Delaware Scenic and Historic Highway Nomination Application

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Delaware Scenic and Historic Highway Nomination Application Delaware Scenic and Historic Highway Nomination Application HARRIET TUBMAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Submitted to: Delaware Department of Transportation Scenic and Historic Highways Program Sponsored by: Underground Railroad Coalition of Delaware & National Park Service’s National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Prepared by: David L. Ames, Ph.D., Sarah Beetham, Lael J. Ensor, Ann Fangmann, Robin Krawitz, Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs, and Debra C. Martin, City of Wilmington With the assistance of: Erin Ferriter, Keonna Greene, Catherine Morrissey, Sarah Rector, Janet Sheridan, and Russell Stevenson GIS Support provided by: The UD Institute for Public Administration Center for Historic Architecture and Design University of Delaware Please refer all comments to David L. Ames at [email protected] Phone: 302-831-1050 Fax: 302-831-4548 JUNE 2009 1 2 FIGURE 1 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................6 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................7 OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED UNDERGROUND RAILROAD SCENIC AND HISTORIC HIGHWAY AND ITS LAND USE CONTEXT...................................................................................9 QUALIFYING AS A DELAWARE SCENIC AND HISTORIC HIGHWAY .....................................11 INTRINSIC QUALITY RESOURCE INVENTORY, THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES AND THE NATIONAL UNDERGROUND RAILROAD NETWORK TO FREEDOM .....12 THE CHALLENGE OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD AS A SCENIC AND HISTORIC HIGHWAY ......................................................................................................................................14 Inventorying Historic Intrinsic Qualities for the Underground Railroad ..................................... 16 INTERPRETIVE HISTORIC THEMES OF THE PROPOSED HARRIET TUBMAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY ........................................................................................16 Slavery as an Inhumane Institution and the Situation in Delaware........................................... 16 Slavery in Delaware............................................................................................................. 17 Free Blacks in Delaware...................................................................................................... 19 The Regional and National Context of Slavery.................................................................... 20 Abolition and the Long Effort to End Slavery ............................................................................ 22 Religious movements and manumission. ............................................................................ 22 The American Revolution and the Enlightenment. .............................................................. 23 Free Black Communities and Activists. ............................................................................... 24 Delaware’s Underground Railroad Stories Begin and End in Other States: The Place of Delaware in the Underground Railroad Network ...................................................................... 25 Interpersonal Networks to Freedom in Delaware That Fed and Supported the Underground Railroad ..................................................................................................................................... 26 Who Escaped? How Personal Circumstances Determined the Choices Individuals Made and the Challenges They Faced ...................................................................................................... 27 Pathways and Barriers to Freedom Provided by Delaware’s Physical Landscapes ................ 28 TYPES OF UNDERGROUND RAILROAD HISTORIC INTRINSIC QUALITY SITES..................30 Types of Sites............................................................................................................................ 30 INVENTORY OF HARRIET TUBMAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY HISTORIC INTRINSIC QUALITY SITES .................................................................................................... 30 Segment 1: The Gauntlet..................................................................................................... 30 Segment 3: The Bold Move ................................................................................................. 34 Segment 5: On to Pennsylvania .......................................................................................... 36 TRAVELER’S EXPERIENCE OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD SCENIC AND HISTORIC HIGHWAY ......................................................................................................................................37 Segment 1: Route 10 ................................................................................................................ 37 Segment 2: Route 15 ................................................................................................................ 43 Segment 3: Route 9 .................................................................................................................. 46 Segment 5: Kennett Pike .......................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX 1: INTRINSIC QUALITY FORMS...............................................................................57 Segment 1: The Gauntlet .......................................................................................................... 58 Segment 2: Making Choices ..................................................................................................... 75 Segment 3: The Bold Move....................................................................................................... 81 Segment 4: Gateway to Freedom ............................................................................................. 85 Segment 5: On to Pennsylvania................................................................................................ 98 APPENDIX 2: UNDERGROUND RAILROAD HISTORIC PROFILES....................................... 100 Part 1: Underground Railroad Participants ............................................................................. 100 Profile: Harriet Tubman...................................................................................................... 100 Profile: Thomas Garrett ..................................................................................................... 101 Profile: William Still ............................................................................................................ 102 Profile: William Brinkley ..................................................................................................... 103 Profile: Samuel D. Burris ................................................................................................... 104 4 Profile: John Hunn ............................................................................................................. 105 Profile: Peter Spencer........................................................................................................ 106 Part 2: Other Topics ................................................................................................................ 107 Profile: The Quaker Role in the Abolitionist Movement..................................................... 107 Profile: Slave catchers in Delaware................................................................................... 109 Profile: African American Involvement in the Civil War ..................................................... 110 Profile: African American Settlements and Churches........................................................ 111 APPENDIX 3: MAPS................................................................................................................... 114 Part 1: General Maps .............................................................................................................. 115 Figure 2: Quaker Meeting Houses Along Proposed Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway……………………………………………………………………………………………...114 Figure 3: Free African American Settlements Along Proposed Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway South of the C and D Canal..................................................................... 116 Figure 4: Land Use Along Proposed Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway ....... 117 Part 2: Route Detail Maps ....................................................................................................... 118 Figure 5: Segment 1: Route 10 (The Gauntlet) ................................................................. 118 Figure 6: Segment 1: Optional Camden and Dover Loop (The Gauntlet)......................... 119 Figure 7: Segment 2: Route 15 (Making Choices) ............................................................ 120 Figure 8: Segment 3: Route 9 (The Bold Move)................................................................ 121 Figure 9: Segment 4: (Gateway to Freedom)…………………………………………………121 Figure 10: Segment 5: Kennett Pike (On to Pennsylvania)............................................... 123 APPENDIX 4: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION……………………………………………………………123 Attachment 4A: Letters of Support……………………..……………………………………....125 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 137 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people
Recommended publications
  • National Historic Landmark Nomination New
    NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NFS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 NEW CASTLE COURT HOUSE Page 1 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 1. NAME OF PROPERTY Historic Name: New Castle Court House Other Name/Site Number: New Castle Court House Museum; Old Courthouse; Old Colony and State House; Delaware Cultural Resource Survey Number NO 1290 2. LOCATION Street & Number: 211 Delaware Street Not for publication: City/Town: New Castle Vicinity:_ State: DE County: New Castle Code: 3 Zip Code: 19720 3. CLASSIFICATION Ownership of Property Category of Property Private: _ Building(s): JL Public-Local:__ District: _ Public-State:_X. Site: _ Public-Federal: Structure: _ Object: _ Number of Resources within Property Contributing Non-contributing 1 0 buildings 0 0 sites 0 0 structures 0 0 objects 1 0 Total Number of Contributing Resources Previously Listed in the National Register: 1 Name of Related Multiple Property Listing: N/A NFS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 NEW CASTLE COURT HOUSE Page 2 United States Department of the Interior, N ational Park Service_____________________________________National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 4. STATE/FEDERAL AGENCY CERTIFICATION As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this __ nomination __ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.
    [Show full text]
  • Otion of Mr. Fiddeman, 'The Bill Under
    277 1Nere reconsidered, ·whereupon, on If!Otionof Mr. Fiddeman, 'The bill under consideration was Lnid on the table. On motion of. Mr. Denney, the Senate bill entitled; "An act faJauthorize the Levy Court and Court of Appeal in Kent •county to change the draw-bridge over· Little_ Duck Creek, called Martin's Bridge, into ·a permanent bridge," Was ,1·eada second time by 1its title. Mr. Davis, from the Conu~ittee on Corporations, reported back, ,vithout recommendation, the House bill entitled, "An act to incorporate the Front and Union Street Railway Com- ,pany," . And moved that the same be taken up for consideration, Which motion Prevniled. · 1'Ir. Davis sent to the Clerk's desk and had read, a letter from D. Lemon, of Wilmington, remonstrating against the passage of the bill ,,lrnder consideration, unless stringent regulations were imposed on the ,Company, in regard to the conclition, of the streets to be used and oc­ 'Cupied by said Compan,Y. The bill under consideration was read for the information of the ,-Senate, And, on motion of Mr. Hay, Was Lnid on the fable. ~Ir. Day, Clerk of the House, being admitted, informed the Senate that the House had passed and requested the concurrence .of the Sen­ .ate in the following bills and joint resolution, viz.: " An act to incorporate the Immaculate Conception Beneficial So­ ·ciety, of ..Wilmington, Delaware:" "An act to amend Chapter 55, of the Revised Code;'' "An act to render parties to the record, or interested in suits, com­ :petent to testify in civil actions ;" · ': ,Joint Resolution inviting Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Land Use Service (PLUS)
    Preliminary Land Use Service (PLUS) Application Pre-Update Review Request Municipal Comprehensive Plans Comprehensive Plan Amendments Municipal Ordinances Delaware Office of State Planning Coordination 122 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., South • Dover, DE 19901 • Phone: 302-739-3090 • Fax: 302-739-5661 All sections related to your project must be completed. Incomplete applications could lead to delays in scheduling your review. If you need assistance or clarification, please call the State Planning Office at (302) 739-3090. REQUESTED REVIEW: Check one Comprehensive Plan Pre-Update Review Complete Sections 1 and 3 only Comprehensive Plan or Update Complete Sections 1 and 3 only Comprehensive Plan Amendment Complete Sections 1 and 2 only Municipal Ordinance Review Complete Sections 1 and 2 only Date of most recently certified comprehensive plan: Link to most recently certified comprehensive plan, if available: If a link to the plan is not available, you must submit a copy of your plan with this application for a Pre-Update Review or a Comprehensive Plan Amendment. State of Delaware, Office of State Planning Coordination Effective: March 1, 2018 Page 1 Preliminary Land Use Service (PLUS) Application Pre-Update Review Request Municipal Comprehensive Plans Comprehensive Plan Amendments Municipal Ordinances Delaware Office of State Planning Coordination 122 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., South • Dover, DE 19901 • Phone: 302-739-3090 • Fax: 302-739-5661 SECTION 1: MUNICIPAL INFORMATION Name of Municipality: Address: Contact Person: Phone Number: Fax Number: E-mail Address: Application prepared by: Address: Contact Person: Phone Number: Fax Number: E-mail Address: State of Delaware, Office of State Planning Coordination Effective: March 1, 2018 Page 2 Preliminary Land Use Service (PLUS) Application Pre-Update Review Request Municipal Comprehensive Plans Comprehensive Plan Amendments Municipal Ordinances Delaware Office of State Planning Coordination 122 Martin Luther King Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Importance of the Free African Americans Role
    The Importance of the Free African Americans Role in the Delaware Underground Railroad By: Maegan Proctor Undergraduate at Wesley College Dover, Delaware During the Antebellum period, the Underground Railroad operated from the Deep South to Canada as a method for fugitive slaves to escape from bondage. Delaware was the last slaveholding state that these brave men and women had to cross through before they reached freedom. History is often skewed when researching the Underground Railroad. It emphasizes the white Americans who allowed their homes and businesses to be used as stops. However, attention is rarely given to those brave free African Americans that were critical in the operation of the Underground Railroad. The free African American population in Delaware was absolutely critical to the operation of the Underground Railroad, and without them, many historians argue that there would have been far less successful passages into the North. After the Revolutionary War, Delaware had already begun to make changes to its policies on slavery. The three counties in Delaware were notably different in their views on slavery. New Castle County was the most urbanized part of Delaware, and was bordered by the two free states, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Kent County had a number of plantations, including those of Caesar Rodney and John Dickinson, two prominent political figureheads in Delaware. Kent County had a small number of slaves, even after the Constitution was signed. Sussex County is Delaware’s southern most county. It shares the Delmarva peninsula with Virginia and Maryland, both of which maintained the practice of slavery and served as a model for Sussex County’s slave holding practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Woodland Ferry History
    Woodland Ferry: Crossing the Nanticoke River from the 1740s to the present Carolann Wicks Secretary, Department of Transportation Welcome! This short history of the Woodland Ferry, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, was written to mark the commissioning of a new ferryboat, the Tina Fallon, in 2008. It is an interesting and colorful story. TIMELINE 1608 Captain John Smith explores 1843 Jacob Cannon Jr. murdered at the the Nanticoke River, and encounters wharf. Brother Isaac Cannon dies one Nanticoke Indians. Native Americans month later. Ferry passes to their sister have resided in the region for thousands Luraney Boling of years 1845 Inventory of Luraney Boling’s 1734 James Cannon purchases a estate includes “one wood scow, one land tract called Cannon’s Regulation at schooner, one large old scow, two small Woodland old scows, one ferry scow, one old and worn out chain cable, one lot of old cable 1743? James Cannon starts operating a chains and two scow chains, on and ferry about the wharves” 1748 A wharf is mentioned at the 1883 Delaware General Assembly ferry passes an act authorizing the Levy Court of Sussex County to establish and 1751 James Cannon dies and his son maintain a ferry at Woodland Jacob takes over the ferry 1885 William Ellis paid an annual 1766 A tax of 1,500 lbs. of tobacco salary of $119.99 by Sussex County for is paid “to Jacob Cannon for keeping operating the ferry a Ferry over Nanticoke River the Year past” 1930 Model “T” engine attached to the wooden ferryboat 1780 Jacob Cannon dies and
    [Show full text]
  • Sussex County
    501 ALLOWANCES AND APPROPRIATIONS. Dolls. Ct,. Amount brought forward, 3,3137 58 To Lowder T. Layton, for damages on new road, 15 00 Albert Webster, do do 05 Appropriation for opening and making said road, 20 00 William K. Lockwood, commissioner on road, 2 days, 2 00 Albert Webster, do 3 3 00 T. L. Davis, do 3 3 00 George Jones, do 2 2 00 William Nickerson, do 2 2 00 Alexander Johnson, surveyor, 7 00 John Cox, for damages on road, 50 00 William Slay, do 06 David Marvel, do 06 Martha Day, do 06 Appropriation to open and make said road, 150 00 $3,642 31 March Session. Thomas S. Buckmaster, for overwork under a resolu- tion, 3 89 Isaac L. Crouch, for work on jail, 87 Joshua Nickerson, for work on a bridge, 2 08 S. C. Leatherberry, cryer of the courts, 20 62 Joab Fox, for work on a bridge, 9 87 James Jones, assessor for Duck Creek hundred, 29 38 Nathan Soward, Little Creek " 25 56 William Slaughter, Dover, " 27 56 John Sherwood, Murderkill, " 34 02 John Quillen, Milford, " 26 46 Henry W. Harrington, Mispillion, " 27 00 Dr. Isaac Jump, for medicine for prisoners in jail, 4 50 William Hirons, commissioner on road, 1 00 Thomas Stevenson, justice peace, for fees, 15 35 Alexander J. Taylor, late sheriff, board of prisoners and fees, 352 51 James B. Richardson, coroner, for fees, 17 23 John P. Coombe, justice of the peace, for fees, I 00 George Smith, commissioner oo new road, 1 00 Joho Ha wk ins, for excess of tax, for the years 1848-9, 12 98 John Sherwood, for services dividing school districts, I 00 Am,unt carried forward, $4,356 19 502 ALLOWANCES AND APPROPRIATIONS.
    [Show full text]
  • Laws of the State of Delaware;
    LAWS OF THE. STATE OF DELAWARE PASSED AT A SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY COMMENCED AND HELD AT DOVER, On Tuesday, January 6th, A. D. 1903 AND IN THE YEAR OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES THE ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SEVENTH. VOLUME XXII-PART IL 1903 TILE SENTINEL PRINTING COSIPANY, DOVER.. DEL. LAWS OF DELAWARE. CHAPTER 254. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. AN ACT PROPOSING AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLE 9 OF THE CON- STITUTION OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE CONCERNING COR- PORATIONS. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Delaware in General Assembly met (two-thirds of the members elected to each House agreeing): Section i. That the following amendments be and the same are hereby proposed to Article 9 of the Constitution of this State: how is. First. That all of Section 3 of Article 9 of the Constitution ssutoeccik, of this State after the word "Corporation," where it occurs the second time in Section 3, be stricken out. Section 2. That Section 6 of said Article 9 be stricken out and in lieu thereof substitute and adopt the following, viz.: "Section 6. Shares of the capital stock of corporations ere-. ,s:Acioknot.gesci ated under the laws of this State, when owned by persons or State not sub- I e. et to taxation. corporations without this State, shall not be subject to taxation by any law now existing or hereafter to be made." Approved March 17, A. D.1903. 544 LAWS OF DELAWARE. TITLE FIRST. Of the Jurisdiction and Property of the State ; Its Legislation and Laws.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Corridor Management Plan
    Introduction to the Corridor Management Plan, Statement 1 of Purpose, and Corridor Story CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO THE CORRIDOR MANAGEMENT PLAN 1.1 - Statement of Purpose CMP began. Th ere has been an actively engaged group of corridor residents that began meeting in 2009 / 2010 Th e Nanticoke Heritage Byway (NHB) Corridor to discuss ways to enhance and promote the corridor’s Management Plan (CMP) is intended to provide a tremendous sites and resources. Th e current CMP detailed collection of information that will assist in process, which began offi cially in August 2013, has meeting the corridor Mission and Vision Statement also engaged a diverse group of vested stakeholders, (see Chapter 2.0) developed for the corridor. Th is including many of the original stakeholders. Th ese CMP will attempt to foster economic development, stakeholders include citizens, business owners, continued research, and set a clear course for future government and other public agencies, religious actions (projects) within the Nanticoke Heritage entities, and private entities. In an eff ort to include Byway region. In addition, the CMP will provide and coordinate with as many entities as possible the direction and foresight as to the proper course of following groups (which we call Stakeholder groups) promotion, use, and preservation of the corridor’s were coordinated with throughout the development resources. of the CMP. Th e CMP is a product of extensive coordination and 1.3.1 Steering Committee input from the NHB communities and stakeholders. Th e Steering Committee, which was formally Th is CMP is an extension of the people – the people of identifi ed in the early stages of this CMP the NHB.
    [Show full text]
  • Underground Railroad Byway Delaware
    Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware Chapter 3.0 Intrinsic Resource Assessment The following Intrinsic Resource Assessment chapter outlines the intrinsic resources found along the corridor. The National Scenic Byway Program defines an intrinsic resource as the cultural, historical, archeological, recreational, natural or scenic qualities or values along a roadway that are necessary for designation as a Scenic Byway. Intrinsic resources are features considered significant, exceptional and distinctive by a community and are recognized and expressed by that community in its comprehensive plan to be of local, regional, statewide or national significance and worthy of preservation and management (60 FR 26759). Nationally significant resources are those that tend to draw travelers or visitors from regions throughout the United States. National Scenic Byway CMP Point #2 An assessment of the intrinsic qualities and their context (the areas surrounding the intrinsic resources). The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway offers travelers a significant amount of Historical and Cultural resources; therefore, this CMP is focused mainly on these resource categories. The additional resource categories are not ignored in this CMP; they are however, not at the same level of significance or concentration along the corridor as the Historical and Cultural resources. The resources represented in the following chapter provide direct relationships to the corridor story and are therefore presented in this chapter. A map of the entire corridor with all of the intrinsic resources displayed can be found on Figure 6. Figures 7 through 10 provide detailed maps of the four (4) corridors segments, with the intrinsic resources highlighted. This Intrinsic Resource Assessment is organized in a manner that presents the Primary (or most significant resources) first, followed by the Secondary resources.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historic Woodland Ferry Continued from Pg 1 Isaac and His Younger Brother, Jacob Continued Until 1843
    The Historic Woodland Ferry continued from pg 1 Isaac and his younger brother, Jacob continued until 1843. A sensational power the boat Jr. inherited the Cannon Ferry. The end came to their shady business along the cables. brothers were shrewd businessmen practices. On April 10, 1843, Jacob, The Delaware and became very wealthy. By 1816, Jr. was at the ferry dock, having Department of they owned almost 5000 acres of land, just returned from appealing to the Transportation operating not only the ferry, but stores, Governor for protection against began overseeing warehouses, and houses. They owned threats from people, whom he claimed the ferry in 1935, slaves and a number of commercial he had aided. He was approached purchasing a new vessels that traveled to Baltimore. by Owen O’Day, who accused Jacob wooden boat. By They became the loan sharks of the of stealing property, supposedly a 1958, the old ferry, day, lending money, extending credit, gum tree branch, containing a hive of known as the Patty Collection R. Zebley of Hagley Museum , F. Courtesy Ferry, Men at honey. In broad daylight, Cannon became unserviceable due to placed on the National Register Owen shot Jacob with his increased traffic and failure to meet of Historic Places, recognizing its musket. As Owen fled, U.S. Coast Guard standards. The state historical and cultural value. It is a part Jacob stumbled home. A seriously considered a bridge instead of the Nanticoke Heritage Byway. The doctor found over 27 pieces of refurbishing or replacing the ferry. Woodland Ferry keeps history alive at of musket shot in Jacob’s The cost of a bridge, plus the uproar this river crossing.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Evangelicals and the Gospel of Freedom, 1790-1890
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2009 SPIRITED AWAY: BLACK EVANGELICALS AND THE GOSPEL OF FREEDOM, 1790-1890 Alicestyne Turley University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Turley, Alicestyne, "SPIRITED AWAY: BLACK EVANGELICALS AND THE GOSPEL OF FREEDOM, 1790-1890" (2009). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 79. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/79 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Alicestyne Turley The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2009 SPIRITED AWAY: BLACK EVANGELICALS AND THE GOSPEL OF FREEDOM, 1790-1890 _______________________________ ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION _______________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Alicestyne Turley Lexington, Kentucky Co-Director: Dr. Ron Eller, Professor of History Co-Director, Dr. Joanne Pope Melish, Professor of History Lexington, Kentucky 2009 Copyright © Alicestyne Turley 2009 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION SPIRITED AWAY: BLACK EVANGELICALS AND THE GOSPEL OF FREEDOM, 1790-1890 The true nineteenth-century story of the Underground Railroad begins in the South and is spread North by free blacks, escaping southern slaves, and displaced, white, anti-slavery Protestant evangelicals. This study examines the role of free blacks, escaping slaves, and white Protestant evangelicals influenced by tenants of Kentucky’s Second Great Awakening who were inspired, directly or indirectly, to aid in African American community building.
    [Show full text]
  • Jeffrey L. Scheib* ONE of the MOST Important Documents to Survive
    A 1688 Census of Kent County, Delaware Jeffrey L. Scheib* NE OF THE MOST important documents to survive from the Oearly colonial history of the state of Delaware is a partial census of Kent County taken late in the spring or sometime in the summer of 1688. The 1688 enumeration was not the earliest census of the Kent County population.' Nevertheless, it was the first census of the region to provide detailed information on the members of each household, listing not only the name of each freeholder in the county but also the names and ages of everyone dwelling in each household. Of importance both historically and genealogically, the census provides a fascinating glimpse of the population of Kent County at a very early period. Introduction The circumstances surrounding the compilation of the 1688 Kent County census remain a mystery. In December of 1682, shortly after he had assumed jurisdiction over the Three Lower Counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, William Penn' issued an order to the justices of the peace in each of the counties: I do also think Fitt that an Exact Catalogue be returned to Me, of the Names of all the People of your County, Masters, Mistresses, Servants, Parents, Children, allso the number of Acres each Free Holder hash, and *Editor's Note: The author is indebted to Rosalind, . Belle; former assistant editor of the Biographical Dictionary of Early Pennsylvania Ligiclaton project. During the course of her research on several Kent Countians who served as representatives in the Pennsylvania Assembly before the year 1 nv, she discovenxi a partial transcript of the Kent County census in the Matilda Spicer Hari Collection at the Genealogical Society cf Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]