World of Research

NATURE INDEX | ANNUAL TABLES

HOW TO READ THIS GRAPH Asia Paci c Boxes are sized in proportion to West Asia each country’s fractional count (FC). WORLD OF RESEARCH Africa e US reigns as the colossus but China is taking up Country FC Europe Darker shades show the North America ever more space, squeezing out European stalwarts. global top 10 countries South America

South Africa 89.08 Argentina 99.49 18 other countries 154.16 Chile 101.93 7 other countries 42.32 Saudi Arabia 131.73 Iran 110.50 Egypt 13.81

Brazil 296.30 Israel 600.77

27 other 6. France 2,151.96 countries 4. United Kingdom 3,667.40 512.00 France had the biggest decline in overall output Italy Life sciences, the UK’s strongest subject eld, rose among the top 10 countries in 2018 of 7.5%. 1,003.79 by 3.6%. The country’s overall output fell by 4.0%. Austria The University of Oxford, its highest ranking institution 356.77 in 2015 at 9th, has since dropped to 12th while Cambridge rose from 10th to 8th over the same period. 3. Germany 4,472.62 36 other countries 43.39 Belgium 408.60 This is Europe’s strongest science country 8. Switzerland 1,382.67 in the Nature Index, with two institutions in Netherlands Czech R. 193.08 the global top ten (the Max Planck Society 910.60 ranked 3rd and the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres ranked 7th). Denmark The country’s slight overall decline was 397.32 most marked in the physical sciences which Sweden Spain Russia recorded a 5.0% fall. Norway 191.89 616.63 1,130.23 451.95 Finland 210.84 Poland 226.24

India 929.22 2. China 11,183.75 Total change in FC 2015–18 0 50 100 150 200 250 Only China and Australia among the top Portugal 160.07 10 countries increased their adjusted FC University of Chinese 5. Japan 2,987.34 in 2018. Chemistry is China’s strongest Academy of Sciences discipline by far, with high-quality Shanghai Jiao Japan’s decrease in adjusted FC was research output nearly double that of the Tong University exceeded only by France’s among the physical sciences, and more than four top 10 countries. The University of Tokyo times that of both the life sciences, and Tsinghua University held on to 9th rank globally but its 12.0% Earth and environmental sciences. decrease was the largest among the top 10 global institutions. Of the top 50 institutions with the biggest Nanjing University rises in FC for the past three years, 41 University of Science were in China, including all of the top ten. and Technology of China Singapore 597.81 The top ve are shown here:

9. South Korea 22 other countries 600.10 10. Australia 1,235.78 1,322.84 99.02 Mexico

institutions with lower FC for the 16 other countries 18.02 period. Each of the top seven Canada countries has held its rank for the past Germany three years, while Switzerland has usurped South Korea for 8th, and United States Australia has displaced Spain for 10th. Princeton University posted the United Kingdom biggest rise of all US institutions in FC 2015-2018 with 29.21, followed by Japan Northwestern University (26.16) and France University of California, Irvine (25.53). 7. Canada 1,585.29

ANNUAL TABLES | NATURE INDEX

CORRECTION HOW TO READ THIS GRAPH Asia Paci c In the Nature Index 2019 Annual Tables Boxes are sized in proportion to West Asia (Nature 570, S1–S6; 2019) the fractional each country’s fractional count (FC). counts, percentage changes and article Africa WORLD OF RESEARCH counts used for the tables were incorrect, Europe e US reigns as the colossus but China is taking up Country FC which affected the rankings of some Darker shades show the North America ever more space, squeezing out European stalwarts. global top 10 countries institutions. The updated data, graphics and South America rankings can be found online at https:// www.nature.com/collections/fbfjafhcbb.

South Africa 89.08 Argentina 99.49 18 other countries 154.16 Chile 101.93 7 other countries 42.32 Saudi Arabia 131.73 Iran 110.50 Egypt 13.81

Brazil 296.30 Israel 600.77

India 929.22 2. China 11,183.75 Total change in FC 2015–18 0 25020015010050 Only China and Australia among the top Portugal 160.07 10 countries increased their adjusted FC University of Chinese 5. Japan 2,987.34 in 2018. Chemistry is China’s strongest Academy of Sciences discipline by far, with high-quality Shanghai Jiao Japan’s decrease in adjusted FC was research output nearly double that of the Tong University exceeded only by France’s among the physical sciences, and more than four top 10 countries. The University of Tokyo times that of both the life sciences, and Tsinghua University held on to 9th rank globally but its 12.0% Earth and environmental sciences. decrease was the largest among the top 10 global institutions. Of the top 50 institutions with the biggest Nanjing University rises in FC for the past three years, 41 University of Science were in China, including all of the top ten. and Technology of China Singapore 597.81 The top ve are shown here:

9. South Korea 22 other countries 600.10 10. Australia 1,235.78 1,322.84 99.02 Mexico

1. United States 20,061.64 Change in adjusted FC 2017–18 (%) –10% 0 10% 20% Despite the country’s domination in terms of output, FC for the US China decreased in 2018 by more than most countries in the top 10 (see graph at Australia right). Among US institutions, 47.6% Switzerland had lower FC in 2018 than in 2015, compared with only 30.3% of Chinese South Korea institutions with lower FC for the 16 other countries 18.02 period. Each of the top seven Canada countries has held its rank for the past Germany three years, while Switzerland has usurped South Korea for 8th, and United States Australia has displaced Spain for 10th. Princeton University posted the United Kingdom biggest rise of all US institutions in FC 2015-2018 with 29.21, followed by Japan Northwestern University (26.16) and France University of California, Irvine (25.53). 7. Canada 1,585.29