: SAMUEL BUTLER 67 3.1. The Burlesque 67 3.2. Reading Butler 67 3.3. Dating Butler’s Works 69 3.4. An Early Satirical Account of the Virtuosi 70 3.5. Perception and Error in Butler’s Satirical Subjects 71 3.6. Butler’s Prose Works 72 3.6.1. An Occasional Reflection on Dr. Charleton 72 3.6.2. Characters 77 vii 3.6.3. Prose Observations 80 3.7. The Elephant in the Moon 81 3.7.1. Summary of the Poem 83 3.7.2. Identifying the Virtuosi 86 3.7.3. A Mouse and not an Elephant 89 3.7.4. The Telescope 91 3.8. Satire upon the Royal Society 94 3.9. Other Works 96 3.9.1. “An Heroical EPistle of Hudibras to Sidrophel” 96 3.9.2. Hudibras, The Third and Last Part 98 3.10. Conclusion 101 4. THOMAS SHADWELL AND THE VIRTUOSO 105 4.1. Literature Review 108 4.2. Who is the Satirical Butt of The Virtuoso? 110 4.3. Shadwell’s Satirical Technique 113 4.3.1. Going beyond the Philosophical Transactions 113 4.3.2. The Facetious Remark as Satirical Tool 113 4.3.3. Irony of Character 114 4.4. Pedantry of Language 115 4.5. Borrowings from Hooke’s Micrographia 117 4.6. Conclusion 118 5. SUBSEQUENT SATIRICAL ACCOUNTS OF THE VIRTUOSO: BROWNE, BEHN AND KING 119 5.1. Curiosity and Collecting 119 5.2. Musaeum Clausum, or Biblioteca Abscondita 119 5.2.1. Books 122 5.2.2. The Rarities in Pictures & Antiquities and Rarities of Several Sorts 124 5.3. The Emperor of the Moon 125 5.3.1. Behn’s Use of Her Literary Sources 129 5.4. The Transactioneer 130 5.4.1. The ImProbable: Case Studies 133 5.4.1.1. Chinese Ear-pickers 134 5.4.1.2. PopPy Pie 137 5.4.1.3. A Shower of Whiting 139 5.4.1.4. Sable Mice 141 5.4.2. The Excellency of Sloane’s Style 142 5.5. Useful Transactions in Philosophy, and Other Sorts of Learning 145 5.5.1. The Tongue 147 5.5.2. The Eunuch’s Child 150 5.5.3. Millers Are Not Thieves 152 5.5.4. Looking ahead to the Scriblerians 153 6. SCRIBLERIAN SATIRE: SWIFT, POPE AND OTHERS 155 6.1. The Scriblerus Club 155 6.1.1. The Members 155 6.1.2. The Creative Catalyst 156 6.1.3. The Name of the Club 158 viii 6.1.4. The Political Dimension 161 6.1.5. How They Wrote 162 6.1.6. Who Brought What to the Table? 163 6.2. The Memoirs of Scriblerus 169 6.2.1. Summary of the Contents 170 6.2.2. The Satirical Reception of the Ancients and Moderns 175 6.2.3. Curiosity and the Unworldly Virtuoso in the Double Mistress Chapter 175 6.2.4. The Memoirs as a Sham 176 6.2.5. Annus Mirabilis as a Sham and a Parody 185 6.2.6. Scriblerian Satire 190 6.2.7. The Quixotic Character of the Memoirs 190 7. JOHN WOODWARD: THE COMPLETE SCRIBLERIAN VIRTUOSO 191 7.1. A Woodwardian Prelude 193 7.2. Woodward the Antiquarian: The Shield of Cornelius Scriblerus 196 7.2.1. The Origine of Sciences 198 7.3. The SmallPox War 202 7.3.1. The Question of Arbuthnot’s AuthorshiP 205 7.3.2. The Life and Adventures of Don Bilioso de l’Estomac 207 7.3.3. An Account of the Sickness and Death of Dr. W---d---d 212 7.4. Three Hours after Marriage: 212 7.4.1. Summary of the Plot 212 7.4.2. The Satirical Reception of the Virtuoso through Action and Dialogue 214 7.4.3. In the Cabinet of Curiosities 218 8. SWIFT’S VOYAGE TO LAPUTA: A SCRIBLERIAN POSTSCRIPT? 223 8.1. The Diversity of Interpretation of Swift’s Satire 223 8.2. The RelationshiP between the Memoirs and the Travels 224 8.3. The Presence of Natural Philosophy in the Travels 224 8.4. The Academy of Lagado 225 8.4.1. Sources for the Academy’s Practitioners 226 8.4.2. The ComPosite Nature of Swift’s Satire 226 8.4.3. Swift’s Use of the Adynaton 228 8.5. Swift and Sir Isaac Newton 228 8.6. Conclusion 229 Part III. THE TEXTUAL CRITIC 9. ON TEXTUAL CRITICISM, RICHARD BENTLEY AND THE FIRST SATIRICAL RESPONSES TO HIS WORK 231 9.1. A Brief History of Textual Criticism 232 9.2. Richard Bentley’s Reputation 235 9.3. Pedantry 238 9.4. Bentley in The Battle of the Books 243 9.5. Bentley, Horace and Hubris 246 9.6. The Satirical Responses to Bentley’s Edition of Horace 248 9.7. Virgilius Restauratus 251 ix 10. THE SATIRICAL RECEPTION OF TEXTUAL CRITICISM IN POPE’S DUNCIADS 257 10.1. The Verbal Critick in An Essay on Criticism 259 10.2. The Life and Work of PoPe 260 10.3. Lewis Theobald 264 10.4. Richard Bentley 271 10.5. The Dunciad in Four Books 273 10.6. The Dunciad Variorum as a Parody of Textual Criticism 277 10.7. Paratexts 279 10.7.1. Precursors 280 10.7.2. The Notes of Scriblerus in the Dunciad Variorum 286 10.8. The Followers of Scriblerus 288 10.9. Conclusion 291 CONCLUSION 295 BIBLIOGRAPHY 307 APPENDIX. Selected Character Sketches 327 x A Note on Orthography A few words are necessary on the quotations from historical texts in this doctoral thesis. I have used original spelling where possible and have used the term (sic) sparingly. In Elizabethan texts “w” was written “vv”. I have preferred the modern spelling as the old one now seems remote. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, italics were widely used for emPhasis. And an aPostroPhized letter was not italicized, as in the examPle “book’s”. An eighteenth-century writer would always write “Dr. Woodward,” whereas today “Dr Woodward” is normal. I have written diPthongs as two seParate letters. xi INTRODUCTION This PhD thesis is concerned with the satirical reception of the New Learning between 1592 and 1743. By the New Learning I mean antiquarianism, natural PhilosoPhy and textual criticism. The earliest examPle I have found of the satirical reception of antiquarianism is Thomas Nashe’s Pierce Penilesse his Supplication to the Devil (1592); the final work I look at in connection with textual criticism is Alexander Pope’s The Dunciad in Four Books (1743). In each of the three different fields something new began to happen in the period in question. The antiquaries, or later, antiquarians took an interest in the physical remnants of the past in order to understand better what had gone before. The natural philosophers, encouraged by Bacon’s scientific writings, embraced the empirical model of investigation and rejected Aristotle (384-322 BC) as stultifying and unproductive. The textual critics brought their faith in their own ability to correct faulty literary texts before a general readership, firstly in classical literature and secondly in Shakespeare.
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