The William Randolph Hearst Archive in the Digital Initiatives and Art Image Library Long Island University
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The William Randolph Hearst Archive in the Digital Initiatives and Art Image Library Long Island University Finding aid written by Alexandra Janvey using DACS, 2013. William Randolph Hearst (1863 – 1951) Photograph. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. ca. 1906 Overview of the Collection Creator: Hearst, William Randolph, 1863-1951 Title: William Randolph Hearst Archive Dates: 1884-1975 Extent: approximately 425 linear feet of auction catalogs, albums, documents, photographs, aperture cards, and books. Repository: Digital Initiatives and Art Image Library Long Island University 720 Northern Boulevard, Brookville, New York 11548 Language(s) of material: English, French, and German Abstract: The William Randolph Hearst Archive consists of auction catalogs, albums, paper records, photographs, aperture cards, and books that document the immense size and range of art items acquired by Hearst during his lifetime. 1 Biographical Note William Randolph Hearst was a prominent publisher, art collector, politician, and film industry entrepreneur. During his lifetime, he was an influential figure in American journalism and amassed one of the world’s largest media empires. This empire included several newspapers such as The San Francisco Examiner and New York Morning Journal, as well as renowned magazines including Cosmopolitan, Country Living, Esquire, Good Housekeeping, Harper’s Bazaar, and Town and Country. Today, the Hearst Corporation’s assets have grown to include ownership in the leading cable networks: A&E, Lifetime, History, The Biography Channel, and ESPN. William Hearst was born on April 29, 1863 in San Francisco, California, to father, George, and mother, Phoebe Apperson Hearst. George was a self-made millionaire who earned his fortune in the mining industry. Phoebe was a former schoolteacher who coddled her only child. She had an enduring interest in art and anthropology, amassing an extensive collection of her own. Hearst also enjoyed all the benefits that a wealthy upbringing afforded him. These benefits included learning different languages, visiting museums, attending the opera, and taking lavish trips that exposed him to other cultures. In fact, it was on his first grand tour of Europe that ten-year-old Hearst began to demonstrate a desire to collect things. This trip planted the seed of what would eventually lead to Hearst’s obsessive collecting of art, antiquities, and anthropological treasures. William Hearst married a 21-year-old showgirl named Millicient Willson (1882- 1974) in 1903. They had five sons together – George Sr., William Jr., John, Randolph, and David (formerly known as Elbert Willson). All five boys would follow their father’s footsteps into the media business. Hearst’s third son, William Randolph Hearst, Jr., would become a Pulitzer prize-winning newspaper reporter. Shortly after the birth of their fourth and fifth sons, twins, Hearst first encountered Marion Davies (1897-1961). Marion was performing in the production “Ziegfield Follies” on Broadway in New York City. Although Hearst was already married, he was infatuated with Marion and the pair developed a romantic relationship in 1916. He gave Marion favorable publicity for her performances in his papers and launched Goldwyn-Cosmopolitan Productions to promote her career. While Hearst’s intentions were altruistic, he had Marion play dramatic roles when she had natural talent for comedy, which ended up hampering her success. William Hearst’s interest in publishing was sparked during his second year of Harvard (class of 1885) when he was elected the business manager of the Harvard Lampoon. Given the challenging task of turning things around for this failing magazine, Hearst’s work with the magazine proved to be an enormous success. The Lampoon’s circulation expanded by 50 percent, advertising revenue increased by 300 percent, and Hearst was able to transform a deficit of $200 into a surplus of $650. 2 In 1887, at the age of 24, an ambitious Hearst convinced his father to let him take over the San Francisco Examiner, a failing newspaper that his father purchased seven years earlier (various sources indicate that it was given to George Hearst in place of a gambling debt). Hearst changed the course of the San Francisco Examiner by upgrading all the equipment and hiring the most talented writers of that time. Within the San Francisco Examiner’s first year with Hearst, circulation doubled. Following the death of his father, Hearst bought his second newspaper, the New York Journal. The New York Journal was a competitor of Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and the two men became embroiled in a fierce rivalry. Hearst is also attributed with the creation of “yellow journalism,” a reporting style that utilized eye-catching headlines and embellished stories, many of which were based on speculation. The use of “yellow journalism” attracted readers and increased the sale of newspapers. Hearst purchased more newspapers on both coasts and in major cities nationwide, as well as in the UK. At the height of his success, he owned about 30 papers, and nearly one in four Americans got their news from a Hearst owned paper. After the death of his beloved mother Phoebe in 1919, Hearst inherited the family fortune. He began to collect works of art with increasing momentum through auction houses and dealers in both the United States and Europe. Hearst’s vast art collection was valued at about $20 million dollars in 1935 (a quarter of a billion dollars today). He was compulsive in his collection and has been characterized as an accumulator lacking self-discipline and discretion. Yet, pieces of his extraordinary art collection are now accessible to researchers and in major museums and private collections worldwide. The collection included huge selections of armor, tapestries, paintings, furniture, and even two Cistercian monasteries that he had crated and shipped across the Atlantic. Art experts are in general agreement that Hearst’s collection was exceptional not only in its scope and breadth, but in its judicial selection of objects. Hearst selected works created by great artists and artisans of cultural and historical significance. He believed that “the end of art was delight” and had a lot of faith in his own taste. He would later use some of these items to furnish his many homes: Hearst Castle in San Simeon, California, Marion Davies’ Beach House in Santa Monica, Wyntoon Castle in Northern California, St. Donat’s Castle in Wales, Joan’s Castle in Sands Point, Long Island, and his Clarendon apartment in New York. Hearst’s empire suffered during the Great Depression and he was forced to sell off some of the newspapers he had acquired, as well as a large portion of his art collection. He died on August 14, 1951, in Beverly Hills, California. Bibliography Nasaw, David (2000). The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. 3 Hearst Corporation. “Hearst Newspapers.” Retrieved May 24, 2013 from http://www.hearst.com/newspapers/index.php Hearst Corporation. “Hearst Magazines.” Retrieved on May 24, 2013 from http://www.hearst.com/magazines/index.php Biography. “William Randolph Hearst.” Retrieved on May 24, 2013 from http://www.biography.com/people/william-randolph-hearst- 9332973?page=1 Hearst Castle. “William Randolph Hearst.” Retrieved on May 24, 2013 from http://www.hearstcastle.org/history-behind-hearst-castle/historic- people/profiles/william-randolph-hearst/ Arrangement The collection is arranged in 6 series. All efforts have been made to retain the materials original order. Series I: Catalogs, 1884-1975 Series II: Sales Records Series III: Albums Subseries III.A: Photographic Albums Subseries III.B: Articles Transferred Subseries III.C: Photofiles Subseries III.D: Photo Files Subseries III.E: J.P. Anderson Office Photographs Series IV: Aperture Cards Series V: Books Series VI: Subject Files Scope and Content Note The William Randolph Hearst Archive consists of auction catalogs, albums, paper records, photographs, aperture cards, and books that document the immense size and range of art items acquired by Hearst during his lifetime. The materials originate from a five square block warehouse in the Bronx that Hearst leased in 1919 to serve as a storage space for part of his massive art collection. He created the International Studio Art Corporation (ISAC) to manage the warehouse, purchase art for him, and clear customs when necessary. The ISAC had a full time staff that meticulously photographed and recorded each purchase. They also created an organizational system for the storage of the collection and its archival materials. 4 Series I includes over 10,000 original auction catalogs dating from 1884 to 1975. Included are catalogs published by Parke Bernet, Hammer Galleries, American Art Association and many European galleries. When Hearst was unable to make it to auctions he sent representatives with explicit instructions on what to buy and the amount he was willing to pay. He armed these representatives with auction catalogues that had “Buy these” scrawled in pencil. The catalogs contain margin notes indicating prices paid, directions to buy, and inquiries, including notations such as “Who bought?” Many of the catalogs also contain notations made by Hearst himself. These sales catalogs reveal critical information about art collecting in general and Hearst’s approach to collecting art. They are not only in English, but French and German as well. The catalogs are arranged chronologically and in varying conditions. Series II include 53 boxes of loose sales and shipping records that came from the same Bronx warehouse as the other materials in the collection. The records correspond with the items described in other parts of the collection. They have been kept in there original order, arranged categorically. Series III consists of the various albums that are apart of this collection. Due to the (sometimes minor) differences between the albums, this series has been broken down further into 5 subseries. Subseries III.A consists of the 170 photographic albums that make up a bulk of Series III.