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The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

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The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY—REDUCING THE RISK FROM VOLCANO HAZARDS The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) ussia’s Kamchatka Peninsula Ris home to 29 active volcanoes, including 7 snow-capped strato- cones more than 10,000 ft (3,000 m) high. Several eruptions each year in Kamchatka produce ash clouds that threaten the safety of air travel across the North Pacific, including travel between the United States and Russia and Japan. The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), created in 1993 through a cooperative effort of Russian and U.S. scientists, monitors the volca- noes of Kamchatka to provide warn- ings and rapid reporting of eruptions. In October 1994, Klyuchevskoy Volcano in northern Kamchatka erupted explosively, sending a column of Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula, across the volcanic ash more than 9 miles (15 km) into the air. This photograph taken from a space shuttle shows Bering Sea from Alaska, has 29 active volca- the ash cloud as high winds blow it southeastward over the North Pacific Ocean. The cloud crossed busy noes. Although only a few of these pose a di- air routes in both Russian and U.S. airspace. Warnings from the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) were crucial to enabling the safe rerouting of North Pacific air traffic until the threat sub- rect threat to the peninsula’s sparse population, sided. (Photograph courtesy of NASA.) an eruption from any of them can be a serious threat to aviation throughout the entire North tion of volcanic eruptions occurring in the laboration with the Alaska Volcano Observa- Pacific region. In a typical year, 3 or 4 explo- northwest Pacific, scientists with the Russian tory (AVO), a cooperative effort of the U.S. sive eruptions in Kamchatka send tiny jagged Academy of Sciences Institute of Volcanic Geological Survey (USGS), University of particles of rock and glass (volcanic ash) high Geology and Geochemistry (IVGG) and the Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, and into the atmosphere and across heavily trav- Kamchatkan Experimental and Methodical Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysi- eled international air routes between Asia and Seismological Department (KEMSD) created cal Surveys. Funding for KVERT and its staff North America. the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response of about a dozen full- and part-time scientists Volcanic ash is extremely hazardous to fly- Team (KVERT). This was done in close col- has been provided by several organizations, ing jet aircraft. Encounters with ash clouds can cause jet engines to fail suddenly, because ash An AVHRR satellite image of the ash cloud can erode compressor blades and melt and so- from the October 1, 1994, eruption of Klyuchevskoy Volcano is shown here su- lidify onto moving parts. Ash clouds can drift perimposed on a simplified map of North with prevailing winds for many days and thou- Pacific air routes. Each day, aircraft flying sands of miles and still be a hazard to aircraft. along these routes, some of the busiest in the world, carry more than 20,000 passen- Worldwide, more than 100 jet aircraft in the past gers and cargo worth millions of dollars 20 years have inadvertently entered ash clouds, to and from Asia, North America, and Eu- causing hundreds of millions of dollars in dam- rope. (Satellite image processed by David Schneider, Alaska Volcano Observatory.) age. Although no fatal incidents have yet oc- Satellite images are a powerful tool used curred, many encounters have been close calls. to detect volcanic eruptions and track the The threat of volcanic ash to aircraft can movements of ash clouds. In cooperation with the Alaska Volcano Observatory, be reduced through warnings of eruptions, KVERT examines data from Japanese and timely detection and tracking of ash clouds, U.S. meteorological satellites to detect and effective communication of the hazard and monitor the eruptive activity of Kamchatkan and some Kurile Island volcanoes. Several times a day, images from GMS (Geostationary Meteorological Satellite), GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites), to authorities and the aviation community. In and polar-orbiting satellites carrying AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) are scrutinized for 1993, recognizing the need for rapid detec- evidence of ash or thermal anomalies that might indicate volcanic activity. U.S. Department of the Interior USGS Fact Sheet 064-02 U.S. Geological Survey 2002 155°E The Kamchatka Peninsula has 29 active 160°E 164°E T quent series of ash explosions, KVERT and AVO volcanoes, several of them near Petropav- igil R. 58°N lovsk-Kamchatsky, a city of 200,000 people, had notified aviation authorities and air carriers. Ozernaya R. where KVERT is based. The most effective Active volcano These warnings, along with guidance from the method of detecting unrest at volcanoes is SeismicallyKhayryuzova monitored R. SHEVELUCH National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- seismic (earthquake) monitoring. As of 2002, (2002) volcano (year of last Nerpichye 27 remote seismic monitoring stations (see eruption) Lake tion (NOAA) on expected movement of ash PENINSULA inset) are operating at 9 of the most active Klyuchi Ust- clouds, enabled dispatchers and air-traffic con- volcanoes in Kamchatka and at Alaid Vol- Kozyrevsk Kamchatsk KLYUCHEVSKOY (2000) trollers to safely reroute North Pacific air traffic cano on Atlasova Island in the northern BEZYMIANNY (2001) Kurile Islands. Data are transmitted from PLOSKY TOLBACHIK (1975-76) until the threat subsided. the stations to three recording centers in Since KVERT issued its first information Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Klyuchi, and TKA Kronotskoye release on the status of Kamchatkan volcanoes, Kozyrevsk. Internet connectivity among hatka RiverLake these centers allows KVERT scientists to in March 1993, more than 500 information re- Sobolevo Kamc N rapidly analyze data and issue notifications A KAMCHA E leases and dozens of eruption notifications have of volcanic unrest at the monitored volca- C O been distributed to passenger and cargo airlines, noes. Direct visual observations are also KARYMSKY (2002) 54°N C important in confirming volcanic eruptions ha R. Zhupanova R. I emergency management agencies in the U.S. Sea of vac F A I and making hazard assessments. For Kam- Okhotsk KORYAKSKY (1956-57) C A and Russia, the media, and scientists around the chatkan volcanoes not visible from KVERT YELIZOVO P AIRPORT AVACHINSKY (1991) headquarters, visual reports are received Ust- * world. KVERT’s prompt and reliable reporting Bolsheretsk aya R. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky from technical observers in Klyuchi Bystr has helped ensure that aircraft can safely and ef- GORELY (1986) and Kozyrevsk by telephone, radio, and MUTNOVSKY (1960-61) ficiently avoid dangerous ash clouds. e-mail. In 2000, a video-camera system was installed in Klyuchi, which, weather 0 150 KILOMETERS In coming decades, air traffic in the North permitting, makes real-time images of Kurilskoye Pacific is projected to increase steadily. The risk Lake Klyuchevskoy Volcano available on the Ozernovsky of costly, damaging, and possibly deadly en- Internet (http://data.emsd.iks.ru/video/ Atlasova counters of aircraft with volcanic ash clouds will video.htm). A similar system was in- Island stalled in May 2002 for Sheveluch Volca- ALAID rise accordingly, underscoring the importance of (1981) no, and additonal systems are planned Severo-Kurilsk KVERT operations to the safety of air travel in for other Kamchatkan volcanoes. (Photo Paramushir Island this volcanically active region. To meet this chal- courtesy of Yury Demyanchuk, Kam- 50°N chatkan Experimental and Methodical lenge, KVERT and its partners, including USGS, Seismological Department.) are working to expand monitoring and warning capacity by adding more seismic networks and including the International Air Transport As- tivity is observed, KVERT uses an emergency video systems and by enhancing satellite analysis sociation, U.S. Agency for International Devel- call-down procedure to notify the Airport Me- for Kamchatka and the adjacent Kurile Islands. opment, USGS, and the Russian State Unitary teorological Center (AMC) at Yelizovo Airport Vladimir Yu. Kirianov, Christina A. Neal, Enterprise Kamchatkaeronavigatziya. in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the Kamchatka Evgenii I. Gordeev, and Thomas P. Miller The most effective method of detecting unrest Department of Civil Emergency, AVO, and lo- Edited by at volcanoes is seismic (earthquake) monitor- cal media and officials. The Yelizovo Airport James W. Hendley II and Peter Stauffer Graphic design by ing. As of 2002, 27 remote seismic monitoring AMC is responsible for then notifying the Susan Mayfield and Sara Boore stations are operating at 9 of the most active vol- Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center, which in Banner design by Bobbie Myers canoes in Kamchatka and at Alaid Volcano, on turn issues Volcanic Ash Advisory Statements COOPERATING ORGANIZATIONS Airline Pilots Association Paramushir Island in the northern Kurile Islands. to the aviation community. Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Direct visual observations are also important A written description of each eruption is also Federal Aviation Administration Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks in confirming volcanic eruptions and making sent from KVERT to AVO, which then distrib- Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences hazard assessments. They allow scientists to utes it to more than 200 users by phone, fax, and International
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