EthicalMUN III

Special Task Force of United States President James “Jimmy” Carter on the Hostage Crisis

Chairs: Calvin Gelernt and Zachary Zemmel

Crisis Directors: Isabella Ramos, Kevin He, and Morium Begum EthicalMUNEthicalMUN IIIII

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to EthicalMUN III and the Committee! We hope Theo Dassin that this committee will provide you with an interesting debate around one of the most Co-Secretary General significant moments in the history of the foreign policy of the United States. Over the course of the weekend, your goal will be to bring home the American hostages Iva Knezevic captured by Iranian revolutionaries safely. In doing this, you will examine the ethics Co-Secretary General of American involvement in foreign affairs as well as the value of human life in politics. CormacAlex Keswani Thorpe The purpose of this background guide is to help you in your research for this Co-SecretaryChief of Staff General crisis committee; it has a comprehensive summary of each of the characters and their positions. Additionally, it contains a detailed history of the Iran Hostage Crisis. JulieJacob Johnson Greene However, this background guide is not sufficient for your research on the topic; you Chief of Staff must do additional research. This is a crisis committee, and you should prepare for the possible issues that Ryan Kelly Morium, Izzy, and Kevin, our crisis staff, will create. It is important to note that our OliviaVice-Secretary Becker of committee is a historical committee and begins on November 5, 1979, the day after ChiefCommittees of Staff the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam’s Line took 63 American hostages at the American Embassy in three at the Iranian Foreign Ministry. In this committee, Olivia PollackBecker the chairs will play US President James “Jimmy” Carter, while delegates will be ChiefVice-Secretary of Staff of assigned roles of various individuals involved in the crisis, meaning that the chairs Administration have veto power over any directive that the committee passes. However, in the spirit Halle Friedman of a fair committee, the chairs will not veto any adopted directive unless it is highly UnderHalle SecretaryFriedman General unrealistic. It is important to note that all delegates will play members of the United ofVice-Secretary Committees of States Federal Government during the Carter Administration. Outreach Delegates should make sure they have a comprehensive understanding of the Hannah Platt historical background of the Iran Hostage Crisis and researching their character’s position in the US Federal Government. Furthermore, due to the complex nature of LeilaniUnder Secretary Elkaslasy General this committee, we suggest that delegates have previous experience in crisis Communityof Communications Service Director committees or at least previous experience in MUN. This committee will use some special procedures detailed below. Please make Alex Keswani sure that you understand all of these procedures so that the committee may remain Crisis Director fast-paced. We hope you have a great conference!

Jacob Greene Sincerely, Crisis Director Zachary Zemmel ([email protected]), Calvin Gelernt ([email protected]), Morium Begum ([email protected]), Isabella Ramos ([email protected]), and Kevin He ([email protected]) Lily Josephson Crisis Director Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN II III Crisis Crisis

Committee Procedure minute moderated caucus passes, the perpetual moderated caucus will be Like most crisis committees, suspended, and the committee will the parliamentary procedure will be enter the five minute moderated slightly different from General caucus. If there are no points or Assemblies and Specialized motions on the floor, the chair will Committees. The parliamentary revert to the perpetual moderated procedure used in this committee is caucus. optimized for the relatively few people in our committee and the quick responses needed for crises. Amendments and Division of the Question: Perpetual Moderated Caucus: In this committee, all Unlike GA or Specialized amendments to papers will be considered unfriendly and will, Committees, Crisis Committees will therefore, require a two-thirds not have a speakers list, and will majority to pass. Similar to operate under a perpetual moderated amendments, the motion to divide the caucus. A perpetual moderated caucus question requires a two-thirds is a never-ending moderated caucus majority to pass. that runs for the entirety of the committee with no set topic. For this committee, the perpetual moderated Relevant Points and Motions: caucus will have a 30 second • Point of Inquiry speaking time. This perpetual • Point of Information moderated caucus will be suspended • Point of Personal Privilege when a delegate proposes a motion. • Point of Order For example, if a motion for a five • Motion to Open Debate

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• Motion for a Moderated Caucus Directives: • Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus Like GA and Specialized • Motion for a Round Table Committees, Crisis Committees have • Motion to Introduce All Papers on documents that take committee action the Dais with regard to the issue. In Crisis • Motion to Introduce an Amendment committees, this document is called a • Motion to divide the Question Directive. Directives will require a • Motion to Enter Voting Procedure minimum of three people signing the • Motion to Adjourn Debate document, with a minimum of one sponsor and one signatory. Written Papers

Crisis Notes: Press Releases: Crisis notes are notes used to Press releases are committee take personal action from a delegate, documents addressed to the public. without the need for committee They can be used to inform or even approval. A character's portfolio misinform the public according to the power, therefore, binds crisis notes. desires of the committee. Similar to Also, no troop movements will be Directives, Press Releases will require approved through crisis notes. a minimum of three people on the Instead, all troop movements require a document, with a minimum of one committee directive. Please ensure to sponsor and one signatory. sign your character’s name at the end

of your crisis note and address it to Like all committees, CRISIS on the front of your folded collaborating with other delegates is note. strongly recommended. However, in a Crisis Committee, it is also !2 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN II III Crisis Crisis

encouraged that one stays in character an increasingly autocratic leader who and acts in accordance with their ordered the jailing of dozens of character’s motivations. political opponents, causing him to become even more unpopular. Furthermore, his primary support now Historical Background came from the Tudeh Party, Iran’s In 1951, Mohammad Communist Party. Starting in Mosaddegh was elected as Iranian mid-1953, The Tudeh Party led pro- prime minister. As Prime Minister, Mosaddegh rallies and engaged in Mosaddegh led a strike against political violence.2 Finally, Britain’s Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Mosaddegh signed a decree (AIOC) (now a part of BP) to get a dissolving Iran’s Parliament, giving share of the company’s profits and to himself almost absolute power. The limit the control over Iran’s oil nationalization of Iranian oil along reserves. After AIOC refused to with fears of a communist takeover in cooperate with the Iranian Iran led British Prime Minister government, Iran’s Majlis and US President (Parliament) voted to nationalize Dwight D. Eisenhower to back a coup Iran’s oil industry and expel foreign d’etat under the British name oil companies and representatives. Operation Boot and the American Britain subsequently led a global name Operation Ajax. Mossadegh was boycott of Iranian Oil, resulting in an overthrown and replaced by General economic collapse in Iran. This .3 economic collapse caused Mosaddegh Although Zahedi was the prime to become increasingly unpopular in minister and remained as such until Iran and lose support with the 1955, (“The working class.1 Mosaddegh became Shah”) became the true leader of Iran. !3 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN II III Crisis Crisis

Previously, the role of Shah was one fundamentalist population of Iran, led of a constitutional monarch that acted by , one with incredibly limited power in of the main figures in the Shi’a comparison to that of the prime Muslim revivalist movement minister. Iran continued to have a spreading through Iran at the time. prime minister until the position was This movement called for an end to abolished in 1989, however, the role the Westernization of Islamic nations of The Shah switched from that of a and a return to governance by constitutional monarch that governed fundamentalist Islamic religious law in accordance with the prime minister (Sharia).7 In 1964, The Shah exiled to an effectively absolute monarch.4 Ayatollah Khomeini to Turkey In 1967, The Shah took the title because of The Ayatollah’s opposition Shahanshah, meaning “king of kings,” to The Shah’s leadership which led to essentially giving him total control three days of riots throughout Iran.8 over the Iranian government.5 The Shah’s opposition to The leadership of The Shah communist policies and support of brought some reform in Iran. Starting Western oil and military interests in 1963, The Shah implemented the caused the Federal Government of the policies of the “White Revolution,” United States to back him. As part of which included land reform, public his White Revolution, The Shah works and infrastructure projects, and, reduced restrictions on business most importantly, expanded liberties ownership in Iran and privatized land for religious minorities, including the previously owned by religious groups. legalization of religious minorities Furthermore, The Shah allowed holding political office.6 These foreign oil companies, including expanded rights for religious American companies, to return to minorities alienated the religious Iran, stimulating the Iranian !4 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN IIIII Crisis Crisis

economy.9 Lastly, in 1969, US kill political dissidents.12 The Shah President announced established SAVAK with help from the Nixon Doctrine, which stated that the United States Central Intelligence the US would continue to back its Agency (CIA).13 Though SAVAK was allies in Asia, but “as far as the highly feared, perhaps the most problems of international security are notorious incident of The Shah’s reign concerned ... the United States is were the shootings of September 8, going to encourage and has a right to 1978, known as “Black Friday.” The expect that this problem will day earlier, The Shah had declared increasingly be handled by, and the in Iran, but thousands responsibility for it taken by, the gathered in Tehran’s Jaleh Square for Asian nations themselves.”10 a religious demonstration despite this. Although Nixon aimed his policy at Soldiers of the Imperial Army of Iran South Vietnam, The Shah used it to argued the crowd to disperse, but argue that the US should expand its these orders were ignored, causing the selling of arms to the Iranian soldiers to open fire on the crowd, Government, an argument with which killing between 84 and 88 people and President Nixon agreed. He agreed injuring 205 others.14 because, since the overthrow of Black Friday, along with the Mossadegh, Iran had been a key Shi’a revivalist movement and American ally in the Middle East.11 opposition to the Westernization were Despite the economic and the leading causes of the 1979 Iranian religious reforms that The Shah Revolution. There were mass implemented, he was a brutal dictator. against The Shah which eventually He used Sāzemān-e Ettelā'āt va escalated into violence between the Amniyat-e Keshvar (SAVAK), Iran’s Imperial Army of Iran and Iranian secret police, to torture, imprison, and civilians. The revolution left !5 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN II III Crisis Crisis

anywhere between 3,000 and 60,000 The Shah developed cancer and dead, mainly due to confrontations required emergency gallbladder between anti-Shah protestors and the surgery. President army.15 As revolutionary forces granted him asylum in the US, became stronger, The Shah fled Iran angering Ayatollah Khomeini and the (supposedly “on vacation”) on Iranian public who demanded that he January 16, 1979. On February 1, stand trial in Iran.18 This caused the Ayatollah Khomeini, who supported Muslim Student Followers of the the revolution while in exile, returned Imam’s Line, a group which to Iran and was greeted by a crowd supported Ayatollah Khomeini, to estimated by the BBC to be up to five storm the US embassy in Tehran on million people.16 Ayatollah Khomeini November 4, 1979, taking 63 became the Supreme Leader of Iran American hostages. Three more after a March 1979 referendum passed hostages were taken later at the with 98% of the vote favoring an Iranian foreign ministry. Thirteen Islamic Government over a monarchy. days later, Ayatollah Khomeini The referendum also effectively ordered the release of 13 hostages, removed , the prime and one hostage was released on minister of Iran at the time, from medical grounds after that. This left power.17 52 hostages who remained for up to Ayatollah Khomeini 444 days. Although none of the vehemently opposed the United hostages were killed, they were States, which he referred to as “The brutalized: they were hung over .” Additionally, the United elevator shafts, beaten with hoses, States support for The Shah made it and, famously, subjected to mock highly unpopular among the Iranian executions.19 populace. After being overthrown, !6 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN IIIII Crisis Crisis

The Iran Hostage Crisis lasted of the hostages, or will the use of through the 1980 presidential election, military force be necessary? in which won a 2. How can the United States utilize landslide victory over Carter, largely its role as a major economic because of the crisis. The Carter power in negotiations? Administration had placed an 3. How will the actions taken by the economic embargo on Iran after the committee affect the image of the hostages were taken, but the Reagan United States globally? Administration negotiated a deal in 4. How can the committee ensure which the hostages would be safely humane treatment of the hostages returned to the US in exchange for the throughout negotiations with the lifting of this embargo. Just hours Iranian Government? after President Reagan was sworn in 5. For the staff of President Carter, on January 20, 1981, all remaining how can the Iran Hostage Crisis hostages were returned to the United be used in the re-election States (several hostages had been campaign of the President? released in the prior months).20 6. If the hostages are successfully However, as this committee begins on returned to the United States, November 5, 1979, no hostages have what actions should be taken to yet been released. Remember, this prevent future hostage crises? committee’s goal is to secure the release of all American hostages as Positions and Delegate quickly as possible. Views: Questions to Consider: Walter Mondale - Vice President As the vice president, Walter 1. Can the United States act Mondale is President Carter’s closest peacefully in securing the return !7 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN IIIII Crisis Crisis

ally in the federal government. militaristic approach to foreign Mondale has military experience: he affairs. Vance has been working to served as a corporal in the Army at reduce the presence of the Soviet Fort Knox during the . Union in Africa through economic Mondale is a centrist on foreign negotiations instead of having an affairs and has no consistent pattern of American military presence. Vance supporting either interventionist or will likely oppose any US military isolationist policies. As a United action in Iran unless the committee States Senator from Minnesota, he finds it to be crucial.22 supported the Vietnam War during the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson but Zbigniew Brzeziński - National turned against it during the Nixon Security Advisor to President Carter Administration. Mondale also was a Appointed as National Security valuable participant in the Advisor in 1977, Zbigniew Brzeziński negotiations between Israeli Prime has taken an interventionist approach Minister Menachem Begin and to American foreign policy. He Egyptian President Muhammad advocated for moving an American Anwar el-Sādāt that eventually led to aircraft carrier task force near the Camp David Accords.21 Ethiopia to “send a strong message to the Soviets” and reduce their presence Cyrus Vance - Secretary of State in the region.23 Furthermore, he was Cyrus Vance’s tenure as influential in normalizing relations secretary of state has mostly been one between the People’s Republic of of diplomacy rather than military China and the United States. He action. He has often clashed with established a de facto military alliance National Security Advisor Zbigniew between the United States and China Brzeziński, who preferred a more against the common threat of the !8 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN II III Crisis Crisis

Soviet Union after his Spring 1978 presidential candidate at the time trip to Beijing.24 Jimmy Carter called the CIA a Harold Brown - Secretary of Defense national disgrace. Then, after being Harold Brown assumed the appointed by President Carter, Turner office of Secretary of Defense at the revamped the CIA: he dismissed 825 beginning of President Carter’s in underperforming officers and 1977. He previously served in both mounted espionage operations in the Kennedy and Johnson Poland and Czechoslovakia. Turner Administrations, holding the posts of previously served as an admiral in the Director of Defense Research and US Navy and was the Supreme Allied Engineering and Secretary of the Air Commander for NATO in Southern Force respectively. He was an Europe.26 instrumental figure in arms negotiations with the Soviet Union William H. Sullivan - Ambassador of and regarded the strengthening of the United States to Iran NATO highly. As Secretary of William H. Sullivan began his Defense, Brown has broad authority career as a foreign service officer in on foreign military affairs.25 Bangkok, Thailand, where he was in brief communication with the Viet Stansfield Turner - Director of Central Cong, who were in exile in Northern Intelligence Thailand. He then became the US As the head of the CIA, Ambassador to Laos from 1964 to Stansfield Turner is responsible for 1969, the US Ambassador to the communication with American spies Philippines from 1973 to 1977, and in the Iranian government and the US Ambassador to Iran beginning interpreting gathered intelligence. in 1977. Similar to Cyrus Vance, While on the campaign trail in 1977, Ambassador Sullivan has an !9 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN II III Crisis Crisis

antagonistic relationship with Palestinian Liberation Organization Brzeziński. Unlike Brzeziński, against American policy.29 As Ambassador Sullivan initially favored Ambassador, McHenry has advocated negotiating with Ayatollah Khomeini for diplomatic, rather than military and felt that compromise with Iranian resolution, to international conflict. In anti-Shah protestors was necessary.27 August 1979, he was the principal Furthermore, after Under Secretary of American negotiator when a Soviet State David D. Newsom called plane carrying Russian ballerina Ambassador Sullivan and said, "The Lyudmila Vlasova was prohibited National Security Advisor from leaving the United States. As US (Brzeziński) has asked for your view Ambassador to the UN, McHenry has of the possibility of a coup d'état by significant influence over the policy the Iranian military to take over from of the United Nations and any the Bakhtiar government, which is resolutions the Security Council and clearly faltering,” Ambassador General Assembly may adopt.30 Sullivan allegedly responded, “tell Brzeziński to f**k off.”28 Robert Strauss - United States Trade Representative and Special Envoy to the Middle East Donald F. McHenry - US Ambassador Robert Strauss is the leader in to the United States to the United the United States Federal Government Nations on issues concerning international Donald F. McHenry was trade. Strauss has played a significant appointed as US Ambassador to the role in the Middle East policy of the UN after Ambassador Andrew Young United States already: he was one of was forced to resign the position after the key negotiators in the Camp meeting with a representative of the David Accords, and after successfully !10 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN IIIII Crisis Crisis

crafting the Trade Agreements Act, ever to have held both positions. As President Carter established the secretary of the Treasury, Miller is position of Special Envoy to the one of Carter’s most trusted economic Middle East for him.31 advisors and is in charge of all US monetary policy. He also has Benjamin Civiletti - Attorney General considerable influence on general Benjamin Civiletti became the policymaking in the Carter Attorney General of the United States administration.33 on July 19, 1979, during a major shakeup of President Carter’s Cabinet. Charles Duncan Jr. - Secretary of As attorney general, he is chiefly Energy responsible for enforcing federal laws, Charles Duncan Jr. took over as heading federal jails, and representing the Secretary of Energy in 1979 after the United States Federal Government the previous secretary James in the Supreme Court on matters of Schlesinger was fired as part of a extreme importance. However, he is broader cabinet shakeup. Before also able to represent the United serving as Energy Secretary, he served States in international legal systems, as the Deputy Secretary of Defense including the International Criminal and fought in World War II. As Court.32 secretary of Energy, he has broad power in terms of US oil policy.35 G. William Miller - Secretary of the Treasury Thomas Phillip “Tip” O’Neill Jr. - G. William Miller was the Speaker of the House of chairman of the federal reserve and is Representatives now Secretary of the Treasury under Tip O’Neill Jr. is the President Carter. He is the only person Democratic speaker of the House of !11 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN IIIII Crisis Crisis

Representatives and a congressman staunch supporter of the reduction of from Massachusetts. While in Nuclear Arms and was instrumental in Congress, O’Neill has taken several the Senate’s ratification the second controversial policy stances. In 1967, Strategic Arms Limitations Talks.37 O’Neill came out in opposition to the Vietnam war and called for the Frank Church - Chairman of the resignation of Richard Nixon in light Senate Committee on Foreign of the Watergate hearings. As Speaker, Relations O Neill and Carter have often clashed Frank Church is a senator from as Carter intends to reduce Idaho and the chairman of the foreign government spending while O'Neill relations committee. As the chairman, has sought to pass legislation such as Church is an influential figure in U.S universal health care, jobs programs, foreign policy. Church was one of the and a water projects bill which Carter first senators who publicly opposed vetoed. O’Neill has a great deal of American involvement in the Vietnam power in terms of passing legislation war and authored both the Cooper- in the House of Representatives.36 Church amendment and Case-Church amendment which both sought to Alan Cranston - Senate Majority limit the American participation in the Whip war.38 Alan Cranston is a senator from California and the Senate Majority David C. Jones - Chairman of the Whip. He took office in 1977. As the Joint Chiefs of Staff Senate Majority Whip, Cranston has a General David C. Jones is the large amount of influence in terms of chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff passing legislation in the Senate. As a and the highest-ranking non-civilian Democrat, Cranston remains a official in the US Federal !12 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN II III Crisis

Government. In this position, Jones terms of military action. He fought in has considerable authority in decision both the Korean and Vietnam War.41 making and military policy. He is also a top advisor of President Carter and Lew Allen Jr. - Chief of Staff of the Secretary of Defense Harold Brown.39 Air Force General Lew Allen Jr. is the Thomas B. Hayward - Chief of Naval Chief of Staff to the US Air Force. He Operations lacks the power to order combat, but Admiral Thomas B. Hayward is serves as an advisor to the Secretary the chief of U. S. Naval operations, of Defense and has a large degree of beginning this job in 1978. In this influence on US military policy.42 role, he has been a key figure in US foreign and military policy. He served Literature Cited in World War II as a sailor and in the Endnotes: Korean War. Hayward believed in a 1. Saylor Academy Editors, strong US Navy as a means of "," Saylor combating Soviet military strength Academy, last modified June 2011, and power and helped in the building accessed February 2019, https:// of new aircraft and ships.40 resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/ archived/site/wp-content/uploads/ Edward C. Meyer - Chief of Staff of 2011/06/Mohammad-Mosaddegh.pdf. the Army 2. Sepehr Zabih, The Mossadegh Era: General Edward C. Meyer is Roots of the the highest ranking officer in the US (Chicago, Ill.: Lake View Pr., 1982), Army. He is a key advisor to the 65. president in terms of military policy, 3. Ibid., 91-94 and he holds a great deal of power in !13 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN IIIII Crisis Crisis

4. , State and Society iranprimer.usip.org/resource/ in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and revolutionary-economy. the Emergence of the Pahlavis 10. Efraim Karsh, Islamic (London, UK: Tauris, 2006), 267-274. Imperialism: A History (New Haven, 5. E. Burke Inlow, Shahanshah: A Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007), Study of the Monarchy of Iran (Delhi, 199. India: Motilal Banarsidass, 1979), 90. 11. Ibid. 6. Said A. Arjomand, The Turban for 12. Immigration and Refugee Board the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in of Canada Editors, "Iran: Information Iran (New York, NY: Oxford on SAVAK," Refworld - United University Press, 1989), 72-73. Nations Human Rights Council, last 7. Mohsen M. Milani, The Making of modified January 1, 1991, accessed Iran's Islamic Revolution: From February 2019, https:// Monarchy to Islamic Republic, 2nd www.refworld.org/docid/ ed. (New York: Routledge, 2018), 91. 3ae6aaa724.html. 8. Elaine Sciolino, "The People's 13. Federal Research Division of the Shah," New York Times, last modified United States Library of Congress August 27, 2000, accessed February Editors, Iran: A Country Study, ed. 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/ Glenn E. Curtis and Eric Hooglund, 2000/08/27/books/the-people-s- 5th ed. (Washington DC: United shah.html?pagewanted=all. States Library of Congress, 2008), 34. 9. Suzanne Maloney, "The 14. , A History of Revolutionary Economy," ed. Modern Iran, 11th ed. (Cambridge, Cameron Glenn, United States United Kingdom: Cambridge Institute of Peace, last modified 2016, University Press, 2017), 160-161. accessed February 2019, https://

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15. Ervand Abrahamian, Iran between Renewal' - Minutes Later, 52 US Two Revolutions (Princeton, NJ: Hostages in Iran Fly to Freedom After Princeton University, 1983), 181. 444-Day Ordeal," New York Times, 16. BBC Editors, "On This Day - last modified January 21, 1981, 1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini accessed February 2019, https:// returns to Iran," British Broadcasting www.nytimes.com/1981/01/21/world/ Corporation, last modified February reagan-takes-oath-40th-president- 1, 2005, accessed February 2019, promises-era-national-renewal- http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/ minutes-later-52.html. dates/stories/february/1/ 21. Steven M. Gillon, The Democrats' newsid_2521000/2521003.stm. Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the 17. Dilip Hiro, Holy Wars: The Rise Liberal Legacy (New York, NY: of Islamic Fundamentalism (New Columbia University Press, 2010), York, NY: Routledge, 2013), 169. 285, 303. 18. , All the Shah's 22. Bernard Gwertzman, "Vance and Men: An American Coup and the Brzezinski: Feuding Chapter by Roots of Middle East Terror Chapter," New York Times, last (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2008), 148-155. modified May 26, 1983, accessed 19. 444 Days, directed by Leslie February 2019, https:// Woodhead and Mick Csáky, British www.nytimes.com/1983/05/26/us/ Broadcasting Channel, 2007, accessed vance-and-brzezinski-feuding- February 2019, https:// chapter-by-chapter.html. www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/ 23. Ibid. b0074lwj.x 24. Federico Pachetti, "Going Global: 20. Bernard Gwertzman, "Reagan Zbigniew Brzezinski and China's Takes Oath as 40th President; Rise," Wilson Center, last modified Promises 'An Era of National October 10, 2017, accessed February !15 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN IIIII Crisis Crisis

2019, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/ middleeast/william-h-sullivan-us- blog-post/going-global-zbigniew- ambassador-to-volatile-laos-and-iran- brzezinski-and-chinas-rise. is-dead-at-90.html. 25. The Associated Press, "Former 28. Ken Follett, On Wings of Eagles Defense Secretary Harold Brown, (New York, NY: Signet Book, 1991), Who Guided Military During Carter 269. Administration, Dies at 91," NBC 29. Andrew DeRoche, Andrew Young: News, last modified January 5, 2019, Civil Rights Ambassador accessed February 2019, https:// (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ Resources, 2003). former-defense-secretary-harold- 30. Time Magazine Editors, "Turmoil brown-who-guided-military-during- on the Tarmac," Time Magazine, last carter-n955146. modified September 3, 1979, accessed 26. Tim Weiner, "Stansfield Turner, February 2019, http:// CIA Director Who Confronted content.time.com/time/magazine/ Under Carter, Dies at article/0,9171,948586-1,00.html. 94," New York Times, last modified 31. Kathryn J. McGarr, The Whole January 18, 2018, accessed February Damn Deal: Robert Strauss and the 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/ Art of Politics (New York, NY: 2018/01/18/obituaries/stansfield- PublicAffairs, 2011). turner-dead.html. 32. Philip Taubman, "Benjamin 27. William Yardley, "William H. Richard Civiletti," New York Times, Sullivan, US Ambassador to Volatile last modified July 20, 1979, accessed Laos and Iran, Is Dead at 90," New February 2019, https:// York Times, last modified October 28, www.nytimes.com/1979/07/20/ 2013, accessed February 2019, https:// archives/benjamin-richard-civiletti- www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/world/ headed-criminal-division.html. !16 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN II III Crisis Crisis

33. Robert D. McFadden, "G. William O'Neill (New York, NY: St. Martin's Miller, Former Chairman of Federal Press, 1988). Reserve and Treasury Secretary, Dies 37. The Associated Press, "Alan at 81," New York Times, last modified Cranston, Former U.S. Senator, Is March 19, 2006, accessed February Dead at 86," New York Times, last 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/ modified January 1, 2001, accessed 2006/03/19/us/g-william-miller- February 2019, https:// former-chairman-of-federal-reserve- www.nytimes.com/2001/01/01/us/ and-treasury.html. alan-cranston-former-us-senator-is- 34. Robert D. McFadden, "James R. dead-at-86.html?pagewanted=all. Schlesinger, Willful Aide to Three 38. LeRoy Ashby and Rod Gramer, Presidents, Is Dead at 85," New York Fighting the Odds: The Life of Times, last modified March 27, 2014, Senator Frank Church, 2nd ed. accessed February 2019, https:// (Carlton, OR: Ridenbaugh Press, www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/us/ 2014) politics/james-r-schlesinger-cold-war- 39. Richard Goldstein, "Gen. David hard-liner-dies-at-85.html. C. Jones, Former Chairman of Joint 35. Miller Center Editors, "Charles Chiefs, Dies at 92," New York Times, Duncan, Jr. (1979-1981)," University last modified August 14, 2013, of Virginia - Miller Center, https:// accessed February 2019, https:// millercenter.org/president/carter/ www.nytimes.com/2013/08/15/us/ essays/duncan-1979-secretary-of- gen-david-c-jones-former-joint- energy. chiefs-chairman-is-dead-at-92.html? 36. Tip O'Neill and William Novak, _r=0. Man of the House: The Life and 40. Naval History and Heritage Political Memoirs of Speaker Tip Command Editors, "Admiral Thomas B. Hayward: Twenty-first Chief of !17 Iran Hostage Crisis EthicalMUN EthicalMUN II III Crisis Crisis

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