DOCSLIB.ORG

United States Patent [191 [11] Patent Number: 4,475,948 Cawley Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States Patent [191 [11] Patent Number: 4,475,948 Cawley Et Al l _ United States Patent [191 [11] Patent Number: 4,475,948 Cawley et al. p ' ' [45] Date of Patent: Oct. 9, 1984 [54] LITHIUM ALUMINATE/ZIRCONIUM [56] References Cited MATERIAL USEFUL IN THE PRODUCTION S PAT NT DOCUMENTS OF TRITIUM U. ' E 3,079,317 2/1963 Jenks et al. ........................ .. 376/202 [75] Inventors: William Cawley; Turner J. Trapp, 3,100,184 8/1963 Abraham ........................... .. 376/146 both of Rlchland' wash’ Primary Examiner—Leland A. Sebastian [73] Assignee: The United States of America as Attorney, Agent. or Firm-Robert Southworth, III; represented by the Department of Richard E. Constant; Michael F. Esposito Energy, Washington, DC [57] ABSTRACI [21] APPl- N°-= 488,825 A composition is described useful in the production of [22] Filed_ A r 26 1983 tritium in a nuclear reactor. Lithium aluminate particles ‘ p ' ’ i are dispersed in a matrix of zirconium. Tritium pro [51] Int. C1.3 ............................................ .. F16N 57/04 duced by the reactor of neutrons with the lithium are [52] US. Cl. .................................... .. 75/230; 376/146; absorbed by the zirconium, thereby decreasing gas pres 376/202; 420/422 sure within capsules carrying the material. [58] Field of Search ................ .. 75/230; 376/146, 202; 420/422; 501/105 ' 6 Claims, No Drawings 4,475,948 1 2 A preferred method of preparing the composition of LITHIUM ALUMINATE/ZIRCONIUM MATERIAL the present invention is to ?rst prepare lithium alumi USEFUL IN THE PRODUCTION OF TRITIUM nate powder. This powder may be advantageously pre pared using sol.-gel techniques so that uniformly sized The United States Governmentrhas rightswin this 5 particles with known properties are achieved. Brie?y, I "iinve'ntioriw "to TQorit'rac't’fNoL"DEACOE- _ aluminium oxide is dissolved in nitric acid to form an 7 V V I 7 " 76RL01857 between the US. Department of Energy aluminum nitrate solution. The aluminum nitrate solu and UNC Nuclear Industries and pursuant to Section tion is then reacted with ammonia to return aluminum 152 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954. oxide, now in the form of an alumina sol. At this point, 10 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION a stoichiometric amount of a soluble lithium compound is added to the solution. Depending upon the neutronic ' ' The invention‘ relates generally to the production‘of characteristics of the reactor, it may be desirable to use tritium in anuclear reactor and, more particularly to a lithium fully enriched in the lithium isotope. The alu composition for the production’of tritium. I " ' minasol-lithium mixture is then added dropwise into a As is well known, tritium may be produced by expos bath of solvent which is at least partially immiscible in ing lithium-6 to the neutron flux in a nuclear reactor. In the alumina sol. As part of the moisture present in the the past, tritium has been manufactured by placing a zirconium capsule containing LiAlOz .withinthe nu sol is extracted into the solvent, the sol is converted into clear reactor. Because zirconium is readily hydrided, it perfect spheres of a gel. Through appropriate sizing of the drop-forming means, such as a vibrating nozzle, the is necessary to place a protective layer such as alumi 20 resulting particles will be sized between 100 and 500 num between the LiAlO; and the zirconium in order to prevent the tritium from destroying the integrity of the. micrometers. The microspheres may then be heated to capsule. drive off remaining moisture and then heated to a high As the reactor operates, gas pressure from the gener temperature to form the compound lithium aluminate. ated tritium builds up within the capsule until it be 25 Next, ?nely divided zirconium metal powder may be comes so great that the capsule must be removed to prepared by first reacting a mass of zirconium with retrieve the product before capsule failure occurs. In hydrogen to form zirconium hydride, grinding the zir order to remove the capsule, the reactor must be shut conium hydride to a ?ne powder in a ball mill, and then down. This premature shutdown disrupts the smooth dehydriding by heating in a vacuum. The resulting operation of the reactor, and is particularly uneconomic zirconium metal powder will be quite reactive and in the case of dual-purpose reactors which are also used should be handled either under vacuum or inert condi to generate electicity. tions. In view of the above, it is an object of this invention At this point, the lithium aluminate and zirconium to provide a material useful in the production of tritium. powder are mixed and blended thoroughly. In order It is another object of this invention to increase the 35 that the resulting material or cermet retain the metalur time between shut down of a tritium production reac gical properties of the zirconium, it is desireable that the tor. lithium aluminate be less than ten volume percent of the It is a further object of this invention to provide a composition. The mixture is then compressed into pel more economical method for obtaining tritium. lets and is ready for loading into capsules and use in a Other objects, advantages, and novel features of the 40 reactor. The pressing may be done by a number of well invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in know techniques such as cold-pressing, hot-pessing, or the art upon examination of the following detailed de sintering. The mixture may either be done to near 100% scription of a preferred embodiment of the invention. theoretical density, or some residual porosity may be left to allow room for the helium which will be gener SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 45 ated as a co-product. A composition is provided for the production of trit The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment ium in a nuclear reactor comprising lithium aluminate of the invention has been presented for purposes of particles imbedded in a zirconium matrix. Tritium pro illustration and description and is not intended to be duced by the reaction of neutrons with the lithium is exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form absorbed by the zirconium, thereby decreasing gas pres— disclosed. It was chosen and described in order to best sure within capsules carrying the material. explain the principles of the invention and their practi cal application to thereby enable others skilled in the art DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and EMBODIMENT with various modi?cations as are suited to the particular According to the invention, a composition suitable 55 use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the for the production of tritium is lithium aluminate parti invention be de?ned by the claims appended hereto. cles imbedded in a matrix of zirconium. This composi We claim: tion is to be placed within a metallic capsule and placed 1. A composition for the generation of tritium upon within the neutron ?ux of a nuclear reactor. Lithium-6 neutron irradiation comprising lithium aluminate parti upon reaction with a neutron will be transmuted to 60 cles imbedded in a zirconium matrix. tritium and helium. These gases will tend to pressurize 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the lithium the metallic capsule to the point that the reactor must be aluminate comprises up to ID volume percent of the shut down to remove the capsule. composition. However, with the present invention, the tritium will 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the lithium react with the zirconium matrix forming zirconium 65 aluminate particles are between 100 and 500 microme hydride. This will tend to result in lower gas pressure in ters in diameter. the capsule and thereby increase the time between reac 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the lithium is tor shutdowns and improve the reactor economics. enriched in lithium-6. 4,475,948 3 4 t 5.1The composition of claimv lwherein said composi (c) adding a lithium containing solution to the alu= mina sol; tion prepared by; _ Y' r (d) forming microspheres of a gel by exposing drop~ _ (3) Preparing particles of lithium ,aluminate with a 5 . li.i_iQ--..i(c)rmixingr thempowdered lawman-metal "and the" (t) converting the dried microspheres into lithium '7 ’ aluminate particles by sintering; lithium aluminate particles; and (g) reacting zirconium metal with hydrogen to form (d) subjecting the mixture to pressure to form pellets 10 zirconium hydride; of zirconium/lithium aluminate cermet. (h) reducing the zirconium hydride to a ?ne powder; ' " '6? The composition of claim 1 wherein said 'éomp‘osié (i) converting the powdered zirconium hydride to " AMA-MW -- ?ends-prepared»byPM» -~- -~ ~ powdered zirconiummsml by heating in =2 vacuum; "0) mixing the powdered 'zirconiurn‘and the lithium‘ \ ~(a) dissolving alumina in nitric acid to form an alumni? 15' aluminate particles; and num nitrate solution; (k) subjecting the mixture to pressure to form pellets (b) reacting the aluminum nitrate solution with am of zirconium/lithium aluminate cermet. c c t t t v ' ' ' monia to form an alumina sol; ~ -» 1 20 25 30 35 50 55 65 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Federal LCA Commons Elementary Flow List: Background, Approach, Description and Recommendations for Use
    EPA/600/R-19/092 | September 2019 | www.epa.gov/research The Federal LCA Commons Elementary Flow List: Background, Approach, Description and Recommendations for Use 0 Federal LCA Commons Elementary Flow List: Background, Approach, Description and Recommendations for Use by Ashley Edelen, Troy Hottle, Sarah Cashman Eastern Research Group Wesley Ingwersen U.S. EPA/National Risk Management Research Laboratory/ Land and Materials Management Division ii Notice/Disclaimer Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development, funded and conducted the research described herein under an approved Quality Assurance Project Plan (Quality Assurance Identification Number G-LMMD-0031522-QP-1-0), with the support of Eastern Research Group, Inc. through EPA Contract Number EP-C-16-015, it does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency, and no official endorsement should be inferred. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. iii Foreword The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, U.S. EPA's research program is providing data and technical support for solving environmental problems today and building a science knowledge base necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Kalenga Tite Mwepu a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The
    LITHIUM EXTRACTION FROM ZIMBABWEAN PETALITE WITH AMMONIUM BIFLUORIDE DIGESTION Kalenga Tite Mwepu A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Applied Science (Chemical Technology) in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology. Supervisor: Prof. Philip Crouse Co-supervisor: Dr Salmon Lubbe February 2020 Declaration I, Kalenga Tite Mwepu, student No. 15261043, do hereby declare that this research is my original work and that it has not previously, in its entirety or in part, been submitted and is not currently being submitted, either in whole or in part, at any other university for a degree or diploma, and that all references are acknowledged. SIGNED on this ________________________ day of_____12/02______________ 2020. __________________ Kalenga Tite Mwepu ii Synopsis Lithium carbonate is the precursor for most other lithium compounds. The market demand for lithium is increasing because it is used for many applications such as the preparation of electrode material and electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries, for treatment of manic depression, production of electronic grade crystals of lithium niobate and tantalite, and preparation of battery-grade lithium metal. Previously reported methods of lithium extraction require high temperature calcination for phase transformation from α-spodumene into β-spodumene, that is energy consuming and costly. This step is required because of the higher chemical reactivity of β-spodumene. The objectives of this research were to investigate the viability of ammonium bifluoride digestion of the petalite concentrate from the Bikita deposits without the initial thermal conversion to β- spodumene, in order to produce a high purity lithium carbonate in a cost efficient way, and optimising the remaining process parameters of the full process.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: a Review
    resources Review Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review Laurence Kavanagh * , Jerome Keohane, Guiomar Garcia Cabellos, Andrew Lloyd and John Cleary EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny, Road, Co., R93-V960 Carlow, Ireland; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (G.G.C.); [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (J.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 July 2018; Accepted: 11 September 2018; Published: 17 September 2018 Abstract: Lithium is a key component in green energy storage technologies and is rapidly becoming a metal of crucial importance to the European Union. The different industrial uses of lithium are discussed in this review along with a compilation of the locations of the main geological sources of lithium. An emphasis is placed on lithium’s use in lithium ion batteries and their use in the electric vehicle industry. The electric vehicle market is driving new demand for lithium resources. The expected scale-up in this sector will put pressure on current lithium supplies. The European Union has a burgeoning demand for lithium and is the second largest consumer of lithium resources. Currently, only 1–2% of worldwide lithium is produced in the European Union (Portugal). There are several lithium mineralisations scattered across Europe, the majority of which are currently undergoing mining feasibility studies. The increasing cost of lithium is driving a new global mining boom and should see many of Europe’s mineralisation’s becoming economic. The information given in this paper is a source of contextual information that can be used to support the European Union’s drive towards a low carbon economy and to develop the field of research.
    [Show full text]
  • High Purity Inorganics
    High Purity Inorganics www.alfa.com INCLUDING: • Puratronic® High Purity Inorganics • Ultra Dry Anhydrous Materials • REacton® Rare Earth Products www.alfa.com Where Science Meets Service High Purity Inorganics from Alfa Aesar Known worldwide as a leading manufacturer of high purity inorganic compounds, Alfa Aesar produces thousands of distinct materials to exacting standards for research, development and production applications. Custom production and packaging services are part of our regular offering. Our brands are recognized for purity and quality and are backed up by technical and sales teams dedicated to providing the best service. This catalog contains only a selection of our wide range of high purity inorganic materials. Many more products from our full range of over 46,000 items are available in our main catalog or online at www.alfa.com. APPLICATION FOR INORGANICS High Purity Products for Crystal Growth Typically, materials are manufactured to 99.995+% purity levels (metals basis). All materials are manufactured to have suitably low chloride, nitrate, sulfate and water content. Products include: • Lutetium(III) oxide • Niobium(V) oxide • Potassium carbonate • Sodium fluoride • Thulium(III) oxide • Tungsten(VI) oxide About Us GLOBAL INVENTORY The majority of our high purity inorganic compounds and related products are available in research and development quantities from stock. We also supply most products from stock in semi-bulk or bulk quantities. Many are in regular production and are available in bulk for next day shipment. Our experience in manufacturing, sourcing and handling a wide range of products enables us to respond quickly and efficiently to your needs. CUSTOM SYNTHESIS We offer flexible custom manufacturing services with the assurance of quality and confidentiality.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Resources and Requirements by the Year 2000
    Lithium Resources and Requirements by the Year 2000 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1005 Lithium Resources and Requirements by the Year 2000 JAMES D. VINE, Editor GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1005 A collection of papers presented at a symposium held in Golden, Colorado, January 22-24, 1976 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1976 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THOMAS S. KLEPPE, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director First printing 1976 Second printing 1977 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Vine, James David, 1921- Lithium resources and requirements by the year 2000. (Geological Survey Professional Paper 1005) 1. Lithium ores-United States-Congresses. 2. Lithium-Congresses. I. Vine, James David, 1921- II. Title. HI. Series: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1005. TN490.L5L57 553'.499 76-608206 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-02887-5 CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction, by James D. Vine, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo ______________-_______-_-- — ------- —— —— ——— ---- 1 2. Battery research sponsored by the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, by Albert Landgrebe, Energy Research and De­ velopment Administration, Washington, D.C., and Paul A. Nelson, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill-__- —— -____.—————— 2 3. Battery systems for load-leveling and electric-vehicle application, near-term and advanced technology (abstract), by N. P. Yao and W. J. Walsh, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 111___.__________________________________-___-_________ — ________ 5 4. Lithium requirements for high-energy lithium-aluminum/iron-sulfide batteries for load-leveling and electric-vehicle applications, by A.
    [Show full text]
  • LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, E.G. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE {(Roofi
    CPC - C04B - 2021.08 C04B LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE {(roofing granules E04D 7/005)}; CERAMICS (devitrified glass-ceramics C03C 10/00); REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE Definition statement This place covers: Chemical aspects of the processing of lime, magnesia or dolomite and of molten slag. Compositional aspects of: • inorganic binders, such as hydraulic cements ; • mortars, concrete and artificial stone, e.g. the choice of fillers or active ingredients therefore; • shaped ceramic products, e.g. clay-wares, refractories , non-oxides. Physico-chemical aspects of methods for obtaining mortars, concrete, artificial stones or ceramics , e.g. for delaying the setting time of mortar compositions. Treatment including defibrillating of materials such as fillers , agglomerated or waste materials, or refuse to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone. Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware, and the preparation thereof. Methods and apparatus for: • burning or slaking lime; • obtaining mineral binders, e.g. Portland cement or hemihydrate plaster; • the expansion of mineral fillers , such as clay, perlite or vermiculite. After- treatment of artificial stones, mortars, concrete and ceramics , e.g. coating or impregnation of green concrete after primary shaping. Non-mechanical treatment of natural stone. Processing powders of inorganic compounds in preparation to the manufacturing of ceramic products . 1 C04B (continued) CPC - C04B - 2021.08 Definition statement The joining of burned ceramics with other articles by heating. References Limiting references This place does not cover: Granulating apparatus B01J 2/00 Mechanical features relating to the working of mortars, concrete, stone, B28 clay-wares or ceramics , e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,710,251 B2 Ozer (45) Date of Patent: *Apr
    US008710251B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,710,251 B2 OZer (45) Date of Patent: *Apr. 29, 2014 (54) VAPORPHASE DECARBONYLATION USPC .......................................................... 549/506 PROCESS See application file for complete search history. (75) Inventor: Ronnie Ozer, Arden, DE (US) (56) References Cited (73) Assignee: E I du Pont de Nemours and U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Company, Wilmington, DE (US) 2.634,276 A 4, 1953 Carnah W - I aala (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 3.999; A 2.88. Sey patent is extended or adjusted under 35 35747 A 6/1966 Dunlop et al. U.S.C. 154(b) by 162 days. 3,663,295 A 5/1972 Baker 4,774,221 A 9, 1988 Medem This patent is Subject to a terminal dis- 4,780,552 A 10/1988 Wambach claimer. (21) 1 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 21) Appl. No.: 13/392,541 RU 2027714 C1 1, 1995 (22) PCT Filed: Aug. 31, 2010 SU 1699601 A1 12, 1991 (86). PCT No.: PCT/US2010/0472.05 OTHER PUBLICATIONS S371 (c)(1) U.S. Appl. No. 13/122,740, filed Apr. 6, 2011, Inventor Ronnie Ozer. U.S. Appl. No. 13/392,550, filed Feb. 27, 2012, Inventors Ronnie (2), (4) Date: Feb. 27, 2012 Ozer and Ke Li. U.S. Appl. No. 13/392,556, filed Feb. 27, 2012, Inventors Ronnie (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2011/026059 Ozer and Ke Li. PCT Pub. Date: Mar. 3, 2011 U.S. Appl. No. 13/124,574, filed Apr. 15, 2012, Inventors Ronnie Ozer and Ke Li.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte Centro De Ciências Exatas E Da Terra
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA E ENGENHARIA DE MATERIAIS DOCTORAL THESIS Extraction of lithium from beta-spodumene using routes with simultaneous acquisition of zeolitic structures Leonardo Leandro dos Santos Advisor: Dr. Eng. Sibele Berenice Castellã Pergher Co-advisor: Dr. Eng. Rubens Maribondo do Nascimento Thesis No 220 (PPGCEM) July 2018 Natal - RN i LEONARDO LEANDRO DOS SANTOS EXTRACTION OF LITHIUM FROM BETA-SPODUMENE USING ROUTES WITH SIMULTANEOUS ACQUISITION OF ZEOLITIC STRUCTURES. Doctoral thesis presented to the Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (“Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais”) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (“Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte”) in partial fulfilling of the requirements for the obtention of the title Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering. Advisor: Sibele Berenice Castellã Pergher. Co-advisor: Rubens Maribondo do Nascimento. Financial support agency: CAPES - Finance code 001. Natal, RN 2018 ii UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA E ENGENHARIA DE MATERIAIS-PPGCEM ATA Nº 220/2018 DE REALIZAÇÃO DA DEFESA DE TESE DE DOUTORADO DO ALUNO LEONARDO LEANDRO DOS SANTOS DO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA E ENGENHARIA DE MATERIAIS DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE. Aos vinte e cinco dias do mês de julho de dois mil e dezoito, às quatorze horas, no auditório do Núcleo de Processamento Primário e Reuso de Água Produzida e Resíduos (NUPPRAR) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), realizou-se a Defesa de Tese de Doutorado intitulada “Extraction of lithium from beta-spodumene using routes with simultaneous acquisition of zeolitic structures.”, do Doutorando Leonardo Leandro dos Santos, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais (PPGCEM), tendo como Orientadora a Prof.ª Dr.ª Sibele Berenice Castellã Pergher.
    [Show full text]
  • Extracting Lithium from a Lithium Aluminate Complex by Vacuum Aluminothermic Reduction
    J. Min. Metall. Sect. B-Metall. 54 (3) B (2018) 369 - 375 Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy ExtractIng lIthIuM froM a lIthIuM aluMInatE coMplEx By vacuuM aluMInothErMIc rEductIon * y.Z. di , J.p. peng, y.W. Wang, n.x. feng * School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China (Received 16 May 2018; accepted 10 September 2018) Abstract The molten salt electrolysis of LiCl‒KCl is presently the primary method of producing lithium, but it is costly and has environmental issues in addition to other disadvantages. Vacuum thermal reduction may be used extensively in the future because it offers low energy consumption, a high purity product and short cycle times. The present study investigated a novel process for the extraction of lithium from Li5AlO4 clinker by vacuum aluminothermic reduction. The Li5AlO4 clinker was prepared in ambient air using lithium hydroxide, alumina and calcium oxide. The results show that this process can proceed in conjunction with a lower ratio of raw materials to lithium (8.89:1) and provides lithium reduction rates in excess of 97%. In addition, the reduction slag consists mainly of 12CaO•7Al2O3, which can be used to produce aluminum hydroxide. Thus, this process represents a highly efficient and environmentally-friendly method of generating lithium. Keywords: Lithium; Vacuum; Aluminothermic reduction 1. Introduction calcium carbide and carbon reduction in conjunction with a vacuum metallurgy method, although the Lithium is the lightest metal and is widely used in product was only 54.34% pure because of the reaction many fields, including in lithium ion batteries, between the lithium vapor and CO [6,7].
    [Show full text]
  • Lialo2) Using Different Kinds of Lithium and Aluminum Compounds for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
    Indian Journal of Chemical Technology Vol. 23, May 2016, pp. 227-231 Synthesis and characterization of solid electrolyte structure material (LiAlO2) using different kinds of lithium and aluminum compounds for molten carbonate fuel cells Göksel Özkan1, Vecihe İncirkuş Ergençoğlu2 & Gülay Özkan3,* 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Gazi University, 06570 Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey 2Soil Fertilizer and Water Sources Central Research Institue, Ankara, Türkey 3Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 06100 Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey, E-mail: [email protected] Received 18 April 2014; accepted 4 June 2014 Synthesis and characterization of solid electrolyte structure material using different kinds of lithium and aluminum compounds for molten carbonate fuel cells have been carried out. Synthesis operations are performed using three different kinds of lithium compounds (LiOH.H2O, LiNO3 and Li2CO3) and two different kinds of aluminium compounds (Al2O3, Al(OH)3). During the synthesis, all the reactions are conducted at four different pH levels (1.5, 4, 9.5 and 12) and are calcinated at three different temperatures in open air conditions. In the light of thermal, structural and surface area characterization (TG-DTA, XRD and BET analyses), it is concluded that LiAlO2 which is produced with Li2CO3 and Al(OH)3, is found to be convenient. Keywords: Electrolyte, Molten carbonate fuel Cell, LiAlO2, Al2O3, Al(OH)3 Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), which are as both a gas barrier and an electronic insulation layer proposed to be used generally in stationary energy between the two parts of the cell. For this purpose, the production systems and are likely to replace the matrix must have a retention capacity, which is thermal plants, are one of the best among clean controlled by its porosimetric structure3.
    [Show full text]
  • An Air-Breathing, Portable Thermoelectric Power Generator Based on a Microfabricated Silicon Combustor
    An Air-Breathing, Portable Thermoelectric Power Generator Based on a Microfabricated Silicon Combustor by Christopher Henry Marton B.A.Sc. Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 2005 M.S. Chemical Engineering Practice, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2008 Submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FEBRUARY 2011 © 2010 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author: ____________________________________________ Department of Chemical Engineering October 22, 2010 Certified by: ___________________________________________________ Klavs F. Jensen Warren K. Lewis Professor of Chemical Engineering Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: __________________________________________________ William M. Deen Carbon P. Dubbs Professor of Chemical Engineering Chairman, Committee for Graduate Students An Air-Breathing, Portable Thermoelectric Power Generator Based on a Microfabricated Silicon Combustor by Christopher Henry Marton Submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering on October 22, 2010 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering ABSTRACT The global consumer demand for portable electronic devices is increasing. The emphasis on reducing size and weight has put increased pressure on the power density of available power storage and generation options, which have been dominated by batteries. The energy densities of many hydrocarbon fuels exceed those of conventional batteries by several orders of magnitude, and this gap motivates research efforts into alternative portable power generation devices based on hydrocarbon fuels. Combustion-based power generation strategies have the potential to achieve significant advances in the energy density of a generator, and thermoelectric power generation is particularly attractive due to the moderate temperatures which are required.
    [Show full text]
  • Calcium Chloride
    United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service | National Organic Program Document Cover Sheet https://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/organic/national-list/petitioned Document Type: ☐ National List Petition or Petition Update A petition is a request to amend the USDA National Organic Program’s National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances (National List). Any person may submit a petition to have a substance evaluated by the National Organic Standards Board (7 CFR 205.607(a)). Guidelines for submitting a petition are available in the NOP Handbook as NOP 3011, National List Petition Guidelines. Petitions are posted for the public on the NOP website for Petitioned Substances. ☒ Technical Report A technical report is developed in response to a petition to amend the National List. Reports are also developed to assist in the review of substances that are already on the National List. Technical reports are completed by third-party contractors and are available to the public on the NOP website for Petitioned Substances. Contractor names and dates completed are available in the report. Ammonium Citrate Crops 1 2 Identification of Petitioned Substance 3 4 Chemical Names: 19 Trade Names: 5 Ammonium Citrate 20 N/A 6 Citric Acid Triammonium Salt 21 7 Ammonium Citrate Tribasic CAS Numbers: 8 Ammonium Citrate Dibasic 3458-72-8 9 Ammonium Citrate Monobasic 3012-65-5 10 Citric Acid Triamine 7632-50-0 11 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 12 ammonium salt Other Codes: 13 Ammonium Hydrogencitrate EC No. 222-394-5 14 EC No. 221-146-3 15 Other Name: EC No.
    [Show full text]