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Watercress: a Salad Crop with Chemopreventive Potential

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Watercress: a Salad Crop with Chemopreventive Potential CROP REPORTS are self-pollinated, and fruits, elon- gated capsules, are borne on pedicels, and seeds are produced plentifully (Bleasdale, 1964). Green watercress is a diploid (2n = 32) and the brown watercress is an allotetraploid (2n = 64), whose other Crop parent may be Cardamine sp. (Howard, 1976). A number of variet- ies of N. officinale have been distin- guished in the past including siifolium Reports (1831), microphyllum (1831), and var. parvifolium (1838). However, the two varieties, siifolium and parvifolium, appear to be merely different growth forms of N. officinale resulting from 1952), its large-scale cultivation did moist conditions and from dry condi- Watercress: A not start until 1750 in Germany, 1808 tions respectively (Howard and Lyon, Salad Crop with in England, and 1811 in France 1952). Though var. microphyllum re- (Manton, 1935). Two species of wa- fers to the tetraploid species (Airy Shaw, Chemopreventive tercress, green watercress (N. officinale) 1947), it has been used in the past also and brown watercress (N. to refer to the small-leaved specimens Potential microphyllum), and a sterile hybrid (N. of N. officinale as well as to the triploid officinale x N. microphyllum) were in- (2n = 48) hybrid, N. officinale x N. troduced in about 1850 to New microphyllum. Usha R. Palaniswamy1 and Zealand from England and both spe- A number of commercial strains 2 cies were reported to be growing in were isolated and selections made for Richard J. McAvoy Europe and North America (Michae- frost resistance, ability to maintain veg- lis, 1976). The Germans and French etative growth during summer time only cultivated green watercress while when watercress normally tends to ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Nasturtium the English grew both green water- flower, and for resistance or tolerance officinale, Rorippa nasturtium- cress and brown watercress on a large to turnip mosaic virus (Bleasdale, 1964; aquaticum, Phen(yl)ethyl scale during the 19th century. How- McHugh et al., 1987). However, there isothiocyanate, Cruciferae ever, brown watercress soon was re- has been very little selective and sys- placed in commercial cultivation by tematic breeding and no standard com- Classification, origin, and green watercress because of ease of mercial cultivars seem to have been development propagation by seeds, and lower sus- developed. Many of the selections and ceptibility to the fungal crook root commercial strains appear to be un- Watercress [Nasturtium officinale disease caused by Spongospora named, and the only named strain (also known as Rorippa nasturtium- subterranea sp. nasturtii (Howard and recorded to be commercially cultivated aquaticum)] belongs to the family Lyon, 1952). Green watercress ap- is Sylvasprings, which was originally Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). It is a native pears to be the only species currently developed in England. However, this of southeast Europe (Habegger et al., cultivated and consumed around the strain showed a lot of genetic diversity 1989), probably Germany (Humphrey, world. when grown in the United States and 1984) or England (Howard and Lyon, was further selected to obtain a ho- 1952). Watercress is a perennial her- Botanical description and mogenous crop stand in the commer- baceous plant reported widely in sev- cultivars cial watercress beds. eral parts of Europe, China, New Watercress is a perennial herb with Production, uses, and Zealand, and in North America, both a creeping habit that branches freely. as a wild growing species and a culti- Numerous exogenous adventitious composition vated crop. Although described as a roots are produced at the axils of the Watercress is a minor crop and medicinal plant since the first century leaves under moist and humid grow- the actual area under cultivation is A.D. (Howard, 1976), and valued as a ing conditions. Leaves are glabrous, rather difficult to determine, because gift fit for royalty (Howard and Lyon dark green, pinnate, and form about it is mostly cultivated and marketed three to six pairs of well-separated locally. Annual consumption of water- The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by payment of page charges. Under postal regulations, leaflets (Fig. 1). It flowers under long cress is as low as 110 g (3.9 oz) per this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertise- day conditions and the inflorescence is head in the United States (Humphrey, ment to indicate this fact. a short raceme with small white or 1984), and its cultivation and con- 1School of Allied Health/Asian American Studies In- yellow flowers that are about 5 to 7 sumption as a significant salad crop has stitute, U-2101, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT-06269-2101; to whom reprint requests should be mm (0.20 to 0.28 inches) in diameter. declined overtime (Howard, 1976). addressed. The flowers have four green sepals, In the United States, watercress is of 2Department of Plant Science, University of Connecti- four pale yellow or white petals, six considerable economic importance in cut, Storrs, CT 06269. stamens, and a solitary pistil. Flowers the state of Hawaii where watercress 622 ● October –December 2001 11(4) CropRpts 622 9/5/01, 11:59 AM component that imparts the character- istic biting and peppery-hot tastes of watercress (Freeman and Mossadeghi, 1972a). The glucosinolate and the corresponding isothiocyanate in wa- tercress are classic examples of chemi- cal defense (Feeny 1976, 1977). These compounds are deleterious to nonadapted herbivores (Blau et al., 1978) and reduce herbivore damage (Louda and Rodman, 1983) as well as damage by amphipods in water (Newman et al., 1990) during cultiva- tion. Interest in watercress as a salad vegetable for health promotion and disease prevention has been revived over the past decade because of the many studies that linked the intake of cruciferous vegetables to reduced risk of cancers (Cohen et al., 2000; Fig. 1. Watercress (Nasturtium officinale). Joshipura et al., 1999; Osborne, 1999). In particular, the isothiocyanates are was produced on 14.2 ha (35 acres) of tionable and the flavor too strong. reported to be potent inhibitors of land in 1985, yielding 695 t (766 tons) More recently, with increasing carcinogenesis in several animal mod- with a total farm value of $1,212,000 interest in healthy diets, the nutri- els (Zhang and Talalay, 1994). Among (Hawaii Agricultural Reporting Ser- tional value of watercress has attracted the crucifer seeds studied, watercress is vice, 1985). the attention of a number of scientific the most abundant source of More recently, the total area un- investigators and the health-conscious gluconasturtin (gluconasturtiin) (the der watercress production increased public. Reportedly, watercress has high glucosinolate precursor that yields slightly from 204 ha (505 acres) in concentrations of a recently identified PEITC on hydrolysis), with 5.32 g of 1992, to 246 ha (608 acres) in 1997 chemopreventive of a number of to- gluconasturtin/100 g of defatted seeds (USDA, 1997). Currently it is grown bacco specific carcinogens-2- (53, 200 ppm) (Daxenbichler et al., in 122 ha (302 acres) in Florida, 48.6 phen(yl)ethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) 1991). PEITC, inhibited cancers in ha (120 acres) in California and in [≈2 to 7 mg.g–1 (2,000 to 7,000 ppm) rats and mice that are caused by several 13.8 ha (34 acres) in Hawaii. Water- leaf dry weight] (Palaniswamy, 1995b, tobacco specific carcinogens including cress is also grown on private farms in 1997). Watercress is also an excellent 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)- Connecticut, Massachusetts, Virginia source of the antioxidant α-tocopherol 1-butanone, N-nitrosomethyl and Maryland for which the exact areas [0.34 mg.g–1 (340 ppm) fresh weight] benzylamine, benzo(a)pyrene, and N- under production are withheld to avoid (Hadas et al., 1994), and other vita- nitrosobenzylmethyl amine (Siglin et disclosing confidential data. mins and minerals (Table 1) (USDA, al., 1995; Stoner et al., 1991, 1994; Watercress has been used as both 1984). Wattenberg, 1992). PEITC acts as food and medicine since the first cen- Watercress possesses glucosin- both a blocking agent and an inhibitor tury AD. As a medicinal plant, water- olates and myrosinase, which are char- of tumor initiation via inhibition of cress traditionally has been considered acteristic to all crucifers (Kjaer, 1976). cytochrome P450 enzymes and by in- a diuretic, expectorant, purgative, Glucosinolate is found in various con- duction of phase II enzymes such as stimulant, stomachic, and tonic. It also centrations throughout the various glutathione S-transferases (Meyer et has been used as a remedy against plant tissues. But the myrosinase en- al., 1995). anemia, eczema, kidney and liver dis- zyme is stored exclusively in special Steam distilled extracts of water- orders, tuberculosis, boils, warts, and cells that are dispersed throughout the cress containing 3-phenylpropionitrile tumors. The 16th century herbalist plant. Upon tissue damage, the and 3-phenylpropionic acid were re- Gerarde described watercress soup as a glucosinolate is hydrolyzed by the ported to exhibit auxin-like activity good blood cleanser, and good against myrosinase enzyme to yield and stimulate the elongation of wheat scurvy (Humphrey, 1984). Leaf ex- isothiocyanates and nitriles (Larsen, (Triticum aestivum) coleoptiles and tracts have been used to treat wounds, 1981; Van Etten and Tookey, 1979). garden cress (Lepidium sativum) hy- freckles, and external and internal ul- The relative proportion of these two pocotyl sections (Wheeler, 1980). cers. Tender shoots and leaves are used compounds depends on the condition Culture and management fresh or cooked alone or in mixtures of during hydrolysis. In watercress salad and as a garnish. Though most PEITC, and 3-phenylpropionitrile are Watercress can be propagated ei- find the biting peppery taste of water- the predominant hydrolytic products ther from seed or by vegetative means cress leaves rather appealing and its (MacLeod and Islam, 1975; Spence using shoot tip cuttings that root very flavor appetizing, some people may and Tucknott, 1983).
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