DOCSLIB.ORG

Features of Heat and Mass Transfer Processes Under the Avachinsky Volcano (Kamchatka)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Features of Heat and Mass Transfer Processes Under the Avachinsky Volcano (Kamchatka) EGU2020-362 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-362 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Features of heat and mass transfer processes under the Avachinsky volcano (Kamchatka) Grigory Kuznetsov1 and Victor Sharapov1,2 1Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, ([email protected]) 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, ([email protected]) We investigated the processes beneath the Avacha volcano using mantle peridotite xenoliths the with the EPMA, electronic microscope and ICP methods and numeric modeling of the mass transfer accounting the melt fluid reactions with peridotites The decompression melting processes in peridotites beneath Avachinsky volcano (Kamchatka) are associated with seismic events. After the reactions with the Si, Ca, Na, K from partial melts associated with the subduction related fluids the spinel and orthopyroxene were melted and essentially clinopyroxene veins were formed. Secondary crystals growth in the mantle xenoliths (with melt and fluid inclusions) are associated possibly with the fluids appeared due to retrograde boiling of the magma chamber beneath the volcano. The processes of sublimation and recrystallization of Avacha harzburgites was investigated at the facility in the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Novosibirsk, Russia), which generates high-density electron beams and makes it possible to obtain boiling ultrabasic and basic liquids and condensates of magmatic gas on the surface of harzburgite. Results of experiments provides a satisfactory explanation for the observed local heterophase alterations within ultramafic rocks that have experienced multistage deformation beneath volcanoes of the Kamchatka volcanic front. Mathematical model of convective heating and metasomatic reactions in harzburgites were modeled using the Selector PC thermodynamic software. The obtained virtual dynamic patterns of metasomatic zoning across the mantle wedge show how composition variations of fluids and PT conditions at their sources influence the facies of metasomatized mantle wedge harzburgite. Such processes are apparently common to seismically deformed permeable lithosphere above magma reservoirs. There are two regions fluid filtration conditions under the Avachinsky volcano which are regulated by the tectonic conditions. The lower field where compression conditions prevail. And the upper field, where the prevailing tensile conditions and intense seismic destruction of the rocks of the crust and upper mantle. The heat flux distribution shows the manifestation of the convective heating mechanism in the earth's crust over the most permeable fault zones. The study of the composition of the gas phases and melt inclusions suggests that the partial melting of metasomatized ultrabasites occurs in the range of 1150 ° C <T <1200 ° C. In accord with the composition of the glassy phase in the melt inclusions of spinel crystals, the harzburgite metasomatism in the local melting sites is associated with brine melts that bringing Ca, K, Na, Si. C. The work was ï¬&#129;nancially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Grants No. 16-29-15131, 16-01-00729. References Arai S., Ishimaru S. Insights into Petrologycal Characteristics of the Lithosphere Mantle Wedge beneath Arcs through Peridotite Xenoliths: a Review.// J. Petrol., 2008. V.49(4), 359-395. Tomilenko A.A., Kovyazin S.V., Sharapov V.N., Timina T.Yu., Kuzmin D.V. Metasomatic recrystallization and melting of ultrabasic rocks of mantle wedge beneath Avacha Volcano, Kamchatka // ACROFI III and TBG XIV Abstracts Volume / SB RAS IGM, Novosibirsk: Publishing House of SB RAS, 2010, p. 248-249. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Explosive Earth
    Natural Hazards Explosive Earth One of the most beautiful pictures taken of the Earth is known as the Blue Marble. Taken from space, it is the epitome of serenity. The Earth really looks like a small marble with swirls of blue, white, green and brown, as it floats placidly in the vastness of space. However, the Volcano Variety picture is misleading, for Mother Earth is geologically restless and Based on history of activity often explodes in acts so violent that we call them, natural hazards. Active: These volcanoes are currently erupting, or exhibiting unrest through earthquakes and/or gas emissions. Natural hazards are defined as, “those Volcano Architecture Dormant: These volcanoes are inactive, but have not been so long elements of the physical environment, harmful A volcano constitutes a vent, a pipe, a enough to be declared extinct. to man and caused by forces extraneous to crater, and a cone. him.” The prefix “natural” shows that these Vent: This is the opening through which Extinct: These volcanoes have been exclude phenomenon that are a result of volcanic material is ejected. A central vent inactive in all of recorded history. human action. An event that causes large underlies the summit crater of the volcano. Based on shape numbers of fatalities and/or tremendous loss It is connected to a magma chamber, of property is a “natural disaster.” which is the main storage area for material Volcanic cone: Volcanic cones are among that is finally ejected. the simplest volcano formations. These are Violent Volcano Pipe: This is a passageway through which built up of ejected material around a volcanic One of the most explosively violent events the ejected magma rises to the surface.
    [Show full text]
  • A 100-Year Record of North Pacific Volcanism in an Ice Core from Eclipse Icefield, Yukon Territory, Canada Kaplan Yalcin and Cameron P
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Earth Sciences Scholarship Earth Sciences 1-8-2003 A 100-year record of North Pacific olcanismv in an ice core from Eclipse icefield, ukonY Territory, Canada Kaplan Yalcin University of New Hampshire - Main Campus Cameron P. Wake University of New Hampshire - Main Campus, [email protected] Mark S. Germani MVA, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/earthsci_facpub Recommended Citation Yalcin, K., C. P. Wake, and M. Germani, A 100-year record of North Pacific olcanismv in an ice core from Eclipse Icefield, ukonY Territory, Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4012, doi:10.1029/2002JD002449, 2003. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth Sciences at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Earth Sciences Scholarship by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. D1, 4012, doi:10.1029/2002JD002449, 2003 A 100-year record of North Pacific volcanism in an ice core from Eclipse Icefield, Yukon Territory, Canada Kaplan Yalcin and Cameron P. Wake Climate Change Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space (EOS), University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA Mark S. Germani MicroMaterials Research, Inc., Burr Ridge, Illinois, USA Received 16 April 2002; revised 16 July 2002; accepted 4 August 2002; published 8 January 2003. [1] A record of regionally significant volcanic eruptions in the North Pacific over the last century has been developed using a glaciochemical record from Eclipse Icefield, Yukon Territory, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Worksheet: Volcanoes
    Worksheet: Volcanoes Find the most spectacular volcanoes in the world! Purpose: This participation and discussion When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. exercise enables students to discover for Gases and rock shoot up through the opening themselves the notable volcanoes of the world and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. and some basic information about each. Some volcanoes even exist underwater, along the ocean floor or sea bed. Objectives: Students will be able to: > geographically locate 12 notable volcanoes Activity: Follow these steps: > see images of real active volcanoes > identify key features of volcanic activity 1. Print off the: Skills: Students can demonstrate: - Information Required sheet > Researching - Volcano Locations sheet > Classifying - The 12 Volcano sheets for each group > Communicating - The Volcano Teacher Briefing > Observing > Posing questions 2. Spend 20 minutes engaging students in the formation and types of Volcanoes. (Prepare by Time Required: 45 minutes. reading the Teacher Briefing). Group Size: In small groups of 4. 3. Provide each small group with a set of the 12 volcanoes and challenge the students to: Materials/Preparation: Includes: a) locate each volcano > Access to the internet for each group b) identify the height of each volcano > The following 2 teacher guide sheets c) identify the type of each volcano > A printed copy of the 12 volcanoes to locate and research for each group. 4. Review the students discoveries and > A copy of the Volcano Teacher Briefing accuracy in identifying the information for each volcano. Background: Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth’s surface, causing eruptions 5. Use the Information and Location sheets to of lava and ash.
    [Show full text]
  • The Alaska Volcano Observatory - 20 Years of Volcano Research, Monitoring, and Eruption Response
    http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2008 THE ALASKA VOLCANO OBSERVATORY - 20 YEARS OF VOLCANO RESEARCH, MONITORING, AND ERUPTION RESPONSE Since 1988, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has been monitoring volcanic activity across the state, conducting scientifi c research on volcanic processes, producing volcano-hazard assessments, and informing both the public and emergency managers of volcanic unrest. Below are some examples of the activity at Alaska’s volcanoes that have held the attention of AVO staff. 1977 photo (a) 1989-90, Redoubt (b) 1992, Bogoslof (c) 1992, Spurr (d) 1992, (e) 1993, Seguam Westdahl 2002 photo (f) 1994, Kanaga (g) 1996, Akutan (h) 1996, Pavlof (i) 1997, Okmok (j) 1998, Korovin (k) 1999, Shishaldin (l) 2004-06, Spurr (m) 2005, Veniaminof (n) 2005, Chiginagak (o) 2006, Augustine (p) 2006, Cleveland (q) 2006, Fourpeaked (r) 2007, Pavlof Photo credits: (a) J. Warren, (b) T. Keith, USGS, (c) R. McGimsey, USGS, (d) C. Dau, USFWS, (e) U.S. Coast Guard (1977 photo), (f) E. Klett, USFWS, (g) R. McGimsey, USGS, (h) S. Schulmeister, (i) J. Freymueller, UAF/GI, (2002 photo), (j) R. McGimsey, USGS, (k) C. Nye, ADGGS, (l) D. Schneider, USGS, (m) K. Wallace, USGS, (n) J. Schaefer, ADGGS, (o) C. Read, USGS, (p) NASA, (q) K. Lawson, (r) C. Waythomas, USGS. To see more photographs of Alaska volcanoes and learn more about these eruptions and others, visit the Alaska Volcano Observatory website at www.avo.alaska.edu. MONITORING THE ACTIVE VOLCANOES OF ALASKA BY JANET SCHAEFER AND CHRIS NYE INTRODUCTION Active volcanoes in Alaska? Yes! In fact, there are more than in the last few thousand years exist in southeastern Alaska and 50 historically active volcanoes in Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1: Introduction
    THESIS APPROVAL The abstract and thesis of Julia Pamela Griswold for the Master of Science in Geology were presented June 11, 2004, and accepted by the thesis committee and the department. COMMITTEE APPROVALS: _______________________________________ Andrew G. Fountain, Chair _______________________________________ Richard M. Iverson _______________________________________ Scott F. Burns _______________________________________ J. Alan Yeakley Representative of the Office of Graduate Studies DEPARTMENT APPROVAL: _______________________________________ Michael L. Cummings, Chair Department of Geology ABSTRACT An abstract of the thesis of Julia Pamela Griswold for the Master of Science in Geology presented June 11, 2004. Title: Mobility Statistics and Hazard Mapping for Non-volcanic Debris Flows and Rock Avalanches. Power-law equations that are physically motivated and statistically tested and calibrated provide a basis for forecasting areas likely to be inundated by debris flows, 2/3 rock avalanches, and lahars with diverse volumes (V). The equations A=α1V and 2/3 B=α2V indicate that the maximum valley cross-sectional area (A) and total valley planimetric area (B) likely to be inundated by a flow depend only on the flow volume and topography of the flow path. Testing of these equations involves determining whether they satisfactorily fit data for documented flows, and calibration entails determining best-fit values of the coefficients α1 and α2. This thesis describes statistical testing and calibration of the equations using field data compiled from many sources, and it describes application of the equations to delineation of debris-flow hazard zones in the Coast Range of southern Oregon. Separate inundation-area equations are appropriate for debris flows, rock avalanches, and lahars, because statistical tests demonstrate that data describing A, B, and V for these types of flows are derived from distinct parent populations.
    [Show full text]
  • USGS Open-File Report 2009-1133, V. 1.2, Table 3
    Table 3. (following pages). Spreadsheet of volcanoes of the world with eruption type assignments for each volcano. [Columns are as follows: A, Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (CAVW) volcano identification number; E, volcano name; F, country in which the volcano resides; H, volcano latitude; I, position north or south of the equator (N, north, S, south); K, volcano longitude; L, position east or west of the Greenwich Meridian (E, east, W, west); M, volcano elevation in meters above mean sea level; N, volcano type as defined in the Smithsonian database (Siebert and Simkin, 2002-9); P, eruption type for eruption source parameter assignment, as described in this document. An Excel spreadsheet of this table accompanies this document.] Volcanoes of the World with ESP, v 1.2.xls AE FHIKLMNP 1 NUMBER NAME LOCATION LATITUDE NS LONGITUDE EW ELEV TYPE ERUPTION TYPE 2 0100-01- West Eifel Volc Field Germany 50.17 N 6.85 E 600 Maars S0 3 0100-02- Chaîne des Puys France 45.775 N 2.97 E 1464 Cinder cones M0 4 0100-03- Olot Volc Field Spain 42.17 N 2.53 E 893 Pyroclastic cones M0 5 0100-04- Calatrava Volc Field Spain 38.87 N 4.02 W 1117 Pyroclastic cones M0 6 0101-001 Larderello Italy 43.25 N 10.87 E 500 Explosion craters S0 7 0101-003 Vulsini Italy 42.60 N 11.93 E 800 Caldera S0 8 0101-004 Alban Hills Italy 41.73 N 12.70 E 949 Caldera S0 9 0101-01= Campi Flegrei Italy 40.827 N 14.139 E 458 Caldera S0 10 0101-02= Vesuvius Italy 40.821 N 14.426 E 1281 Somma volcano S2 11 0101-03= Ischia Italy 40.73 N 13.897 E 789 Complex volcano S0 12 0101-041
    [Show full text]
  • Water-Methane Geothermal Reservoirs in a South-West Foothills of Koryaksky Volcano, Kamchatka
    PROCEEDINGS, 46th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 15-17, 2021 SGP-TR-218 Water-Methane Geothermal Reservoirs in a South-West Foothills of Koryaksky Volcano, Kamchatka Alexey Kiryukhin1, Pavel Voronin1, Nikita Zhuravlev1, Galina Kopylova2 1 - Institute of Volcanology & Seismology FEB RAS, Piip 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia, 683006, 2 - Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences (KB GS RAS) [email protected] Keywords: Geothermal, Kamchatka, Magma, Fracking, Production, Faults, Reservoirs, Volcanoes ABSTRACT The Ketkinsky geothermal reservoirs appears to be the product of magma and water injection from the Koryaksky volcano. Actual thermal supply may be carried out by magma injections in the form of sills in the depth range of -6 to -3 km abs. from the SW sector of the Koryaksky volcano. Water supply according to the isotopic composition of water is mixed: it is carried out through the structure of the Koryaksky volcano from above 2 km abs. and at the expense magmatic fluids. The system of the identified productive faults and magma fracking system is geometrically conjugated through some of the existing faults. Well E1 located above of the magma- hydrothermal connection above mentioned demonstrates water level change sensitivity to magma fracking events of Koryaksky volcano 2008-2009. Thus, Ketkinsky geothermal field appears to be the product of magma and water injection from the Koryaksky volcano. 1. INTRODUCTION The Avachinsko-Koryaksky volcanogenic basin with an area of 2530 km2 includes 5 quaternary volcanoes (2 of which Avachinsky (2750 m abs) and Koryaksky (3456 m abs) are active), sub-basins of volcanogenic-sedimentary Neogene-Quaternary deposits up to 1.4 km thick (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Emulating Volcanic Ash Fall for Multi‑Scale Analysis:Development of The
    MANILA Record 2014/36 | GeoCat 81611 Emulating volcanic ash fall for multi-scale analysis: Development of the VAPAHR tool and application to the Asia-Pacific region for the United Nations Global Assessment Report 2015 Bear-Crozier, A. N.1, Miller, V.1, Newey, V.1, Horspool, N.1 and Weber, R.1 APPLYING GEOSCIENCE TO AUSTRALIA’S MOST IMPORTANT CHALLENGES www.ga.gov.au Emulating volcanic ash fall for multi-scale analysis: Development of the VAPAHR tool and application to the Asia- Pacific region for the United Nations Global Assessment Report 2015 GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA RECORD 2014/36 Bear-Crozier, A. N.1, Miller, V.1, Newey, V.1, Horspool, N.1 and Weber, R.1 1. Geoscience Australia Department of Industry Minister for Industry: The Hon Ian Macfarlane MP Parliamentary Secretary: The Hon Bob Baldwin MP Secretary: Ms Glenys Beauchamp PSM Geoscience Australia Chief Executive Officer: Dr Chris Pigram This paper is published with the permission of the CEO, Geoscience Australia © Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2014 With the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms and where otherwise noted, all material in this publication is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence. (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en) Geoscience Australia has tried to make the information in this product as accurate as possible. However, it does not guarantee that the information is totally accurate or complete. Therefore, you should not solely rely on this information when making a commercial decision. Geoscience Australia is committed to providing web accessible content wherever possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Tephrakam: Geochemical Database of Glass Compositions in Tephra and Welded Tuffs from the Kamchatka Volcanic Arc (Northwestern Pacific)
    Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 469–486, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-469-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. TephraKam: geochemical database of glass compositions in tephra and welded tuffs from the Kamchatka volcanic arc (northwestern Pacific) Maxim V. Portnyagin1,2, Vera V. Ponomareva3, Egor A. Zelenin4, Lilia I. Bazanova3, Maria M. Pevzner4, Anastasia A. Plechova2, Aleksei N. Rogozin3, and Dieter Garbe-Schönberg5 1GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany 2V.I.Vernadsky Institute for Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia 3Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006, Russia 4Geological Institute, Moscow, 119017, Russia 5Institute of Geosciences, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany Correspondence: Maxim V. Portnyagin ([email protected]) Received: 21 October 2019 – Discussion started: 30 October 2019 Revised: 30 January 2020 – Accepted: 30 January 2020 – Published: 27 February 2020 Abstract. Tephra layers produced by volcanic eruptions are widely used for correlation and dating of various deposits and landforms, for synchronization of disparate paleoenvironmental archives, and for reconstruction of magma origin. Here we present our original database TephraKam, which includes chemical compositions of volcanic glass in tephra and welded tuffs from the Kamchatka volcanic arc. The database contains 7049 single-shard major element analyses obtained by electron microprobe and 738 trace element analyses obtained by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on 487 samples collected in close proximity to their volcanic sources in all volcanic zones in Kamchatka. The samples characterize about 300 explosive eruptions, which occurred in Kamchatka from the Miocene up to recent times.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
    U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY—REDUCING THE RISK FROM VOLCANO HAZARDS The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) ussia’s Kamchatka Peninsula Ris home to 29 active volcanoes, including 7 snow-capped strato- cones more than 10,000 ft (3,000 m) high. Several eruptions each year in Kamchatka produce ash clouds that threaten the safety of air travel across the North Pacific, including travel between the United States and Russia and Japan. The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), created in 1993 through a cooperative effort of Russian and U.S. scientists, monitors the volca- noes of Kamchatka to provide warn- ings and rapid reporting of eruptions. In October 1994, Klyuchevskoy Volcano in northern Kamchatka erupted explosively, sending a column of Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula, across the volcanic ash more than 9 miles (15 km) into the air. This photograph taken from a space shuttle shows Bering Sea from Alaska, has 29 active volca- the ash cloud as high winds blow it southeastward over the North Pacific Ocean. The cloud crossed busy noes. Although only a few of these pose a di- air routes in both Russian and U.S. airspace. Warnings from the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) were crucial to enabling the safe rerouting of North Pacific air traffic until the threat sub- rect threat to the peninsula’s sparse population, sided. (Photograph courtesy of NASA.) an eruption from any of them can be a serious threat to aviation throughout the entire North tion of volcanic eruptions occurring in the laboration with the Alaska Volcano Observa- Pacific region.
    [Show full text]
  • Recurrent Voluminous Sector Collapses at Volcán Barú, Panama
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2011 Recurrent voluminous sector collapses at Volcán Barú, Panama Julie A. Herrick Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Geology Commons Copyright 2011 Julie A. Herrick Recommended Citation Herrick, Julie A., "Recurrent voluminous sector collapses at Volcán Barú, Panama", Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2011. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/324 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Geology Commons Recurrent voluminous sector collapses at Volcán Barú, Panama Julie A. Herrick A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2011 Copyright © Julie A. Herrick 2011 This thesis, “Recurrent voluminous sector collapses at Volcán Barú, Panama,” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY. Department: Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Signatures: Thesis Advisor ________________________________________ Dr. William I. Rose Department Chair _____________________________________ Dr. Wayne Pennington Date __________ Abstract Two volcanic debris avalanche deposits (VDADs), both attributed to sector collapse at Volcán Barú, Panama, have been identified after an investigation of deposits that covered more than a thousand square kilometers. The younger Barriles Deposit is constrained by two radiocarbon ages that are ~9 ka; the older Caisán Deposit is at or beyond the radiocarbon range, >43,500 ybp. The total runout length of the Caisán Deposit was ~50 km and it covers 1190 km2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rebirth and Evolution of Bezymianny Volcano, Kamchatka After the 1956 Sector Collapse ✉ Alina V
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00014-5 OPEN The rebirth and evolution of Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka after the 1956 sector collapse ✉ Alina V. Shevchenko 1,2 , Viktor N. Dvigalo2, Thomas R. Walter1, Rene Mania1, Francesco Maccaferri1,3, Ilya Yu. Svirid2, Alexander B. Belousov 2 & Marina G. Belousova2 Continued post-collapse volcanic activity can cause the rise of a new edifice. However, details of such edifice rebirth have not been documented yet. Here, we present 7-decade-long 1234567890():,; photogrammetric data for Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka, showing its evolution after the 1956 sector collapse. Edifice rebirth started with two lava domes originating at distinct vents ~400 m apart. After 2 decades, activity became more effusive with vents migrating within ~200 m distance. After 5 decades, the activity focused on a single vent to develop a stra- tocone with a summit crater. We determine a long-term average growth rate of 26,400 m3/ day, allowing us to estimate the regain of the pre-collapse size within the next 15 years. Numerical modeling explains the gradual vents focusing to be associated with loading changes, affecting magma pathways at depth. This work thus sheds light on the complex regrowth process following a sector collapse, with implications for regrowing volcanoes elsewhere. 1 GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. 2 Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS, Piip boulevard 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683006, Russia. 3 INGV National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy. ✉ email: [email protected] COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT | (2020) 1:15 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00014-5 | www.nature.com/commsenv 1 ARTICLE COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT | https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00014-5 ctive volcanoes are subject to flank instability that may until today (Fig.
    [Show full text]