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Attempts of Austrian Redesign of the Administration of Lesser Wallachia Between 1718 and 1739

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Attempts of Austrian Redesign of the Administration of Lesser Wallachia Between 1718 and 1739 Peter Mario Kreuter Attempts of Austrian Redesign of the Administration of Lesser Wallachia between 1718 and 1739 Peter Mario KREUTER Senior Researcher and Managing Editor of “Südost-Forschungen” at Leibniz Institute for East and Southeast European Studies, Regensburg In: Harald Heppner / Sabine Jesner (eds.), The 18th Century as Period of Innovation, Yearbook of the Society for 18th Century Studies on South Eastern Europe 2 (2019), 131–140. DOI: 10.25364/22.2:2019.10 Contribution is published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.de 131 Peter Mario Kreuter Attempts of Austrian Redesign of the Administration of Lesser Wallachia between 1718 and 1739 Peter Mario KREUTER With the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), Wallachia became a declared goal of Austrian annexation plans. Although the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718) only conceded to Austria possession of the five Wallachian districts known as Lesser Wallachia, the Austrian government immediately began to reorganise this area in their favour. Relevant committees debated the actual state of agriculture and crafts, the ownership of land, the condition of the road network and bridges, and the development of the capital Craiova. Despite several changes to the head of the Oberdirektorium due to the death of the incumbents, the modernisation of the Lesser Wallachia remained the key question. The problem of the capital played a recurring role. Either in 1722 and 1727 the question arose as to whether the existing capital of Craiova ought to be reshaped and modernised, or whether it made more sense to venture further north to Tîrgu Jiu. Introduction On 21 July 1718 much changed in Southeastern Europe. First of all, there were the territorial changes that led to the greatest expansion of Austria’s borders in its history. In addition, these territorial changes were mostly accompanied by changes in other areas such as taxation or the organisation of border defence. Finally, questions of a religious or church-political nature loomed large as the main territorial gains included a population that, in its overwhelming majority, belonged to the Orthodox Church. And there was another important point that complicated the gains of 1718 for Austrian decision-makers. While Serbia or northern Bosnia, as provinces of the Ottoman Empire, came from a completely different administrative tradition that did not require a native hereditary nobility and therefore had to be completely renewed, Lesser Wallachia had been separated from a larger sovereign state, the Principality of Wallachia, which had its own administrative structures that corresponded neither to the Ottoman nor to the Austrian ones. Even more, Lesser Wallachia had a special status within the principality with some administrative peculiarities that would cause the Austrians some headaches. Wallachia as an Aim Southeastern Europe only appeared relatively late as an object of strategic interest for Austria. Although there were some voices at the Habsburg Court as early as the first half of the 16th century that wanted to assign the Danube an important role for geostrategic thinking, factors such as the Wars with the Ottoman Empire or the Reformation meant that Southeastern Europe was not a geopolitical objective at that time. Even though the importance of the Danube as a route for the movement of goods or troops and weapons was clearly recognised, 132 Peter Mario Kreuter there was little interest in conquering territories along the river.1 As Maria Baramova states, “the genuine Habsburg Danube, however, and the river’s association with Vienna’s power politics materialised only after the Peace of Karlowitz in 1699. […] Furthermore, after 1699 the Habsburg Monarchy set its sights even farther eastward, on the delta and domination of the Lower Danube. The Danube was no longer merely a river: it was a powerful space, the two banks of which Vienna was beginning to consider its own”.2 Corresponding plans were already drawn up during the peace negotiations. In the Finanz- und Hofkammerarchiv in Vienna, there is a fine example for such plans, in a memorandum from the year 1698 in which Wallachia is clearly named as a central focus of imperial politics.3 This memorandum is part of a series of other texts that will be written around and after the Treaty of Passarowitz (Požarevac). Only four pages in length, it is written by an unknown author and seeks to show the possibilities of utilising the Orthodox population of Wallachia. There are no detailed plans on how to obtain Wallachia, but the exact description of church structures, the naming of important political players and the overall context with regard to the expected conquests in Southeast Europe show that despite peace at the end of the Great Turkish War, the ambitions of the Habsburg Monarchy would by no means be finished. Serbia and Northern Bosnia after 1718 Following the Treaty of Passarowitz, the Serbian and North Bosnian acquisitions of territory had to be restructured administratively, and the actual population figures had to be properly recorded. In addition, after the long affiliation with the Ottoman Empire, many religious-political questions had to be solved. Finally, Vienna’s desire for Catholicisation had to be taken into account, which led to the (re-)establishment of a Catholic diocesan structure.4 At first, it had been thought to give Serbia and Northern Bosnia to Hungary, but the still unstable Habsburg rule in Hungary did not make this seem advisable. In order to eliminate Hungarian desires and at the same time avoid the influence of Austrian institutions, it was decided to establish Serbia as an independent kingdom within the Habsburg possessions.5 This Regnum Serviae or Königreich 1 In an essay, Maria Baramova presents as an example for the recognition of the military value of the Danube the book of Georg Agricola, Oratio de bello adversus Turcam suscipiendo ad Ferdinandum Ungariae Boemiaeque regem et principes Germaniae from 1538, where Agricola underlines how easy it would be to transport troops and material on the Danube straight into the enemy’s territory. Cf. Maria Baramova, Did the Danube Exist in Habsburg Power Politics in South- Eastern Europe before 1699?, in: Idem / Plamen Mitev / Ivan Parvev / Vania Racheva (eds.), Power and Influence in South-Eastern Europe. 16th–19th Century. Münster, Wien, Berlin 2013, 25–35, 29–30. 2 Ibidem, 35. 3 ÖStA AVA FHKA, Hoffinanz Ungarn, Siebenbürgen 174, Urkunden und Varia 1614–1700, Nr. 29, 4: Denkschrift über die Ausdehnung der kais. Oberherrschaft, fol. 391–394. 4 For this whole complex, see Enis Pelidija, The Influence of the Peace of Passarowitz on Bosnia, in: Charles Ingrao / Nikola Samardžić / Jovan Pešalj (eds.), The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. West Lafayette/IN 2011, 111–130, and Katarina Mitrović, The Peace of Passarowitz and the Re- establishment of the Catholic Diocesan Administration in Belgrade and Smederevo, in: ibidem, 209–217. 5 Johann Langer, Serbien unter der kaiserlichen Regierung 1717‒1739. In: Mittheilungen des k. k. Kriegsarchivs N. F. 3 (1889), 156–249, 158f. 133 Peter Mario Kreuter Servien was neither a part of the Holy Roman Empire nor the Kingdom of Hungary but rather under the direct control of the Emperor in Vienna. The actual administration of the province was in the hands of an appointed governor, field marshal Karl Alexander von Württemberg (1684‒1737).6 A 1720 regulation declared that the main part of Belgrade at the banks of the Danube river was to be settled mainly by German Catholics, especially from the Rhineland, while the Serbs were to live outside the city walls in the “Rascian” part on the banks of the Sava river.7 Additionally, the further administrative division of the kingdom was to be subordinated to the military and economic needs of Vienna. Since conscription carried out in the autumn of 1721 in the new kingdom (except Belgrade) brought to light an alarmingly low population of about 20,000 people, the administrative reorganisation of Serbia was initiated. The Kingdom of Serbia was divided into the city of Belgrade itself and 15 districts, the smallest with 17, the largest with 81 villages. In 1723 there were still minor changes to this division, but essentially this district distribution remained intact until 1739.8 Serbia was entirely reorganised, and nothing remained of the old Ottoman administrative structure. This complete revision of the entire administrative structures also made it possible to use local Hajduks for border security in addition to the Austrian troops.9 Something Old and Something New in Lesser Wallachia Such far-reaching changes to the administrative structure were not planned for Lesser Wallachia. The obvious reason for this was that for centuries a local administration was able to develop, corresponding far more to what the new masters from Austria knew themselves. There was a local nobility whose possessions and privileges were inherited from the family. There was also an ecclesiastical structure whose organisation was also similar to that of the Austrian hereditary lands. As well, there was an existing administrative organisation to build on. Above all, however, one thing was significant: Lesser Wallachia, like the Principality as a whole, had never been a province of the Ottoman Empire. The administration in Craiova was therefore oriented towards Bucharest, not Istanbul. However, the boyars of Lesser Wallachia were not inactive either. After the victory of the Austrians at the Battle of Petrovaradin on 5 August 1716, the occupation of the Banat in October of the same year and the first military actions and occupations of the Austrians in Wallachia, it was obvious to the local nobility to seek contact with the Habsburg monarchy and to influence the course of events as much as possible. In February 1717, a delegation under the leadership of the bishop of Rimnik appeared in Vienna to negotiate the future position of Wallachia.
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