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Tea: Biological Control of Insect and Mite Pests in China ⇑ Gong-Yin Ye A, , Qiang Xiao B, Mao Chen C, Xue-Xin Chen A, Zhi-Jun Yuan B, David W

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Tea: Biological Control of Insect and Mite Pests in China ⇑ Gong-Yin Ye A, , Qiang Xiao B, Mao Chen C, Xue-Xin Chen A, Zhi-Jun Yuan B, David W Biological Control 68 (2014) 73–91 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Biological Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Tea: Biological control of insect and mite pests in China ⇑ Gong-Yin Ye a, , Qiang Xiao b, Mao Chen c, Xue-xin Chen a, Zhi-jun Yuan b, David W. Stanley d, Cui Hu a a Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China b Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China c Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA d USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA highlights graphical abstract More than 1100 species of natural enemies recorded in China have been summarized. Biological characteristics of some dominant natural enemies have been well reviewed. Various biocontrol measures combined with other IPM approaches have been reviewed. The future researches and policy implementation of tea pests are suggested. article info abstract Article history: Tea is one of the most economically important crops in China. To secure its production and quality, bio- Available online 3 July 2013 logical control measures within the context of integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely pop- ularized in China. IMP programs also provide better control of arthropod pests on tea with less chemical Keywords: insecticide usage and minimal impact on the environment. More than 1100 species of natural enemies Tea ecosystem including about 80 species of viruses, 40 species of fungi, 240 species of parasitoids and 600 species of Biological control predators, as well as several species of bacteria have been recorded in tea ecosystems in China. Biological Natural enemies and ecological characteristics of some dominant natural enemies have been well documented. Several viral, bacterial, and fungal insecticides have been commercially utilized at large scale in China. Progress in biological control methods in conjunction with other pest control approaches for tea insect pest man- agement is reviewed in this article. Knowledge gaps and future directions for tea pest management are also discussed. Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction cultivation doubled from 1.37 million ha to over 3.01 million ha in the nearly 50 years from 1961 to 2009. In that time, total tea Tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, is the most popular and lowest production increased fourfold from 0.98 to 3.95 million metric cost beverage in the world, second only to water. It would be very tons. China, where tea has been used as a beverage and a medicine difficult to overestimate the economic impact of tea at the global or since at least 2700 BCE, is the origin of tea and the largest tea pro- Chinese national level. Tea is a globally important monoculture ducing country. China produces non-fermented tea (Green tea), crop cultivated in large- and small-scale plantations between lati- semi-fermented tea (Oolong tea) and various fermented teas (Black tudes 41° N and 16° S including 46 countries across Asia, Africa, La- teas). tin America, and Oceania (Hazzrika et al., 2009). Global tea Gobal cultivation of tea has rapidly grown in the last 50 years. In the China of 1950 tea was grown on 169,400 ha with annual yield of 62,200 metric tons. By 2010 Chinese tea production increased to al- ⇑ Corresponding author. Fax: +86 571 8795124. most two million ha with an annual yield of about 1.5 million metric E-mail address: [email protected] (G.-Y. Ye). 1049-9644/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.013 74 G.-Y. Ye et al. / Biological Control 68 (2014) 73–91 tons (a 24-fold increase) in 2010 (ITC, 2011). As an emerging trend, Various pest control techniques have been practiced in China, organic tea (formally defined based on cultivation practices and including mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical control. Be- independently certified by third-party certifiers) has been growing tween the 1950s and 1980s, chemical pesticides were commonly since the end of 1980s. The planted area and yield increased to applied. Overuse of pesticides, however, led to resurgence of pri- 30,000 ha and about 25,000 metric tons by 2009 (CTIYC, 2011). mary pests, secondary pest outbreaks, and environmental pollu- Tea is produced in vast areas of China with north–south distribution tion, including undesirable residues on brewed tea. Integrated between 37° N and 18° S and east–west distribution between 122° E pest management (IPM) has been popularized to ameliorate the and 97° W, totaling more than 20 provinces across tropical, subtrop- environmental pollution and health-hazard issues associated with ical and temperate regions. overuse of synthetic pesticides. The key techniques include There are four major tea-growing regions in China. One is the improving the influence of natural enemies on pest populations Jiangnan region: it lies the south of the middle and lower reaches via vegetation management (conservation biological control) and of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, and is the most prolific of China’s releasing biological control agents (classical and/or augmentation tea-growing areas. Most of its output is the green variety, with biological control), utilizing cultural control and rationally apply- some black tea. Another is the Jiangbei region, a large area north ing safer chemical insecticides with low toxicity and low residues of the Yangtze, where the average temperature is 2–3 °C lower than (Chen and Chen, 1999). Biological control measures are widely ac- in the Jiangnan region. Green tea is the principal variety, along with cepted in China to produce safer (contaminant-free) or organic tea. compressed tea for the minority areas in the northwest. The south- The broad use of biological control is the positive outcome of west region embraces Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Tibet, produc- three decades of extensive investigations. These include surveying ing black, green and compressed teas such as Pu’er tea. The Lingnan, and identifying local natural enemies (including pathogens, para- also known as the south China, region covers all southern provinces sitoids and predators) in tea ecosystems, understanding the biol- of China, namely, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian and Taiwan. ogy and ecological importance of natural enemies, and The Lingnam region produces mainly Oolong tea. developing strategies on rearing and releasing natural enemies in Given the very large areas of tea monocultures, a large number tea plantations. In this paper, we review advances on biological of tea pests is not surprising. Globally, 1034 arthropod species are control of tea pests and discuss future research needs. associated with tea, of which about 3% are common pests through- out the world (Chen and Chen, 1989). In China, 808 species of in- 2. Survey and classification of natural enemies sect and mite pests, belonging to 109 families from 13 orders of 2 classes were recorded in tea, of which only 6 species damage Natural enemy diversity in tea ecosystems plays a prominent tea products during storage (Zhang and Han, 1999). Among the role in biological control of tea pests. Since the 1960s, many inves- 808 pest species, most are hemipterans and lepidopterans (Table 1). tigators surveyed and identified natural enemies throughout the There are about 700 shoot and leaf feeders, 50 stem and root feed- tea producing regions of China (Xia, 1965; Tsai et al., 1978; Hu ers, and less than 10 flower and fruit feeders (Zhang and Han, et al., 1979). To date, more than 1100 species of natural enemies 1999). Aside from the common pest species, regionally specific (including vertebrate predators such as birds) of tea pests have pests require special attention (Supplemental Table 1)(Zhang been recorded (Zhang and Tan, 2004). and Han, 1999; Zhang and Tan, 2004). Among these pests, only six insect species and two mite species are serious pests (Supple- mental Table 1). This small number of pest species often account 2.1. Entomopathogens for 10–20% yield loss and in some catastrophic cases, even total crop losses (Chen and Chen, 1999). Entomopathogens include viruses, bacteria and fungi. These microbes cause epizootics in natural pest populations and carry Table 1 List of pest, parasitoid and predator orders and their family and species number in tea gardens recorded in China. Class/order Family number Species number Species proportion (%) Pests Parasitoids Predators Pests Parasitoids Predators Pests Parasitoids Predators Insecta Collembola 1 – – 1 – – 0.12 – – Odonata – – 6 – – 24 – – 3.31 Blattodea 2 – – 3 – – 0.37 – – Isoptera 2 – – 9 – – 1.11 – – Orthoptera 5 – 2 48 – 11 5.94 – 1.52 Mantodea – – 1 – – 9 – – 1.24 Dermaptera – – 3 – – 10 – – 1.38 Embiodea 1 – – 1 – – 0.12 – – Corrodentia 2 – – 4 – – 0.50 – – Thysanoptera 2 – 1 22 – 1 2.72 – 0.14 Hemipteraa 38 – 8 284 – 66 35.15 – 9.09 Neuroptera – – 7 – – 26 – – 3.58 Coleoptera 14 – 7 135 – 176 16.71 – 24.24 Strepsiptera – 1 – – 1 – – 0.37 – Diptera 4 1 4 7 29 38 0.87 10.70 5.23 Lepidoptera 29 – – 273 – – 33.79 – – Hymenoptera 4 24 6 4 241 29 0.50 88.93 3.99 Arachnida Acarina 5 – 7 17 – 41 2.10 – 5.65 Araneida – – 26 – – 295 – – 40.63 Total 109 26 78 808 271 726 100 100 100 a Here, Hemipteran pests include 219 species of 28 families belonging to the previous Homptera and 65 species of 10 families belonging to the previous Hemiperar. G.-Y. Ye et al. / Biological Control 68 (2014) 73–91 75 maximum regulatory power. They have been explored as potential species (Xia, 1965). Investigations of parasitic insects in tea planta- biocontrol agents since the end of the 1970s.
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