Integrated Aquaculture of Bonnemaisoniaceae: Physiological and Nutritional Controls of Biomass Production and of Halogenated Metabolite Content

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Integrated Aquaculture of Bonnemaisoniaceae: Physiological and Nutritional Controls of Biomass Production and of Halogenated Metabolite Content UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DO MAR E DO AMBIENTE Integrated aquaculture of Bonnemaisoniaceae: physiological and nutritional controls of biomass production and of halogenated metabolite content Leonardo Filipe Rodrigues da Mata Doutoramento no ramo de Ciências do Mar Área de especialização Botânica Marinha 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DO MAR E DO AMBIENTE Integrated aquaculture of Bonnemaisoniaceae: physiological and nutritional controls of biomass production and of halogenated metabolite content Leonardo Filipe Rodrigues da Mata Doutoramento no ramo de Ciências do Mar Área de especialização Botânica Marinha Tese orientada por Prof. Dr. Rui Orlando Pimenta Santos 2008 Dedico este trabalho à minha mãe Sei que se sentiria orgulhosa… Agradecimentos Um doutoramento... Não lhe chamaria um projecto de uma vida, mas com certeza um dos patamares que marcam o seu percurso. Por isso mesmo, é importante que aqui fiquem registados todos aquele(a)s, aquilos e aculoutros que directa ou indirectamente contribuíram para o sucesso deste projecto. Começo por agradecer ao supervisor deste trabalho Prof. Doutor Rui Santos. Rui, obrigado pela oportunidade que me deste para elaborar esta tese, pelos teus importantes contributos de índole científica e pela maneira como nos ensinas a abordar a investigação/ciência. Quero agradecer-te também o facto de ao longo do tempo que temos vindo a trabalhar juntos (já lá vão 12 anos), teres permitido que se criasse uma relação supervisor/orientando que não será regra na maioria dos grupos de investigação. Ainda ligados directamente à tese, um agradecimento muito especial a todos os co-autores dos capítulos. Andreas, muito, mas mesmo muito obrigado por tudo aquilo que contigo aprendi, por seres quem és e como és, o que me permitiu crescer muito a nível pessoal e profissional. Quero que aqui fique um registo dos muitos dias passados na construção, manutenção e operacionalização do sistema de cultivo de algas, já deixam saudades... João, o meu mentor da ecofisiologia, obrigado pelo teu contributo de co-orientador desta tese e pelo teu companheirismo. A todo o staff do laboratório de ecologia, em especial às pessoas que mais contribuíram para a concretização deste projecto: Inês, Feijóo, Monya, Aschwin e também a ti Esti pelos teus contributos “microscópicos”. Fora do grupo de investigação, mas também ligados ao projecto um obrigado ao Dr. Jorge Santinha, proprietário da Aquamarim por ter colaborado connosco nesta aventura do cultivo de algas integrado e ao Andry pelos “desenrasques” durante a nossa ausência do sistema de cultivo. Um outro obrigado à Helena Gaspar do INETI pelo interesse em participar na ideia da tese e fazer com fosse possível, face a todos os contratempos, realizar as análises aos compostos das algas. Obrigado ao “gang” que me desviou de conseguir acabar a tese dentro do tempo (é sempre bom arranjar uns bodes expiatórios), mas que tornou o percurso muito mais fácil e divertido. É mesmo impossível enumera-lo(a)s a todo(a)s, mas como dizia o outro “ele(a)s sabem de quem é que eu estou a falar...”. Felizmente foi grande a colecção de AMIGOS que já trazia e i se mantiveram, bem como os que fiz durante estes anos da tese. Um obrigado do tamanho do mundo por todos os bons momentos. O maior obrigado de todos à Família (Pai, mana, brô) pelo apoio incondicional que permitiu a realização da tese mas também de outros projectos de vida paralelos, a vocês devo tudo. À minha Iara que nasceu quase em simultâneo com esta tese e que é quem mais tempo me tem aturado e mimado. Obrigado pela tua companhia ímpar e por trazeres todos os paus, bolas e pinhas que por acaso me apeteceu atirar para longe ao longo destes anos. E a Praia de Faro... Metade do percurso da tese foi vivido neste pequeno paraíso de Inverno que, ao contrário do que alguns possam pensar, não foi responsável por atrasos, foi isso sim fonte de inspiração e de energia para levar a bom porto este projecto. Obrigado Su por teres insistido e me fazeres ver que não é tarde para determinadas coisas. Não poderia terminar esta secção de agradecimentos sem realçar o contributo do próprio objecto da tese, a Asparagopsis. Obrigado Falky por nunca me teres abandonado e teres chegado comigo até ao fim da tese. Só quem tenta manter algas em cativeiro é que compreende a relação, dedicação e conversas que é preciso manter para as conseguir manter contentes, saudáveis e livres de contaminações por um longo período de tempo. And now, the real stuff Este trabalho foi financeiramente apoiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, através de financiamento de uma bolsa SFRH/BD/12647/2003 e de um projecto POCI/MAR/ 56956/2004 ii Resumo O uso de algas como biofiltros de efluentes de cultivo de animais marinhos ainda não foi adoptado pela indústria da aquacultura. A investigação deverá focar os seus esforços na tentativa de domesticar algas com valor comercial, de modo a que a biofiltração de nutrientes seja vista pela indústria da aquacultura como uma tecnologia auto sustentável, amiga do ambiente e que produz grandes quantidades de uma biomassa que pode ser rentável. As espécies do género Asparagopsis possuem um elevado conteúdo e diversidade de compostos halogenados voláteis (CHVs) que são já explorados comercialmente pela indústria da cosmética. Nesse sentido, o cultivo integrado de Asparagopsis com animais marinhos deve ser considerado como uma oportunidade. O meu objectivo nesta tese foi o de tentar estabelecer o cultivo da fase tetrasporófita das espécies A. armata e A. taxiformis e comparar as respectivas capacidades para remover nutrientes e produzir biomassa com as de espécies de Ulva, até então as espécies mais sucedidas nestes sistemas de cultivo integrado. Com o objectivo de determinar as condições de cultivo que maximizam a remoção de nutrientes dos efluentes, a produção de biomassa e os níveis internos de CHVs, foram exploradas as respostas fisiológicas das espécies a diferentes níveis dos recursos que são controláveis em cultivo (luz, azoto e carbono). A performance das espécies de Asparagopsis em cultivo integrado excedeu a performance das espécies de Ulva. Neste sistema de cultivo, 5 g de peso fresco L-1 foi considerada a densidade óptima de inoculo nos tanques e 3 volumes por hora, a taxa ideal de renovação de effleuntes nos tanques das algas. Estas condições garantem a quantidade de nutrientes, mas especialmente de CO2 que maximizam a biofiltração de nutrientes, a produção de biomassa e o nível interno de bromofórmio (CVH maioritário nestas espécies). Em condições limitantes de CO2 para a fotossíntese, ocorre um decréscimo significativo do crescimento e da produção de compostos secundários à base de carbono como os CHVs. Não foi possível conseguir o cultivo anual de ambas as espécies neste sistema de cultivo, porque a temperatura dentro dos tanques das algas ultrapassou os 27 e os 29 ºC, temperatures letais para A. armata e A. taxiformis, respectivamente. iii Summary The use of seaweed as biofilters of animal mariculture discharges has not been widely adopted by the aquaculture industry. Research efforts should focus on the cultivation of novel seaweed species with economic value so that nutrient biofiltration may be identified by the aquaculture industry as a self sustainable, environmental friendly technology that produces profitable biomass. The Asparagopsis spp. volatile halogenated compounds (VHCs) are explored for cosmetics formulations and so the integrated aquaculture of Asparagopsis species should be considered as an opportunity. In this thesis I aim to establish the tank domestication of the tetrasporophyte phase of Asparagopsis species (A. armata and A. taxiformis) and compare its nutrient biofiltration and biomass production performance with the most successful seaweed biofilters, Ulva spp. By exploiting the physiological responses of the species to different levels of the manageable resources in culture (light, nitrogen and carbon) I aim to determine the cultivation conditions that maximize the TAN removal from the effluents, the biomass production of the system and the internal levels of VHCs. The performances of Asparagopsis species in integrated aquaculture exceeded that of the Ulva spp. In this integrated cultivation system, the optimal Asparagopsis spp. stocking density (light) was 5 g fresh weight L-1 and the ideal supply rates of fish effluents to the seaweed tanks was ~3 vol h-1. These conditions provided the the quantity of nutrients, but especially CO2 to maximize the nutrients biofiltration, the biomass yield and the bromoform (the major VHC in these species) internal levels. At CO2 limiting conditions for photosynthesis non–structural carbohydrate pools are affected, decreasing both growth and the production of carbon based secondary compounds. The continuously year round cultivation of both Asparagopsis species in this system was not possible, because the tank water temperature surpassed 27 and 29 ºC, lethal for the cultivation of A. armata and A. taxiformis, respectively. iv GENERAL INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1 Integrated fish/seaweed aquaculture: rationale...............................................................1 Tested seaweed species.....................................................................................................3 Why Asparagopsis species?..............................................................................................4 Physiological considerations
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