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Heritage in Authority-Making KTH 2012 ISSN 1653-6126 TRITA-Som 2012-06TRITA-Som ISBN 978-91-7501-308-4 ISRN KTH/Som/12-06/SE

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Heritage in Authority-Making KTH 2012 ISSN 1653-6126 TRITA-Som 2012-06TRITA-Som ISBN 978-91-7501-308-4 ISRN KTH/Som/12-06/SE Feras Hammami ISSN 1653-6126 TRITA-SoM 2012-06 ISRN KTH/SoM/12-06/SE ISBN 978-91-7501-308-4 Heritage in Heritage in Heritage in Authority-Making Appropriating Interventions in Three Socio-Political Contexts a uthority- m aking Feras Hammami Doctoral Thesis in Planning and Decision analysis, with specialisation in Urban and regional studies KTH 2012 KTH stockholm, sweden, 2012 www.kth.se Heritage in Heritage in Authority-Making Authority-Making Appropriating Interventions in Appropriating Interventions in Three Socio-Political Contexts Three Socio-Political Contexts FERAS HAMMAMI FERAS HAMMAMI Doctoral Thesis in Planning and Decision Analysis Doctoral Thesis in Planning and Decision Analysis with specialisation in Urban and Regional Studies with specialisation in Urban and Regional Studies Royal Institute of Technology Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden, 2012 Stockholm, Sweden, 2012 TRITA-SoM 2012-06 TRITA-SoM 2012-06 ISSN 1653-6126 ISSN 1653-6126 ISRN KTH/SoM/12-06/SE ISRN KTH/SoM/12-06/SE ISBN 978-91-7501-308-4 ISBN 978-91-7501-308-4 Division of Urban and Regional Studies Division of Urban and Regional Studies Department of Urban Planning and Environment Department of Urban Planning and Environment School of Architecture and the Built Environment School of Architecture and the Built Environment Royal Institute of Technology Royal Institute of Technology SE-100-44 Stockholm SE-100-44 Stockholm Sweden Sweden Feras Hammami Feras Hammami Cover and layout: Feras Hammami Cover and layout: Feras Hammami Printed by E-print AB, Stockholm Printed by E-print AB, Stockholm ii ii To my parents To my parents iii iii iv iv Sammanfattning Sammanfattning Den ständigt pågående omvandlingen och utvecklingen av det kulturella arvet Den ständigt pågående omvandlingen och utvecklingen av det kulturella arvet producerar nya rumsliga villkor, formade av såväl intern socio-politisk dynamik som producerar nya rumsliga villkor, formade av såväl intern socio-politisk dynamik som externa krafter. Kulturarv har alltid spelat en central roll i individers och gruppers externa krafter. Kulturarv har alltid spelat en central roll i individers och gruppers identitetsskapande och uppfattas nu allt oftare även som ett kapital i konstruktionen av identitetsskapande och uppfattas nu allt oftare även som ett kapital i konstruktionen av städer och regioner. Dock saknar kulturarvspraktikerna ofta förståelse för de socio- städer och regioner. Dock saknar kulturarvspraktikerna ofta förståelse för de socio- politiska konsekvenserna och kan därmed inte på ett medvetet sätt hantera dessa politiska konsekvenserna och kan därmed inte på ett medvetet sätt hantera dessa aspekter. Denna avhandling undersöker utvecklingen av det kulturella arvet och dess aspekter. Denna avhandling undersöker utvecklingen av det kulturella arvet och dess inverkan i tre socio-politiska kontexter: Botswana, ett postkolonialt samhälle; Palestina, inverkan i tre socio-politiska kontexter: Botswana, ett postkolonialt samhälle; Palestina, ett ockuperat samhälle; och Sverige, ett västerländskt samhälle. En analys av lokala ett ockuperat samhälle; och Sverige, ett västerländskt samhälle. En analys av lokala interventioner i de tre områdena visar hur auktoritet kommer till uttryck genom interventioner i de tre områdena visar hur auktoritet kommer till uttryck genom diskurser om kulturarvet i historiska miljöer. diskurser om kulturarvet i historiska miljöer. I Palestina har - under det ottomanska styret, det brittiska mandatet och den israeliska I Palestina har - under det ottomanska styret, det brittiska mandatet och den israeliska ockupationen - det kulturella arvet utgjort en arena kännetecknad av såväl militär som ockupationen - det kulturella arvet utgjort en arena kännetecknad av såväl militär som diskursiv kamp för historia, identitet och makt. Så till exempel präglar narrativ om ’det diskursiv kamp för historia, identitet och makt. Så till exempel präglar narrativ om ’det heliga landet’ nutida praktiker kring kulturarv i den av historien präglade staden heliga landet’ nutida praktiker kring kulturarv i den av historien präglade staden Nablus. I Botswana har västerländskt utvecklade idéer för stadsplanering praktiserats Nablus. I Botswana har västerländskt utvecklade idéer för stadsplanering praktiserats under både den koloniala och den postkoloniala eran, vilket format under både den koloniala och den postkoloniala eran, vilket format urbaniseringsstrategier ofta utan hänsyn till lokal kultur. Den sociala och rumsliga urbaniseringsstrategier ofta utan hänsyn till lokal kultur. Den sociala och rumsliga verklighet som därigenom skapats har lett till en tilltagande distansering mellan verklighet som därigenom skapats har lett till en tilltagande distansering mellan Botswanierna och deras kulturarv. Detta fick avgörande konsekvenser vid definitionen Botswanierna och deras kulturarv. Detta fick avgörande konsekvenser vid definitionen av värdefullt kulturarv under utvecklingen av Shoshong village och Sowa town. I av värdefullt kulturarv under utvecklingen av Shoshong village och Sowa town. I Ystad har det kulturella arvet under sena nittonhundratalet reglerats och legitimerats Ystad har det kulturella arvet under sena nittonhundratalet reglerats och legitimerats genom framhållandet av en medeltida identitet, en identitet som starkt format genom framhållandet av en medeltida identitet, en identitet som starkt format stadsmiljön men men vars sociala och rumsliga konsekvenser inte beaktats. stadsmiljön men men vars sociala och rumsliga konsekvenser inte beaktats. Dessa resultat presenteras i fyra artiklar, som var och en lyfter en specifik Dessa resultat presenteras i fyra artiklar, som var och en lyfter en specifik frågeställning kring kulturellt arv. I en ”kappa” kopplas artiklarna samman och frågeställning kring kulturellt arv. I en ”kappa” kopplas artiklarna samman och analyseras särskilt med avseende på hur det kulturella arvet involveras i analyseras särskilt med avseende på hur det kulturella arvet involveras i auktoritetsskapande,. Analysen visar att auktoritet kommer till uttryck genom auktoritetsskapande,. Analysen visar att auktoritet kommer till uttryck genom diskursiva praktiker kring kulturellt arv. Samtidigt som varje fall präglas av en diskursiva praktiker kring kulturellt arv. Samtidigt som varje fall präglas av en kontextuell och situerad diskurs, påverkas alla av en ’universell kulturarvsdiskurs’. kontextuell och situerad diskurs, påverkas alla av en ’universell kulturarvsdiskurs’. Inom ramen för denna universella diskurs uppfattas kulturarv som fysiska ting Inom ramen för denna universella diskurs uppfattas kulturarv som fysiska ting omgärdade av sociala och kulturella erfarenheter ofta kopplade till europeiska omgärdade av sociala och kulturella erfarenheter ofta kopplade till europeiska värderingar, under kontroll av professionella experter och i linje med konventionell värderingar, under kontroll av professionella experter och i linje med konventionell kunskap. Denna diskurs har sina rötter i den ’auktoriserade kulturarvsdiskursen’ som kunskap. Denna diskurs har sina rötter i den ’auktoriserade kulturarvsdiskursen’ som växte fram i Europa under artonhundratalet och spred sig globalt genom internationell växte fram i Europa under artonhundratalet och spred sig globalt genom internationell kultursamverkan. En av avhandlingens slutsatser är att en situering av platsspecifika kultursamverkan. En av avhandlingens slutsatser är att en situering av platsspecifika interventioner i sina komplexa sociala, kulturella och politiska kontexter kan erbjuda en interventioner i sina komplexa sociala, kulturella och politiska kontexter kan erbjuda en för samhället produktiv dissonans, snarare än den begränsning som oundvikligen blir för samhället produktiv dissonans, snarare än den begränsning som oundvikligen blir följden av ambitionen att snabbt komma fram till konsensus. Genom att synliggöra hur följden av ambitionen att snabbt komma fram till konsensus. Genom att synliggöra hur auktoritet kommer till uttryck genom kulturarvets olika rumsliga nivåer, kan en ökad auktoritet kommer till uttryck genom kulturarvets olika rumsliga nivåer, kan en ökad kapacitet och förståelse för socio-politiska aspekter också byggas upp i kapacitet och förståelse för socio-politiska aspekter också byggas upp i kulturarvspraktiken. kulturarvspraktiken. Nyckelord: kulturarv, mening, auktoritet, diskurs, historisk miljö Nyckelord: kulturarv, mening, auktoritet, diskurs, historisk miljö v v Abstract Abstract The perpetual evolution of the value of heritage in urban development is producing new The perpetual evolution of the value of heritage in urban development is producing new socio-spatial realities, shaped by different relationships of power at multiple scales. socio-spatial realities, shaped by different relationships of power at multiple scales. Heritage has always played an important role in the construction of individual and Heritage has always played an important role in the construction of individual and group identities, but is now increasingly seen as a capital for the making of city group identities, but is now increasingly seen as a capital for the making of city identity. Although professional heritage practices have attempted to embrace a similar identity. Although professional heritage practices have attempted to embrace a similar or parallel vision, they are likely to overlook how interventions in heritage challenge or parallel vision, they are likely to overlook how interventions in
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