Effect of Lithium Hydroxide Addition

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Effect of Lithium Hydroxide Addition Journal of the European Ceramic Society 41 (2021) 5634–5643 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of the European Ceramic Society journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jeurceramsoc Sintering and grain growth behaviour of magnesium aluminate spinel: Effect of lithium hydroxide addition Ali Talimian a,*, H.F. El-Maghraby b,c, Monika Michalkov´ a´ b, Duˇsan Galusek a,b a Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalised Glass, Alexander Dubcek University of Trencin, Trencin, Slovakia b Joint Glass Centre of the IIC SAS, TnUAD and FChPT STU, Trencin, Slovakia c Refractories, Ceramics, and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohous St., 12622, Cairo, Egypt ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Lithium hydroxide, LiOH, in the amounts ranging from 0.1 to 1.2 wt% has been used as a sintering aid to improve Magnesium aluminate spinel the densificationof MgAl2O4. The addition of 0.3 wt% LiOH promotes densificationand limits grain growth. The Sintering activation energy of sintering, calculated using master sintering curve approach, decreases from 790 ± 20 kJ. Master Sintering Curve 1 1 mol to 510 ± 20 kJ.mol with the addition of 0.3 wt% of LiOH. In addition, MgAl2O4 was also mixed with 10 High-temperature XRD wt% of LiOH to amplify the formation of reaction products. High-temperature XRD results showed that sec­ ◦ ondary phases (MgO and LiAlO2) are produced above 1040 C. The secondary phases start to disappear at T > ◦ 1200 C, and MgAl2O4 is produced. While adding small amounts of LiOH, up to ca. 0.3 wt%, is beneficial for + densification and suppressing grain growth, there exists a critical concentration of Li that is accounted for by the preferential incorporation of lithium ions into MgAl2O4 crystal lattice. 1. Introduction sintering: the incorporation of lithium ions into MgAl2O4 changes cat­ ions’ stoichiometry, introducing oxygen vacancies and improving Polycrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel is an interesting candi­ diffusion [21]. However, other fluorides,such as MgF2 and MnF2, have date for various engineering applications; it exhibits a favourable com­ also been reported to accomplish the task of LiF during sintering [17, bination of chemical and physical properties, such as high melting point, 22]. There are, therefore, some reservations about whether lithium has chemical inertness, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high thermal any significant influence on sintering. Although liquid LiF, acting as a shock resistance and excellent mechanical properties, i.e. hardness, and lubricant, facilitates particles’ rearrangement during sintering, it has fracture toughness [1–3]. Moreover, owing to its isotropic reflection detrimental effects on the properties of finalmaterial; grain growth and index and wide bandgap, polycrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel is cracking at grain boundaries are inevitable consequences of using LiF a cost-effective alternative to sapphire single crystals for optical appli­ that result in the decrease of the mechanical properties or impair the cations [4–6]. Producing dense magnesium aluminate spinel is a pre­ transparency [23–27]. requisite for obtaining excellent properties; however, sintering of While the effects of using LiF as sintering aid on the sintering MgAl2O4 is difficult due to the slow diffusion of constituent elements behaviour of MgAl2O4 have been studied extensively, there are few re­ and oxygen in particular [2,7–9]. Therefore, careful sintering processes ports on the influenceof other sources of lithium ions incorporation on at high temperatures with the application of pressure are required to the densification of magnesium aluminate spinel. Mordekovitz et al. densify MgAl2O4 [6,10–12]; even then, highly dense bodies are usually have studied the sintering of lithium doped magnesium aluminate spinel produced with the help of sintering additives, such as CaO, B2O3, AlF3, [28]. Although the instability of Li-doped MgAl2O4 during sintering transition element fluorides, or LiF [13–20]. Among these additives, results in the formation of secondary phases, such as MgO and γ-LiAlO2, only LiF has been consistently used to fabricate highly dense MgAl2O4. that can suppress grain growth by Zener pinning [28], no meaningful LiF promotes sintering during early-stage densification by producing change in the densificationof samples was observed. Therefore, the role transient liquid. Also, there had been a general agreement on how of lithium ions as solid-state sintering aids remains equivocal. Moreover, lithium facilitates sintering, particularly during the final stages of the possible reactions between the lithium source and MgAl2O4 during * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Talimian). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.05.003 Received 24 October 2020; Received in revised form 26 April 2021; Accepted 1 May 2021 Available online 6 May 2021 0955-2219/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). A. Talimian et al. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 41 (2021) 5634–5643 the initial stages of sintering have never been examined. LiOH) spread over a Pt strip acting both as heater and as sample holder, In the present work, the sintering behaviour of a commercial mag­ using the hight temperature diffraction chamber Anton Paar HTK 16. nesium aluminate spinel powder doped with LiOH has been studied. The The measurements were performed by heating the samples at the con­ ◦ ◦ effects of the addition of LiOH, up to 1.2 wt%, on the densificationand stant heating rate of 5 C up to 1200 C and recording the diffraction ◦ ◦ grain growth of MgAl2O4 were investigated. The reactions between Li2O pattern every 10 C, over the 2θ range between 20 and 38 . Additional and MgAl2O4 during the sintering and the stability of transient phases HT-XRD isothermal experiments were also carried out at the tempera­ ◦ have been studied by adding a relatively large amount of LiOH, 10 wt%, tures 1050, 1070, and 1120 C. The measured data were fitted and to make any reaction detectable. analysed by Rietveld refinement methods using the MAUD software package [31]; the total occupancies of tetrahedral and octahedral sites 2. Experimental procedures were constrained to stoichiometry values describing the Mg-Al distri­ + bution and assuming both sites are able to host Li . The background was Commercial magnesium aluminate spinel powder, S30CR (Bai­ modelled using a fourth-order polynomial, and the crystallographic kowski, Paris, France), and lithium hydroxide monohydrate, ACS grade variables were the lattice constants and occupancies of the tetrahedral > 99.0 (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) were used as raw materials in this and octahedral sites. study. The main impurities of the spinel powder, reported by the sup­ plier, are (in wt ppm): Na: 70, K: 60, Ca: 60, Si:30, Fe:15, and S:600. The 2.1. Master Sintering Curve spinel powder was dispersed in isopropanol using an ultrasonic mixer (Sonopuls HD 3400, BANDELIN, Berlin, Germany). Then, an aqueous The densification kinetics of samples was studied by constructing solution of LiOH (25 mg/mL) was added to the suspension in order to Master Sintering Curves (MSC) and following the method developed by prepare a mixture with up to 1.2 wt % of LiOH, with respect to spinel. Su and Johnson [32]. The instantaneous densification rate of samples Afterwards, the mixture was transferred to a rotary evaporator, during sintering, (dρ/dt), can be described using the combined-stage ◦ concentrated under vacuum, and then dried at 120 C overnight. The sintering model proposed by Hansen et al. [33]: ( ) obtained powder was granulated by passing through a sieve of 0.5 mm 1 dρ 3γΩ δD Γ D Γ = b b + V V mesh. 4 3 (1) ρ dt kBT G G Cylindrical pellets with a diameter of 8 mm were produced using uniaxial pressing at 80 MPa. A portion of samples was sintered in a where γ and Ω are the surface energy and atomic volume, respectively; D thermo-mechanical analyser (TMA 402 Hyperion, Netzsch, Germany); being the diffusion coefficient. Γ is a scaling parameter related to the the temperature was increased at constant heating rates of 5, 10 and 20 ◦ ◦ driving force, mean diffusion distance and the microstructural features C min 1 up to 1550 C and a dwell time of 1 min. Some samples were ◦ of sintered samples. The indices are pointing out the diffusion mecha­ prepared by sintering at 1400 and 1500 C with a constant heating rate nism: b, grain boundary and V, lattice diffusion. K is Boltzmann con­ ◦ – .B. of 10 C and various dwelling time between 1 240 min in an electric stant, and T represents absolute temperature. G represents the grain size. furnace under ambient condition; the samples were removed from the It is considered that the diffusion is a thermally activated process furnace and quenched to room temperature to freeze the microstructure. following the Arrhenius relation: The density of samples was measured using Archimedes’ principle, with the theoretical density of MgAl O assumed to be 3.58 g cm 3. Q 2 4 D = D0exp( ) (2) The chemical reactions between the spinel powder and LiOH were RT investigated using a Simultaneous Thermal Analyser (STA 449 F1 where D , Q and R are a pre-exponential factor of diffusion, the apparent Jupiter®, Netzsch, Germany) in DTA-TG configurationupon heating to 0 ◦ ◦ diffusion activation energy and the gas constant, respectively. The sin­ 1350 C using a constant heating rate of 10 C.min 1. The measurements tering mechanism is controlled by the diffusion of the slowest species in were carried out by heating a powder mixture comprising MgAl2O4 and the fastest diffusion path [2]; hence, one can assume that the densifi­ 10 wt % LiOH; a relatively large amount of LiOH was added to the spinel cation occurs through only one mechanism [32,34], and Eq. (1) can be powder to make any reaction detectable, adopting the approach applied simplified, rearranged and integrated: by Rozenburg et al.
Recommended publications
  • Federal LCA Commons Elementary Flow List: Background, Approach, Description and Recommendations for Use
    EPA/600/R-19/092 | September 2019 | www.epa.gov/research The Federal LCA Commons Elementary Flow List: Background, Approach, Description and Recommendations for Use 0 Federal LCA Commons Elementary Flow List: Background, Approach, Description and Recommendations for Use by Ashley Edelen, Troy Hottle, Sarah Cashman Eastern Research Group Wesley Ingwersen U.S. EPA/National Risk Management Research Laboratory/ Land and Materials Management Division ii Notice/Disclaimer Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development, funded and conducted the research described herein under an approved Quality Assurance Project Plan (Quality Assurance Identification Number G-LMMD-0031522-QP-1-0), with the support of Eastern Research Group, Inc. through EPA Contract Number EP-C-16-015, it does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency, and no official endorsement should be inferred. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. iii Foreword The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, U.S. EPA's research program is providing data and technical support for solving environmental problems today and building a science knowledge base necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Kalenga Tite Mwepu a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The
    LITHIUM EXTRACTION FROM ZIMBABWEAN PETALITE WITH AMMONIUM BIFLUORIDE DIGESTION Kalenga Tite Mwepu A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Applied Science (Chemical Technology) in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology. Supervisor: Prof. Philip Crouse Co-supervisor: Dr Salmon Lubbe February 2020 Declaration I, Kalenga Tite Mwepu, student No. 15261043, do hereby declare that this research is my original work and that it has not previously, in its entirety or in part, been submitted and is not currently being submitted, either in whole or in part, at any other university for a degree or diploma, and that all references are acknowledged. SIGNED on this ________________________ day of_____12/02______________ 2020. __________________ Kalenga Tite Mwepu ii Synopsis Lithium carbonate is the precursor for most other lithium compounds. The market demand for lithium is increasing because it is used for many applications such as the preparation of electrode material and electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries, for treatment of manic depression, production of electronic grade crystals of lithium niobate and tantalite, and preparation of battery-grade lithium metal. Previously reported methods of lithium extraction require high temperature calcination for phase transformation from α-spodumene into β-spodumene, that is energy consuming and costly. This step is required because of the higher chemical reactivity of β-spodumene. The objectives of this research were to investigate the viability of ammonium bifluoride digestion of the petalite concentrate from the Bikita deposits without the initial thermal conversion to β- spodumene, in order to produce a high purity lithium carbonate in a cost efficient way, and optimising the remaining process parameters of the full process.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: a Review
    resources Review Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review Laurence Kavanagh * , Jerome Keohane, Guiomar Garcia Cabellos, Andrew Lloyd and John Cleary EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny, Road, Co., R93-V960 Carlow, Ireland; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (G.G.C.); [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (J.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 July 2018; Accepted: 11 September 2018; Published: 17 September 2018 Abstract: Lithium is a key component in green energy storage technologies and is rapidly becoming a metal of crucial importance to the European Union. The different industrial uses of lithium are discussed in this review along with a compilation of the locations of the main geological sources of lithium. An emphasis is placed on lithium’s use in lithium ion batteries and their use in the electric vehicle industry. The electric vehicle market is driving new demand for lithium resources. The expected scale-up in this sector will put pressure on current lithium supplies. The European Union has a burgeoning demand for lithium and is the second largest consumer of lithium resources. Currently, only 1–2% of worldwide lithium is produced in the European Union (Portugal). There are several lithium mineralisations scattered across Europe, the majority of which are currently undergoing mining feasibility studies. The increasing cost of lithium is driving a new global mining boom and should see many of Europe’s mineralisation’s becoming economic. The information given in this paper is a source of contextual information that can be used to support the European Union’s drive towards a low carbon economy and to develop the field of research.
    [Show full text]
  • High Purity Inorganics
    High Purity Inorganics www.alfa.com INCLUDING: • Puratronic® High Purity Inorganics • Ultra Dry Anhydrous Materials • REacton® Rare Earth Products www.alfa.com Where Science Meets Service High Purity Inorganics from Alfa Aesar Known worldwide as a leading manufacturer of high purity inorganic compounds, Alfa Aesar produces thousands of distinct materials to exacting standards for research, development and production applications. Custom production and packaging services are part of our regular offering. Our brands are recognized for purity and quality and are backed up by technical and sales teams dedicated to providing the best service. This catalog contains only a selection of our wide range of high purity inorganic materials. Many more products from our full range of over 46,000 items are available in our main catalog or online at www.alfa.com. APPLICATION FOR INORGANICS High Purity Products for Crystal Growth Typically, materials are manufactured to 99.995+% purity levels (metals basis). All materials are manufactured to have suitably low chloride, nitrate, sulfate and water content. Products include: • Lutetium(III) oxide • Niobium(V) oxide • Potassium carbonate • Sodium fluoride • Thulium(III) oxide • Tungsten(VI) oxide About Us GLOBAL INVENTORY The majority of our high purity inorganic compounds and related products are available in research and development quantities from stock. We also supply most products from stock in semi-bulk or bulk quantities. Many are in regular production and are available in bulk for next day shipment. Our experience in manufacturing, sourcing and handling a wide range of products enables us to respond quickly and efficiently to your needs. CUSTOM SYNTHESIS We offer flexible custom manufacturing services with the assurance of quality and confidentiality.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Resources and Requirements by the Year 2000
    Lithium Resources and Requirements by the Year 2000 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1005 Lithium Resources and Requirements by the Year 2000 JAMES D. VINE, Editor GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1005 A collection of papers presented at a symposium held in Golden, Colorado, January 22-24, 1976 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1976 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THOMAS S. KLEPPE, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director First printing 1976 Second printing 1977 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Vine, James David, 1921- Lithium resources and requirements by the year 2000. (Geological Survey Professional Paper 1005) 1. Lithium ores-United States-Congresses. 2. Lithium-Congresses. I. Vine, James David, 1921- II. Title. HI. Series: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1005. TN490.L5L57 553'.499 76-608206 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-02887-5 CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction, by James D. Vine, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo ______________-_______-_-- — ------- —— —— ——— ---- 1 2. Battery research sponsored by the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, by Albert Landgrebe, Energy Research and De­ velopment Administration, Washington, D.C., and Paul A. Nelson, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill-__- —— -____.—————— 2 3. Battery systems for load-leveling and electric-vehicle application, near-term and advanced technology (abstract), by N. P. Yao and W. J. Walsh, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 111___.__________________________________-___-_________ — ________ 5 4. Lithium requirements for high-energy lithium-aluminum/iron-sulfide batteries for load-leveling and electric-vehicle applications, by A.
    [Show full text]
  • LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, E.G. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE {(Roofi
    CPC - C04B - 2021.08 C04B LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE {(roofing granules E04D 7/005)}; CERAMICS (devitrified glass-ceramics C03C 10/00); REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE Definition statement This place covers: Chemical aspects of the processing of lime, magnesia or dolomite and of molten slag. Compositional aspects of: • inorganic binders, such as hydraulic cements ; • mortars, concrete and artificial stone, e.g. the choice of fillers or active ingredients therefore; • shaped ceramic products, e.g. clay-wares, refractories , non-oxides. Physico-chemical aspects of methods for obtaining mortars, concrete, artificial stones or ceramics , e.g. for delaying the setting time of mortar compositions. Treatment including defibrillating of materials such as fillers , agglomerated or waste materials, or refuse to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone. Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware, and the preparation thereof. Methods and apparatus for: • burning or slaking lime; • obtaining mineral binders, e.g. Portland cement or hemihydrate plaster; • the expansion of mineral fillers , such as clay, perlite or vermiculite. After- treatment of artificial stones, mortars, concrete and ceramics , e.g. coating or impregnation of green concrete after primary shaping. Non-mechanical treatment of natural stone. Processing powders of inorganic compounds in preparation to the manufacturing of ceramic products . 1 C04B (continued) CPC - C04B - 2021.08 Definition statement The joining of burned ceramics with other articles by heating. References Limiting references This place does not cover: Granulating apparatus B01J 2/00 Mechanical features relating to the working of mortars, concrete, stone, B28 clay-wares or ceramics , e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,710,251 B2 Ozer (45) Date of Patent: *Apr
    US008710251B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,710,251 B2 OZer (45) Date of Patent: *Apr. 29, 2014 (54) VAPORPHASE DECARBONYLATION USPC .......................................................... 549/506 PROCESS See application file for complete search history. (75) Inventor: Ronnie Ozer, Arden, DE (US) (56) References Cited (73) Assignee: E I du Pont de Nemours and U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Company, Wilmington, DE (US) 2.634,276 A 4, 1953 Carnah W - I aala (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 3.999; A 2.88. Sey patent is extended or adjusted under 35 35747 A 6/1966 Dunlop et al. U.S.C. 154(b) by 162 days. 3,663,295 A 5/1972 Baker 4,774,221 A 9, 1988 Medem This patent is Subject to a terminal dis- 4,780,552 A 10/1988 Wambach claimer. (21) 1 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 21) Appl. No.: 13/392,541 RU 2027714 C1 1, 1995 (22) PCT Filed: Aug. 31, 2010 SU 1699601 A1 12, 1991 (86). PCT No.: PCT/US2010/0472.05 OTHER PUBLICATIONS S371 (c)(1) U.S. Appl. No. 13/122,740, filed Apr. 6, 2011, Inventor Ronnie Ozer. U.S. Appl. No. 13/392,550, filed Feb. 27, 2012, Inventors Ronnie (2), (4) Date: Feb. 27, 2012 Ozer and Ke Li. U.S. Appl. No. 13/392,556, filed Feb. 27, 2012, Inventors Ronnie (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2011/026059 Ozer and Ke Li. PCT Pub. Date: Mar. 3, 2011 U.S. Appl. No. 13/124,574, filed Apr. 15, 2012, Inventors Ronnie Ozer and Ke Li.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte Centro De Ciências Exatas E Da Terra
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA E ENGENHARIA DE MATERIAIS DOCTORAL THESIS Extraction of lithium from beta-spodumene using routes with simultaneous acquisition of zeolitic structures Leonardo Leandro dos Santos Advisor: Dr. Eng. Sibele Berenice Castellã Pergher Co-advisor: Dr. Eng. Rubens Maribondo do Nascimento Thesis No 220 (PPGCEM) July 2018 Natal - RN i LEONARDO LEANDRO DOS SANTOS EXTRACTION OF LITHIUM FROM BETA-SPODUMENE USING ROUTES WITH SIMULTANEOUS ACQUISITION OF ZEOLITIC STRUCTURES. Doctoral thesis presented to the Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (“Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais”) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (“Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte”) in partial fulfilling of the requirements for the obtention of the title Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering. Advisor: Sibele Berenice Castellã Pergher. Co-advisor: Rubens Maribondo do Nascimento. Financial support agency: CAPES - Finance code 001. Natal, RN 2018 ii UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA E ENGENHARIA DE MATERIAIS-PPGCEM ATA Nº 220/2018 DE REALIZAÇÃO DA DEFESA DE TESE DE DOUTORADO DO ALUNO LEONARDO LEANDRO DOS SANTOS DO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA E ENGENHARIA DE MATERIAIS DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE. Aos vinte e cinco dias do mês de julho de dois mil e dezoito, às quatorze horas, no auditório do Núcleo de Processamento Primário e Reuso de Água Produzida e Resíduos (NUPPRAR) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), realizou-se a Defesa de Tese de Doutorado intitulada “Extraction of lithium from beta-spodumene using routes with simultaneous acquisition of zeolitic structures.”, do Doutorando Leonardo Leandro dos Santos, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais (PPGCEM), tendo como Orientadora a Prof.ª Dr.ª Sibele Berenice Castellã Pergher.
    [Show full text]
  • Extracting Lithium from a Lithium Aluminate Complex by Vacuum Aluminothermic Reduction
    J. Min. Metall. Sect. B-Metall. 54 (3) B (2018) 369 - 375 Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy ExtractIng lIthIuM froM a lIthIuM aluMInatE coMplEx By vacuuM aluMInothErMIc rEductIon * y.Z. di , J.p. peng, y.W. Wang, n.x. feng * School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China (Received 16 May 2018; accepted 10 September 2018) Abstract The molten salt electrolysis of LiCl‒KCl is presently the primary method of producing lithium, but it is costly and has environmental issues in addition to other disadvantages. Vacuum thermal reduction may be used extensively in the future because it offers low energy consumption, a high purity product and short cycle times. The present study investigated a novel process for the extraction of lithium from Li5AlO4 clinker by vacuum aluminothermic reduction. The Li5AlO4 clinker was prepared in ambient air using lithium hydroxide, alumina and calcium oxide. The results show that this process can proceed in conjunction with a lower ratio of raw materials to lithium (8.89:1) and provides lithium reduction rates in excess of 97%. In addition, the reduction slag consists mainly of 12CaO•7Al2O3, which can be used to produce aluminum hydroxide. Thus, this process represents a highly efficient and environmentally-friendly method of generating lithium. Keywords: Lithium; Vacuum; Aluminothermic reduction 1. Introduction calcium carbide and carbon reduction in conjunction with a vacuum metallurgy method, although the Lithium is the lightest metal and is widely used in product was only 54.34% pure because of the reaction many fields, including in lithium ion batteries, between the lithium vapor and CO [6,7].
    [Show full text]
  • Lialo2) Using Different Kinds of Lithium and Aluminum Compounds for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
    Indian Journal of Chemical Technology Vol. 23, May 2016, pp. 227-231 Synthesis and characterization of solid electrolyte structure material (LiAlO2) using different kinds of lithium and aluminum compounds for molten carbonate fuel cells Göksel Özkan1, Vecihe İncirkuş Ergençoğlu2 & Gülay Özkan3,* 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Gazi University, 06570 Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey 2Soil Fertilizer and Water Sources Central Research Institue, Ankara, Türkey 3Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 06100 Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey, E-mail: [email protected] Received 18 April 2014; accepted 4 June 2014 Synthesis and characterization of solid electrolyte structure material using different kinds of lithium and aluminum compounds for molten carbonate fuel cells have been carried out. Synthesis operations are performed using three different kinds of lithium compounds (LiOH.H2O, LiNO3 and Li2CO3) and two different kinds of aluminium compounds (Al2O3, Al(OH)3). During the synthesis, all the reactions are conducted at four different pH levels (1.5, 4, 9.5 and 12) and are calcinated at three different temperatures in open air conditions. In the light of thermal, structural and surface area characterization (TG-DTA, XRD and BET analyses), it is concluded that LiAlO2 which is produced with Li2CO3 and Al(OH)3, is found to be convenient. Keywords: Electrolyte, Molten carbonate fuel Cell, LiAlO2, Al2O3, Al(OH)3 Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), which are as both a gas barrier and an electronic insulation layer proposed to be used generally in stationary energy between the two parts of the cell. For this purpose, the production systems and are likely to replace the matrix must have a retention capacity, which is thermal plants, are one of the best among clean controlled by its porosimetric structure3.
    [Show full text]
  • An Air-Breathing, Portable Thermoelectric Power Generator Based on a Microfabricated Silicon Combustor
    An Air-Breathing, Portable Thermoelectric Power Generator Based on a Microfabricated Silicon Combustor by Christopher Henry Marton B.A.Sc. Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 2005 M.S. Chemical Engineering Practice, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2008 Submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FEBRUARY 2011 © 2010 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author: ____________________________________________ Department of Chemical Engineering October 22, 2010 Certified by: ___________________________________________________ Klavs F. Jensen Warren K. Lewis Professor of Chemical Engineering Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: __________________________________________________ William M. Deen Carbon P. Dubbs Professor of Chemical Engineering Chairman, Committee for Graduate Students An Air-Breathing, Portable Thermoelectric Power Generator Based on a Microfabricated Silicon Combustor by Christopher Henry Marton Submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering on October 22, 2010 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering ABSTRACT The global consumer demand for portable electronic devices is increasing. The emphasis on reducing size and weight has put increased pressure on the power density of available power storage and generation options, which have been dominated by batteries. The energy densities of many hydrocarbon fuels exceed those of conventional batteries by several orders of magnitude, and this gap motivates research efforts into alternative portable power generation devices based on hydrocarbon fuels. Combustion-based power generation strategies have the potential to achieve significant advances in the energy density of a generator, and thermoelectric power generation is particularly attractive due to the moderate temperatures which are required.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent [191 [11] Patent Number: 4,475,948 Cawley Et Al
    l _ United States Patent [191 [11] Patent Number: 4,475,948 Cawley et al. p ' ' [45] Date of Patent: Oct. 9, 1984 [54] LITHIUM ALUMINATE/ZIRCONIUM [56] References Cited MATERIAL USEFUL IN THE PRODUCTION S PAT NT DOCUMENTS OF TRITIUM U. ' E 3,079,317 2/1963 Jenks et al. ........................ .. 376/202 [75] Inventors: William Cawley; Turner J. Trapp, 3,100,184 8/1963 Abraham ........................... .. 376/146 both of Rlchland' wash’ Primary Examiner—Leland A. Sebastian [73] Assignee: The United States of America as Attorney, Agent. or Firm-Robert Southworth, III; represented by the Department of Richard E. Constant; Michael F. Esposito Energy, Washington, DC [57] ABSTRACI [21] APPl- N°-= 488,825 A composition is described useful in the production of [22] Filed_ A r 26 1983 tritium in a nuclear reactor. Lithium aluminate particles ‘ p ' ’ i are dispersed in a matrix of zirconium. Tritium pro [51] Int. C1.3 ............................................ .. F16N 57/04 duced by the reactor of neutrons with the lithium are [52] US. Cl. .................................... .. 75/230; 376/146; absorbed by the zirconium, thereby decreasing gas pres 376/202; 420/422 sure within capsules carrying the material. [58] Field of Search ................ .. 75/230; 376/146, 202; 420/422; 501/105 ' 6 Claims, No Drawings 4,475,948 1 2 A preferred method of preparing the composition of LITHIUM ALUMINATE/ZIRCONIUM MATERIAL the present invention is to ?rst prepare lithium alumi USEFUL IN THE PRODUCTION OF TRITIUM nate powder. This powder may be advantageously pre pared using sol.-gel techniques so that uniformly sized The United States Governmentrhas rightswin this 5 particles with known properties are achieved.
    [Show full text]