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The Post-Apocalyptic Film Genre in American Culture 1968 - 2013

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The Post-Apocalyptic Film Genre in American Culture 1968 - 2013 THE POST-APOCALYPTIC FILM GENRE IN AMERICAN CULTURE 1968 - 2013 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Emma Anne Harris Department of History of Art and Film University of Leicester 2016 1 The Post-apocalyptic Film Genre in American Culture 1968 - 2013 Emma Anne Harris ABSTRACT This thesis examines post-apocalyptic films in American cinema in the period 1968-2013. These films will be analysed in relation to their status as a genre, their underpinning narrative structures, the influence of religious myths, and their relationship to American national identity. Three representative films will be analysed as case studies: The Ultimate Warrior (1975), Steel Dawn (1987), and I Am Legend (2007). A combined methodological approach will be used to study the post-apocalyptic genre. This approach utilises a ‘bottom-up’ thematic content analysis followed by close textual analysis of the case study films. This analysis is interpreted through a structuralist critical framework within a historical context. The analysis chapters in this thesis will focus on three main stages within the overall time period: 1968-1976, 1982-1989, and 2007-2013. In each of these stages elements in the post-apocalyptic genre shifted because of cultural and social developments. However, this thesis also examines the patterns and themes that have remained consistent and stable in the genre across time. One of the main aims of the thesis is to analyse how the post-apocalyptic genre overlaps, repeats, and is disrupted over time. This thesis demonstrates that the post-apocalyptic genre functions as a unified group of films. The chapters explore how the genre blends with others (e.g. the western), but also retains a coherent narrative. Additionally, the project establishes how the post-apocalyptic genre articulates aspects of American national identity. Primarily, this is through expressing a discomfort with modernity and depicting a pastoral utopia. The values that are conveyed in post-apocalyptic films are connected with conservatism and Evangelical religious doctrines in American popular culture. These broader themes are intertwined in the development of the genre with dominant historical influences, such as the Women’s Rights Movement, Reagan’s Presidency and nuclear anxiety, and the legacy of 9/11. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Next time I have an idea like that, punch me in the face” (Tyrion Lannister). I would firstly like to thank my husband Patrick for his unfailing kindness, support, and belief in me…and for the countless cups of tea he brought while I wrote this. To my friends and family – Samantha, Megan, Brenda, Marlies, Amanda, and Yvonne – you kept me smiling and you are all truly lovely people. I am also very grateful to my lovely parents-in-law Chris and Christine for their patience and thoughtfulness. Thank you to those people who proof read chapters and drafts of my thesis for the time, attention, and feedback you gave: Elizabeth Oldfield, Hazel Collie, Dr Beth Lunt, April Perrie, Mandy Thomas, and Liz Bonnett. My thanks also go to Dr Anna Claydon for her invaluable advice and ideas regarding science fiction cinema. Additionally, I would like to thank my examiners Dr Claire Jenkins and Dr Mark Bould for their input and help. I am, of course, grateful to the History of Art and Film department for the full scholarship which made this all possible. Special thanks go to my supervisor Dr Guy Barefoot, for his consistent interest in and support of my PhD. 3 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... 3 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES/ILLUSTRATIONS .................................................................................... 8 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 11 Perfection and the Post-apocalypse .............................................................................. 11 Aims of the Thesis ............................................................................................................ 12 Post-apocalyptic Narratives in Popular Culture ........................................................... 14 The Religious and Historical Context of Eschatology ................................................. 17 Time Period ....................................................................................................................... 22 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................................ 23 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 26 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 26 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 27 Science Fiction .................................................................................................................. 31 Horror ................................................................................................................................. 34 Genre and Culture ............................................................................................................ 37 Semantic/Syntactic ........................................................................................................... 52 An Operational Definition of Post-apocalyptic Fiction ................................................. 53 National Mythscape .............................................................................................................. 56 Promised Land and Utopia ............................................................................................. 60 Post-apocalypse and Politics .......................................................................................... 63 Eschatology and Popular Culture .................................................................................. 68 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 72 3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 74 Research Questions ........................................................................................................ 74 Thematic Content Analysis ................................................................................................. 76 Corpus of Films ................................................................................................................. 77 Time Period ....................................................................................................................... 83 Coding Schedule .............................................................................................................. 84 4 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 94 Sampling ............................................................................................................................ 95 Case Studies ..................................................................................................................... 95 Critical Theory ..................................................................................................................... 100 Structuralism ................................................................................................................... 100 Challenges to Structuralism .......................................................................................... 102 Sample Approach ........................................................................................................... 105 Previous Critical Work ................................................................................................... 106 Summary of Methodology ............................................................................................. 110 4. 1968-1976: PESSIMISM TO OPTIMISM .................................................................... 112 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 112 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 112 CASE STUDY: The Ultimate Warrior (Dir. Clouse, 1975, 20th Century Fox) ............ 123 Synopsis .......................................................................................................................... 123 Genre Context ................................................................................................................. 123 Comparison of Final Scenes......................................................................................... 126 Representations of Landscapes ..................................................................................
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