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LIVING, LAUGHING, and LOVING in GUATEMALA CITY: a PRACTICAL THEOLOGY of PEACEBUILDING by JOEL DAVID AGUILAR RAMÍREZ Submitted I

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LIVING, LAUGHING, and LOVING in GUATEMALA CITY: a PRACTICAL THEOLOGY of PEACEBUILDING by JOEL DAVID AGUILAR RAMÍREZ Submitted I LIVING, LAUGHING, AND LOVING IN GUATEMALA CITY: A PRACTICAL THEOLOGY OF PEACEBUILDING By JOEL DAVID AGUILAR RAMÍREZ Submitted in partial fulfilment in accordance with the requirements for the degree PHILOSPHIAE DOCTOR (PhD) In the FACULTY OF THEOLOGY PRACTICAL THEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA April 2020 A Practical Theology of Peacebuilding ii Summary LIVING, LAUGHING, AND LOVING IN GUATEMALA CITY: A PRACTICAL THEOLOGY OF PEACEBUILDING JOEL DAVID AGUILAR RAMIREZ Supervisor: Professor Stephan De Beer Department: Practical Theology University: University of Pretoria Degree: Philosophiae Doctor (Practical Theology) Guatemala City is a city of contrasts, a city that meshes beauty and affliction. The beauty is reflected in the landscape and its people; affliction, however, is woven throughout Guatemalan history and expressed through the collective woundedness of Guatemalan society. After more than five hundred years of colonialism and coloniality, and twenty-four years after the signing of the peace accords between the army and the revolutionary movement in 1996, Guatemalans still carry their collective woundedness into all areas of personal and public life. For that reason, this dissertation responds to the question, what will a practical theology of peacebuilding look like in Guatemala City in response to the collective woundedness of Guatemalan society? In order to respond to the question presented above, I use the paradigms of practical theology, liberation theology, and mimetic theory in dialogue with each other to provide a relevant, contextual, and liberative response. In the search for an answer, I interviewed fourteen grassroots leaders from the CMT Guatemala network, and I explored their faith practices in relation to the Guatemalan collective woundedness. The process follows three steps. Firstly, I provide a description of the Guatemalan context, and the theory-laden practices of the interviewed grassroots A Practical Theology of Peacebuilding iii leaders. Secondly, I framed the dissertation within contextual theology in order to develop a practical theology of liberation that is contextually relevant and cross-contextually applicable. Finally, the theory-laden practices that the interviews and focus groups called forth helped me propose a practical theology of liberation that responds to the Guatemalan collective woundedness through the ethics of what I call Human Catechism. Human Catechism is a term conceived in community, though proposed for the first time in this dissertation. Human Catechism begins with the ethics of love. It is the process of developing faith practices that help us reimagine each other’s humanity in the midst of global sacrificial theology. In this dissertation, I propose that Human Catechism is a practical theology of peacebuilding and liberation that seeks to heal the collective woundedness of not only the Guatemalan context, but also other environments around the world. This dissertation contributes in three ways to the field of practical theology. Firstly, it applies René Girard’s mimetic theory to field of practical theology. Secondly, it provides a tool that could be used for contextual analysis. I developed interdependent categories for contextual analysis that can easily be translated to other developing countries of the global south. Finally, it contributes at the local level empowering grassroots leaders to begin conversations that will allow them to decolonise their faith practices, and hermeneutics. A Practical Theology of Peacebuilding iv Key Concepts • Mimetic Theory • Scapegoat Mechanism • Non-Sacrificial • Collective Woundedness • Violence • Non-Violent Hermeneutics • Liberation Theology • Practical Theologian of Liberation • Ontology of the Victim • Human Catechism A Practical Theology of Peacebuilding v Declaration I, Joel David Aguilar Ramírez, student number 16400926, hereby declare that this dissertation, “Living, Laughing, and Loving in Guatemala City: A Practical Theology of Peacebuilding”, is my own work and has not been previously submitted to any other institution of higher learning. All sources cited or quoted in this research paper are indicated and acknowledged with a comprehensive list of references. I declare that I have obtained, for the research described in this work, the applicable research ethics approval. This approval is found in Appendix 2 I declare that I have observed the ethical standards required in terms of the University of Pretoria’s code of ethics for researchers and the policy guidelines for responsible research. Joel David Aguilar Ramírez April 2020 A Practical Theology of Peacebuilding vi Dedication I want to dedicate this work to all of those who live their lives from below, loving and seeking peace for their cities. “The city streets will be filled with boys and girls playing there” (Zechariah 8:5). A Practical Theology of Peacebuilding vii Acknowledgements I believe that humanity is fully achieved in community. It is in community that I become who I am; for that reason, it is imperative that I acknowledge that the work presented here was achieved with the support of a group of people who cheered me on and challenged me in the process of writing this dissertation. Subsequently, I want to thank: God for calling me through the voice of my local missional community. The consecrated truth of being one of God’s children, and the fact that God not only loves me but also likes me, is what has sustained me through life and through this endeavour. My wife and editor, Annette, for giving me the space to invest long hours of reading and research and for putting order into the chaos of my theological mind. My advisor, Dr Stephan De Beer, for pushing my research, theological, and mental capacities to achieve excellence, new thoughts, and new understandings. My mentors, Kris Rocke, Ron Ruthruff, and Joel Van Dyke, for challenging my theological blind spots and for always encouraging me to expand my theological bandwidth. The grassroots leaders of the CMT Guatemala network, for opening their hearts to the interview process and for exposing their faith practices as co-researchers of this dissertation. To my parents, Jeremias and Elsa Aguilar (both deceased), for planting the seeds in my heart to work, walk, be in solidarity with, and learn from people who live at the margins of society. I am constantly thankful for all of you and the gift you are in my life. Each of you calls forth a very unique response to life from me. Joel David Aguilar Ramirez Table of Contents Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................... ii Key Concepts ............................................................................................................................................................... iv Declaration .................................................................................................................................................................... v Dedication .................................................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of Study ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Research Problem .................................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research Question and Sub-question ................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Research Question ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1.3.2 Sub-questions ................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Research OBJectives ............................................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Research Paradigms ............................................................................................................................................ 10 1.6 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 15 1.6.1 Research Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 15 1.6.2 Research Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 18 1.7 Literature Survey and Contribution of this Research ...................................................................................... 20 1.7.1 Resources for the Understanding of Guatemalan Collective Woundedness .................................................. 21 1.7.2 A Brief Overview of Mimetic Theory Through Current Literature ..............................................................
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