Anadolu University Publication No: 3833 Open Education Faculty Publication No: 2642
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3 neler öğrendik? bölüm özeti Research Methods Editor Prof.Dr. Ali ERSOY Authors Dr. Zekiye YAHŞİ CHAPTER 1 Asst.Prof.Dr. Muhammet ÖZDEN CHAPTER 2 Assoc.Prof.Dr. Nihan DEMİRKASIMOĞLU CHAPTER 3 Prof.Dr. Hasan GÜRGÜR CHAPTER 4 Prof.Dr. Hanife AKAR CHAPTER 5 Assoc.Prof.Dr. Şakir ÇINKIR CHAPTER 6, 8 CHAPTER 7 Prof.Dr. Ahmet SABAN T.C. ANADOLU UNIVERSITY PUBLICATION NO: 3833 OPEN EDUCATION FACULTY PUBLICATION NO: 2642 Copyright © 2019 by Anadolu University All rights reserved. This publication is designed and produced based on “Distance Teaching” techniques. No part of this book may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means of mechanical, electronic, photocopy, magnetic tape, or otherwise, without the written permission of Anadolu University. Graphic and Cover Design Prof.Dr. Halit Turgay Ünalan Instructional Designer Musa Tömen Assessment Editor Yaşar Özden İnceler Graphic Designers Ayşegül Dibek Hilal Özcan Özlem Çayırlı Gülşah Karabulut Typesetting and Composition Cansu Ersoy Kağan Küçük Yasin Özkır RESEARCH METHODS E-ISBN 978-975-06-3035-4 All rights reserved to Anadolu University. Eskişehir, Republic of Turkey, January 2019 3293-0-0-0-2102-V01 Contents Philosophical CHAPTER 1 Foundations of CHAPTER 2 Planning Research Research Introduction ................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................... 33 Epistemological Foundations .............. 6 Planning Quantitative Research Studies ..... 33 Ontological Foundations ...................... 8 Identifying the Research Problem ....... 33 Methods of Science ....................................... 9 Selecting the Research Design ............. 35 Inductivism ............................................ 11 Survey ................................................... 35 Deductivism ........................................... 12 Experimental Designs ........................... 36 Paradigm Theory ........................................... 13 Identification of the Population and Kuhn’s Legacy ........................................ 16 Sample .................................................... 38 The Primacy of Language ..................... 16 Data Collection ...................................... 38 Implications for Epistemology and Data Analysis and Interpretation ........ 39 Ontology ................................................ 17 Planning Qualitative Research Studies ........ 40 Social Sciences ............................................... 17 Identifying the Research Problem ....... 40 Quantitative Positivist Paradigm ........ 18 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework ... 41 Qualitative Interpretive Paradigm ...... 19 Developing Research Question(s) ...... 41 Selecting Research Design ................... 41 Selecting the Participants ..................... 44 Data Collection ...................................... 44 Data Analysis, Reporting Findings, and Interpretation ........................................ 45 Ethical Principles and Researcher’s Role ........................................................ 46 Limiting the Results and Making Analytical Generalizations ................... 46 Planning Mixed Method Research Studies.. 47 The Title ................................................. 47 Identifying the Research Problem ....... 47 Identifying Research Aim and Questions ............................................... 48 Selecting Mixed Method Research Design .................................................... 48 Sample .................................................... 51 Data Collection ...................................... 51 Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting the Results ........................... 51 Diagrams Used in Mixed Method Research ................................................. 52 iii Writing a Qualitative CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 Literature Review Research Methods Introduction ................................................... 63 Introduction .................................................. 95 Research Topic ............................................... 63 Qualitative Research Methods and Research Questions............................... 64 International Relations ................................. 95 Defining Variables ................................ 65 Basic Features of Qualitative Methods ... 95 Literature Review .......................................... 65 Possible Contributions of Qualitative The Multiple Purposes of a Research Methods ................................ 96 Literature Review ................................. 66 Qualitative Research Designs ....................... 98 Steps for Conducting a Literature Case Study ............................................. 98 Review.................................................... 67 Ethnography ......................................... 99 Types of Literature Review ................. 68 Narrative Inquiry ................................. 100 Deciding the Keywords Within Phenomenology ................................... 102 the Subject Area .................................... 68 Grounded Theory ................................. 103 Literature Reviewer ............................. 69 The Process of Conducting a Qualitative Sources of Information For Literature Search .... 70 Research ........................................................ 104 Searching the Literature ...................... 70 Identifying the Research Focus Selecting the Sources ............................ 70 or Problem ............................................ 104 Ask an Expert ....................................... 71 Selecting Participants .......................... 105 Encyclopedias ....................................... 72 Data Collection Techniques ................ 106 Statistics ................................................ 72 Data Analysis ........................................ 109 Books ..................................................... 72 Reporting .............................................. 109 The Internet .......................................... 73 Rigor in Qualitative Research Method ....... 110 Internet Search Engines ...................... 74 Online Databases .................................. 74 Catalogs ................................................. 76 Bibliographical Databases .................... 78 University Repositories ....................... 78 Periodicals ............................................. 78 Grey Literature ..................................... 79 Blogs and Wikies ................................... 81 Journal Databases ................................ 81 Ancestry Method .................................. 81 Organization of the Literature Review ...... 82 Common Errors and Problems in Writing a Literature Review ............... 84 iv Quantitative Mixed Methods CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 Methods Research Introduction ................................................... 121 Introduction ................................................... 149 Why Do We Use Quantitative Methods? ... 122 Overview of Mixed Research ....................... 149 Descriptive Research .................................... 122 Definition ............................................... 149 Associational Research .................................. 123 What Is the Reason for Using Mixed Correlational Research ......................... 123 Methods? .............................................. 151 Causal-Comparative Research.............. 124 Advantages (Strenghts and Weaknesses) ... 151 Experimental Research ................................ 125 Limitations ............................................. 152 Survey Research ............................................ 126 Determining the Goal of the Mixed Cross-Sectional Surveys ........................ 127 Methods Research ......................................... 153 Cross-National Surveys ........................ 127 Formulating the Mixed Research National Time-Series ............................ 128 Objective(s) ........................................... 153 Election Surveys .................................... 129 Determining the Rationale of the Study Panel Surveys ....................................... 130 and the Rationale(s) for Mixing Preparing Good Survey Instruments .......... 130 Quantitative and Qualitative Tips for Writing Survey Items ............ 131 Approaches ............................................ 155 Data Collection Procedures ................. 133 Determining the Purpose of the Study Data Analysis Procedures .................... 133 and the Purpose(s) for Mixing Quantitative Basıcs of Doing Research ............................. 134 and Qualitative Approaches ....................... 156 Writing Research or Hypothesis ........ 134 Mixed Method Research Planning Stage ... 157 Good Research Questions ................... 135 Selecting the Mixed Sampling Design .. 157 Variables ............................................... 136 Selecting the Mixed Research Design ... 158 Census, Populatıon, and Sampling .............. 137 Research Implementation Stage .................. 163 Random Sampling ................................. 137 Collecting Quantitative and/or Stratified Random Sampling ............... 138 Qualitative Data .................................... 163 Systematic Sampling ............................ 138 Analyzing the Quantitative and/or Cluster Sampling .................................. 138 Qualitative Data Using Quantitative Two-stage Random Sampling ............. 139 and/or Qualitative Analysis Techniques... 164