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The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Minerals

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The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Minerals The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study Report No. 9 The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Minerals December 2014 Centre for Food Safety Food and Environmental Hygiene Department The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region This is a publication of the Centre for Food Safety of the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD) of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Under no circumstances should the research data contained herein be reproduced, reviewed, or abstracted in part or in whole, or in conjunction with other publications or research work unless a written permission is obtained from the Centre for Food Safety. Acknowledgement is required if other parts of this publication are used. Correspondence: Risk Assessment Section Centre for Food Safety Food and Environmental Hygiene Department 43/F, Queensway Government Offices, 66 Queensway, Hong Kong. Email: [email protected] ii Contents Chapter Page Key Findings 1 Executive Summary 3 1 Background 7 Introduction of the First Hong Kong Total Diet Study (1 st HKTDS) 7 Minerals 8 2 Methodology and Laboratory Analysis 9 Methodology of the 1 st HKTDS 9 Laboratory Analysis 10 Treatment of Analytical Values Below LOD 11 Dietary Reference Intakes 11 International Comparison 14 3 Boron 15 Results and discussions 16 Summary 18 4 Calcium 19 Results and discussions 20 Summary 23 5 Cobalt 24 Results and discussions 24 Summary 28 6 Copper 29 Results and discussions 30 Summary 33 7 Iron 34 Results and discussions 35 Summary 38 8 Magnesium 39 Results and discussions 40 Summary 43 iii 9 Manganese 44 Results and discussions 44 Summary 48 10 Molybdenum 49 Results and discussions 50 Summary 53 11 Phosphorus 54 Results and discussions 55 Summary 58 12 Potassium 59 Results and discussions 60 Summary 63 13 Selenium 64 Results and discussions 64 Summary 68 14 Sodium 69 Results and discussions 70 Summary 73 15 Zinc 74 Results and discussions 75 Summary 78 16 Limitations 79 17 Conclusions and Recommendations 80 References 83 Appendices 85 Appendix I 85 st Table A Boron, Calcium and Cobalt Contents in TDS Foods of the 1 85 HKTDS st Table B Copper, Iron and Magnesium Contents in TDS Foods of the 1 91 HKTDS Table C Manganese, Molybdenum and Phosphorus Contents in TDS 97 Foods of the 1 st HKTDS iv st Table D Potassium and Selenium Contents in TDS Foods of the 1 103 HKTDS st Table E Sodium and Zinc Contents in TDS Foods of the 1 HKTDS 109 Appendix II 115 Table A Dietary Intakes of Boron by Age-gender Groups (Average and 115 High Consumers of the Population) Table B Dietary Exposures to Calcium by Age-gender Groups (Average 116 and High Consumers of the Population) Table C Dietary Intakes of Cobalt by Age-gender Groups (Average and 117 High Consumers of the Population) Table D Dietary Exposures to Copper by Age-gender Groups (Average 118 and High Consumers of the Population) Table E Dietary Intakes of Iron by Age-gender Groups (Average and 119 High Consumers of the Population) Table F Dietary Exposures to Magnesium by Age-gender Groups 120 (Average and High Consumers of the Population) Table G Dietary Intakes of Manganese by Age-gender Groups (Average 121 and High Consumers of the Population) Table H Dietary Exposures to Molybdenum by Age-gender Groups 122 (Average and High Consumers of the Population) Table I Dietary Intakes of Phosphorus by Age-gender Groups (Average 123 and High Consumers of the Population) Table J Dietary Exposures to Potassium by Age-gender Groups 124 (Average and High Consumers of the Population) Table K Dietary Intakes of Selenium by Age-gender Groups (Average 125 and High Consumers of the Population) Table L Dietary Exposures to Sodium by Age-gender Groups (Average 126 and High Consumers of the Population) Table M Dietary Intakes of Zinc by Age-gender Groups (Average and 127 High Consumers of the Population) Appendix III 128 Table A Summary of Estimated Dietary Intakes of Minerals of Hong 128 Kong Adult Population Table B Summary of Estimated proportion of the population with dietary 129 intakes of minerals below the Recommended Dietary Intakes Table C Estimated proportion of the population with dietary intakes of 131 minerals above the UL / Recommendations v The 1 st Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Minerals KEY FINDINGS The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Minerals Key findings of the Study The current report presents the levels of minerals in food and the dietary intake assessment of the local adult population to thirteen types of minerals, namely boron, calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium and zinc. The dietary intakes of calcium, iron and potassium of the general adult population were inadequate when compared to the respective recommended intakes. The dietary intake of sodium of the general adult population was in excess when compared to the recommended intake. The dietary intakes of copper, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum and phosphorus of more than 20% of the adult population were inadequate when compared to the respective recommended intakes. Nonetheless, development of adverse health effect from deficiency of these five minerals is very uncommon. The dietary intakes of cobalt, boron, selenium and zinc of the adult population were within the respective recommended intakes. 1 The 1 st Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Minerals The study suggested that the general adult population might experience certain health risks due to inadequate dietary intakes of calcium, iron and potassium, and excessive dietary intake of sodium. 2 The 1 st Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Minerals EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Minerals The Centre for Food Safety (CFS) is conducting the First Hong Kong Total Diet Study (the 1st HKTDS) to estimate dietary exposures of the Hong Kong general population and various population subgroups to a range of substances, including contaminants and nutrients, and to assess any associated potential health risks. The 1st HKTDS comprises food sampling and preparation, laboratory analysis and dietary exposure estimation. A total of 1,800 samples, comprising 150 different TDS food items with three purchases on each of the four occasions from March 2010 to February 2011, were collected and prepared, and then combined into 600 composite samples for testing of various selected substances. 2. This is the ninth report of the TDS series. It presents the dietary intake assessment to thirteen minerals, namely, boron, calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium and zinc. 3. Minerals are important nutrients for growth, development and normal body functions. Inadequate intake of minerals poses health concern. However, like other chemical substances, minerals may have adverse health effects if consume at high levels for a long period of time. Therefore, adverse health consequence on the human body can arise from inadequate or excessive intakes of minerals, but it may not lead to clinical symptoms. The dietary intakes of the Hong Kong population to the thirteen minerals and the associated potential health risks due to inadequate or excessive intake of these minerals have been assessed. 3 The 1 st Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Minerals Results 4. The dietary intakes of calcium, iron and potassium of the general adult population were inadequate when compared to the respective recommended intakes while the dietary intake of sodium of the general adult population was in excess when compared to the recommended intake. 5. The dietary intake of calcium of more than 90% of the adult population was below the recommended intake. Inadequate dietary intake of calcium is one of the important factors causing osteoporosis. The finding suggested that current intake of calcium might increase the risk of developing osteoporosis in the general adult population. 6. The dietary intake of iron of more than 80% of the adult population was below the recommended intake. The finding suggested that current intake of iron of the general adult population might pose certain health risks such as anaemia and reduced immune function. Young women and pregnant women are more vulnerable to iron deficiency as their requirement of iron is much higher. 7. The dietary intake of sodium of more than 60% of the adult population was above the recommended intake. The dietary intake of potassium of about 60% of the adult population was below the recommended intake. The findings suggested that current intake of sodium and potassium might increase the risk of developing high blood pressure, coronary heart disease and stroke in the general adult population. 8. The dietary intakes of copper, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum and phosphorus of more than 20% of the adult population were inadequate when 4 The 1 st Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Minerals compared to the respective recommended intakes. Nonetheless, development of adverse health effect from deficiency of these five minerals is very uncommon. 9. The dietary intakes of cobalt, boron, selenium and zinc of the adult population were within the respective recommended intakes. Advice to the Public Achieve a balanced and varied diet so as to prevent inadequate or excessive intakes of minerals. Foods that are lower in fat, sodium and sugar, and higher in dietary fibre are better choices. Increase dietary intake of calcium. Dairy products, beans and dark green vegetables are rich in calcium. Increase dietary intake of iron. Dark green vegetables, beans and nuts are rich in iron. Increase dietary intakes of potassium. Vegetables, fruits, beans and nuts are rich in potassium. Reduce dietary intake of sodium. Consumers are recommended to reduce the use of condiments and sauces such as salt, soy sauce and oyster sauce during cooking, order food with less salt when eating out and choose prepackaged food with low sodium content by reading nutrition label.
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