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Download (1MB) UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR FACULTAD DE JURISPRUDENCIA Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES ESCUELA DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LAS ESTRATEGIAS EN POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMÉRICA HACIA LA REPÚBLICA ISLÁMICA DE IRÁN DURANTE LAS PRESIDENCIAS DE BARACK OBAMA Y DONALD TRUMP. PERIODO 2009-2020 TRABAJO DE GRADO PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE LICENCIADO(A) EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES PRESENTADO POR: JOSUÉ OBED RAMOS LANDAVERDE INDIRA NATHALÍ RUIZ CASTILLO CARLOS EDUARDO VELASCO ALTUVE DOCENTE ASESOR MRI. EFRAÍN JOVEL REYES CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, SAN SALVADOR, ABRIL DE 2021 TRIBUNAL CALIFICADOR MTRA. CLAUDIA SAMAYOA HERRERA PRESIDENTA MTRA. SILVIA MARINA RIVAS DE HERNÁNDEZ SECRETARIA MRI. EFRAÍN JOVEL REYES VOCAL UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR MSC. ROGER ARMANDO ARIAS ALVARADO RECTOR PHD. RAÚL ERNESTO AZCÚNAGA LÓPEZ VICERRECTOR ACADÉMICO ING. JUAN ROSA QUINTANILLA QUINTANILLA VICERRECTOR ADMINISTRATIVO MSC. FRANCISCO ANTONIO ALARCÓN SANDOVAL SECRETARIO GENERAL LIC. RAFAEL HUMBERTO PEÑA MARÍN FISCAL GENERAL FACULTAD DE JURISPRUDENCIA Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES DRA. EVELYN BEATRIZ FARFÁN MATA DECANA DR. EDGARDO HERRERA MEDRANO PACHECO VICEDECANO MSC. DIGNA REINA CONTRERAS DE CORNEJO SECRETARIA MFE. NELSON ERNESTO RIVERA DÍAZ DIRECTOR DE LA ESCUELA DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES MSC. DIANA DEL CARMEN MERINO DE SORTO DIRECTORA GENERAL DE PROCESOS DE GRADUACIÓN LICDA. SANTOS DEL CARMEN FLORES UMAÑA COORDINADORA DE PROCESOS DE GRADUACIÓN DE LA ESCUELA DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES DEDICATORIA Agradezco en primer lugar a Dios todo poderoso, quien hasta este día me ha prestado la vida y me dio la oportunidad de poder realizar mis estudios de educación básica, media y superior, reconozco que sin su grande e infinita misericordia nada de esto, así como muchas otras cosas pude haber logrado. A mi madre Celina Landaverde, y mi padre Herbert Ramos, que durante el transcurso de mi vida me han ido forjando e instruyendo para que pueda ser una persona de bien. Agradezco su incansable esfuerzo que día con día han realizado, dándome el apoyo constante, brindándome todas las facilidades económicas para solventar las necesidades que he tenido, animándome a seguir en esos muchos momentos de frustración y agotamiento que tuve. A mis hermanos Herbert y Samuel quienes estuvieron motivándome constantemente para alcanzar mis metas y quienes también me dieron su apoyo en los momentos en los que más los necesité. A cada uno de los docentes que durante el transcurso de la carrera se esforzaron en compartir su conocimiento tanto conmigo como con el resto de compañeros y amigos que logré conocer. Agradezco su labor docente y vocación que permitió que a lo largo de los años de estudio yo pudiera aprender muchas cosas, no solamente las relacionadas con la carrera sino también para situaciones de la vida. A mis compañeros de Trabajo de Grado con los cuales tuve la oportunidad de compartir y aprender juntos en el desarrollo de este nuestro último trabajo previo a la culminación de nuestra carrera. A todos ellos, ¡MUCHAS GRACIAS! Josué Obed Ramos Landaverde DEDICATORIA Me gustaría agradecer a las siguientes personas, sin las cuales no hubiera podido completar esta investigación, y sin las cuales no hubiera logrado completar mi licenciatura: Mis colegas universitarios que a lo largo de la carrera me apoyaron, secaron mis lágrimas, me motivaron a seguir adelante y que tuvieron que aguantar mis tensiones, rabietas y dramas durante estos 6 largos años. Gracias a mi asesor, MRI. Efraín Jovel, por brindar orientación y comentarios a lo largo de este proyecto, así como por su apoyo, ánimo y paciencia en cada una de las asesorías. Mi mayor agradecimiento a mi familia por todo el apoyo que me han brindado, por estar ahí siempre para mí a pesar de todo. Para ustedes dedico la culminación de estos seis años de aprendizaje. Para mis padres y mi hermana, ¡perdón por estar más gruñona de lo normal mientras escribía este Informe Final! ¡Son los mejores por aguantarme siempre! Y un agradecimiento especial para mi abuela, Carmen Latín, agradezco que siempre creíste en mí, se que deseaste estar en mi graduación, en un par de ocasiones hablamos sobre la celebración que haríamos y lo orgullosa que estarías de mí, te extraño y hasta el cielo doy gracias por tener un ángel que siempre llevaré en mi corazón. ¡GRACIAS! Indira Nathalí Ruiz Castillo DEDICATORIA Agradezco a Dios y a la Virgen María, cuya guía invisible siempre la he considerado como un soplo de viento, el cual me impulsa a recorrer libremente este sendero llamado vida, no importando que el destino parezca ajeno a mi conciencia. A mi madre, cuya vida llena de sacrificios ha nutrido los éxitos de sus dos hijos, su amor riguroso y apoyo incondicional han permitido convertirme en la persona que soy actualmente. A mis abuelos que se dieron la tarea de cumplir el rol como mis segundos padres, mi tiempo con ellos se encuentra plagado de hermosos recuerdos y si se me permitiera cambiar algo al respecto, sería que él profesor hubiera podido ver graduado al mal alumno que es su nieto. A toda mi familia y amigos, sus palabras de ánimo y consejos me permitieron seguir adelante cuando mi voluntad flaqueaba, sin temor a equivocarme puedo afirmar que aquellas noches de desvelo, así como los viajes de madrugada, valieron al final completamente el esfuerzo. A mis compañeros de Trabajo de Grado Obed e Indira con quienes durante un año nos embarcamos en esta ardua labor, al mismo tiempo, agradezco a nuestro asesor MRI. Efraín Jovel, cuya guía e instrucción fue invaluable para el proceso de investigación. Por último, a todas aquellas personas cuyo nombre escapa de esta página, podrán no ser mencionados o incluso pudieran haberse marchado, no obstante, puedo asegurar con firmeza que cada uno de ellos aporto su enorme grano de arena. A todo aquel que gaste su tiempo en leer estas humildes palabras no me queda más que decirles: ¡LES AGRADEZCO! Carlos Eduardo Velasco Altuve ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS RESUMEN ....................................................................................................... i LISTADO DE SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS ...................................................... ii INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................ iv CAPÍTULO l: ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DE LAS RELACIONES ENTRE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMÉRICA Y LA REPÚBLICA ISLÁMICA DE IRÁN ....................................................................................... 1 Origen y evolución del conflicto entre los Estados Unidos e Irán .......... 1 1.1. La dinastía Pahlaví 1925-1979, el reinado del último Shah de Irán 2 El golpe de Estado en Irán de 1953 ......................................... 4 El apoyo y financiamiento de los Estados Unidos hacia Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlaví............................................................ 7 1.2. La Revolución Islámica en Irán de 1979 ......................................... 8 La crisis de los 52 rehenes diplomáticos ............................... 11 Consecuencias diplomáticas, económicas y políticas de la crisis de rehenes ................................................................................. 14 1.3. La política exterior de Ronald Reagan hacia la nueva República Islámica de Irán ...................................................................................... 16 El escándalo Irán-Contra ....................................................... 17 El derribo del vuelo 655 de Irán Air ........................................ 20 1.4. Relaciones Post Guerra Fría ........................................................ 22 El embargo petrolero y comercial a Irán de 1995 .................. 23 La Política Exterior de George W. Bush y su discurso sobre el “eje del mal” ........................................................................................ 25 El desarrollo del programa nuclear iraní ................................ 27 CONCLUSIÓN CAPITULAR ...................................................................... 32 CAPÍTULO ll: LAS ESTRATEGIAS DE POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMÉRICA HACIA LA REPÚBLICA ISLÁMICA DE IRÁN IMPLEMENTADAS DURANTE LA PRESIDENCIA DE BARACK OBAMA ........................................................................................................ 35 La presidencia de Barack Obama 2009-2017 ..................................... 35 2.1. Reestructuración del discurso estadounidense en la búsqueda del acercamiento y dialogo con Irán ............................................................. 36 La Doctrina de la Paciencia Estratégica................................. 37 El grupo 5+1 y la participación de los Estados Unidos .......... 39 2.2. La estrategia de Estados Unidos en contra del Programa Nuclear de Irán .................................................................................................... 40 La imposición de nuevas sanciones ...................................... 42 Leyes del congreso de los Estados Unidos ...................... 43 Decretos ejecutivos .......................................................... 45 Operaciones de espionaje estadounidenses en contra el programa nuclear iraní ........................................................................ 46 2.3. El retorno a la mesa de negociaciones ......................................... 51 La llegada de Hassan Rouhani a la presidencia de Irán ........ 51 Diálogos bilaterales y trilaterales ........................................... 55 Diálogo bilateral entre los Estados Unidos e Irán ............. 55 Diálogo
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