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DISS 2020 Thaís Pereira Feitosa Coelho.Pdf Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Instituto de Biociências Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia Múltiplas espécies e ampla polifilia no complexo Chionomesa fimbriata/lactea (Aves: Trochilidae) reveladas por análises vocais e moleculares Thaís Pereira Feitosa Coelho Cuiabá, MT 2020 ii Thaís Pereira Feitosa Coelho Múltiplas espécies e ampla polifilia no complexo Chionomesa fimbriata/lactea (Aves: Trochilidae) reveladas por análises vocais e moleculares Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Zoologia da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso como parte dos requisitos necessários para obtenção do título de Mestre em Zoologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Vítor de Queiroz Piacentini Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo César Venere Cuiabá, MT 2020 iii iv v Dedico esta dissertação aos meus pais, Sueli e Alderi (in memoriam), e irmãs, Thainara e Girlene, pelo apoio, incentivo, amor incondicional e por sempre acreditarem em mim. vi “A ignorância gera mais frequentemente confiança do que o conhecimento: são os que sabem pouco, e não aqueles que sabem muito, que afirmam de forma tão categórica que este ou aquele problema nunca será resolvido pela Ciência. ” Charles Darwin vii AGRADECIMENTOS Agradecer nem sempre é uma tarefa fácil, são tantas pessoas que cruzam nosso caminho ao longo desse tempo que por vezes corremos o risco de ser injustos e deixar de citá-las por mero esquecimento, mas tentarei ser breve e justa! Obrigada, Senhor Deus, por estar sempre ao meu lado, nos momentos de alegria, tristeza e, principalmente, nos momentos difíceis, me dando força, coragem e alimentando minha fé quando pensei que não iria conseguir. Ao PPGZOO, pela oportunidade de ter uma excelente formação. À CAPES, pela concessão da bolsa. Ao querido orientador Vítor Piacentini, por ter me dado a oportunidade de desenvolver esse projeto tão lindo e cheio de desafios e, mais ainda, por acreditar em minha capacidade. Obrigada pela paciência (que é indiscutível), inúmeras conversas, conselhos, discussões construtivas e por estar sempre disponível! Aos coorientadores, Paulo César Venere e Daniela Cristina Ferreira (Dani), pelo acolhimento no Laboratório de Genética Animal, pelas inúmeras orientações com o bê-á-bá da Biologia Molecular, discussões de análises estatísticas e por todos os ensinamentos não só acadêmico/científico, mas também de vida! Ao João Batista de Pinho (Joãozito), pela amizade, conselhos e por abrir as portas do seu laboratório e me conceder um cantinho onde eu pudesse me dedicar à dissertação. Agradeço aos curadores e técnicos de museus e coleções que gentilmente nos cederam as amostras de tecidos dos meus amados Chionomesa, no qual foram essenciais para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa: Luís Fábio Silveira (MZUSP), Alexandre Aleixo (MPEG), Camila Ribas (INPA), Caio Graco (UEFS), Luciano Naka (UFPE), Leonardo Lopes (UFV), Ana Galvão, Luíz Gonzaga e Charles Ozanick (UFRJ). Ao Dr. Richard Prum e Kristof Zyskowski (Yale Peabody Museum), Dr. Paul Sweet e Thomas Trombone (American Museum of Natural History) e ao Dr. Ben Marks (Field Museum Natural History), pela gentileza e agilidade que se dispuseram em colaborar com este projeto, enviando amostras de C. fimbriata fimbriata e C. lactea zimmeri (único espécime com amostra de tecido disponível no mundo), essenciais para o preenchimento de lacunas amostrais nesta pesquisa, à Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, para que fossem sequenciados. Ao Dr. Jason D. viii Weckstein, Janice Dispoto e Dr. Nate Rice (Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia), pela disponibilidade, gentileza e agilidade em receber as amostras de tecidos dos museus americanos, extrair o DNA, amplificar e sequenciar esse material tão importante para esta pesquisa. Meu muito obrigada! Ao Augusto Batisteli, por guardar um espécime de C. l. lactea na UNESP de Rio Claro e nos comunicar sobre isso através de uma publicação no Facebook. E à Ana Cristina Crestani (UNESP – Rio Claro), que gentilmente entrou em contato conosco e se dispôs a preparar e enviar o material à UFMT, após visualizar uma marcação e publicação no Facebook, na qual falávamos sobre a necessidade que tínhamos de amostras de C. lactea do estado de São Paulo (e pedíamos aos pesquisadores que tivessem e pudessem nos ceder amostras). Ao Rafael Bessa, por rapidamente nos comunicar sobre uma importante amostra de C. f. tephrocephala que ele acabara de obter e gentilmente entregaria à UFRJ para que fosse enviado para nós, e assim preencheria nossa lacuna amostral. À Dra. Sandra Mariotto, que gentilmente abriu as portas do seu laboratório, no IFMT – campus Bela Vista, no momento quase de desespero (as últimas PCRs já não funcionavam mais e eu não sabia mais o que fazer). Seu auxílio foi, sem dúvidas, primordial! À Dra. Marielle Schneider, pelas inúmeras ajudas no Laboratório de Genética, especialmente com as PCRs do gene nuclear. Ao Wagner Nogueira, pelo envio das fotos de peles de Chionomesa lactea depositadas no American Museum Natural History. À Nanny Simões e Priscila Diniz, pelo envio de fotos dos vouchers depositados no MPEG e INPA, respectivamente. Ao Andrés Cuervo, pelo envio de fotos de peles taxidermizadas de Chionomesa fimbriata, depositadas na Universidad Nacional de Colômbia. Ao Dr. Fábio Amaral e Dra. Camila Ribas, por tirarem inúmeras dúvidas quando as PCRs do Beta-fibrinogênio insistiam em não amplificar (desespero total!). Ao Gustavo Bravo, por ajudar com as taxas de evolução do gene mitocondrial no momento de calcular o tempo de divergência dos Chionomesa. À Juliane Saldanha, pela paciência, conselhos, por estar sempre disposta a me ajudar com as análises estatísticas, correções no manuscrito e tantas outras ajudas que jamais esquecerei! ix À minha família, meu maior e melhor alicerce, minha luz: mãe, Sueli e amadas irmãs, Narinha e Girlene. Ao Giuliano, pela compreensão ao longo desses dois anos fora de casa, pelas inúmeras conversas e por acreditar que tudo daria certo. À Mayane, essa amiga/irmã que o universo me presenteou ainda na graduação e que embarcou comigo para Cuiabá na busca de mais esse sonho de cursar pós-graduação. Obrigada pela amizade, companheirismo, irmandade e pelo ombro amigo nos momentos de tristeza e choro. Muito obrigada por tudo! À família que construí em Cuiabá, Lívia Ferreira, Luan Gabriel, Antônio Moraes, Ravena Mendonça e Juliane Saldanha, pela amizade, inúmeros momentos de descontração, conversas, críticas construtivas e por amenizarem a saudade de ficar longe de casa. Aos conterrâneos, Luanna e Vanderlei, pelo acolhimento e logística para o estabelecimento de moradia em Cuiabá. Às meninas do LabGen (Gisele, Pábila e Jéssica Mudrek), por pararem de fazer suas inúmeras tarefas do doutorado e me ensinarem a fazer desde a extração de DNA até o envio das amostras para sequenciamento. Meu muito obrigada! Aos amigos do Laboratório de Ecologia de Aves, Kamila, Elaine, Jéssica (Pretinha), Mayara, Tiago, Tainá, Thaynara, Moisés, pelos bons momentos, risadas e por tornarem os dias mais leves longe de casa. À minha dupla favorita, Nathália e Victória, pela amizade, risos e inúmeros bons momentos ao longo desses dois anos em Cuiabá. E, por último e não menos importante, aos amigos de longa data, lá do Piauí, que sempre torceram e torcem por mim. Eu amo muito todos vocês! x LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Exemplo de sonograma de um canto territorial de Chionomesa lactea bartletti (XC146791, Bolívia, Riberalta) ilustrando as variáveis de tempo (vermelho) e frequência (azul) medidas em cada frase: FMA, frequência máxima; FMI, frequência mínima; IS, intervalo entre sílabas; DS, duração da sílaba. O número de sílabas numa frase e o número de frases em um canto completo variam entre emissões de um mesmo indivíduo e não foram aqui consideradas. Figura 2. Área de ocorrência das onze subespécies do complexo Chionomesa fimbriata e C. lactea (modificada a partir de Piacentini e Ribenboim [2017]). A distribuição das localidades amostradas neste estudo está representada pelos símbolos quadrados, cujas cores refletem a identidade taxonômica das amostras de acordo com a cor dos respectivos polígonos. Os pontos de interrogação são áreas em que não se tem certeza sobre presença ou identidade taxonômica das populações. Figura 3. Sonogramas de cantos representativos de diferentes táxons de Chionomesa ilustrando a variação dos cantos territoriais (A-G) e agonísticos (H-J) dentro do complexo. Os cantos territoriais representam: (A) Chionomesa fimbriata tephrocephala [WA 2407856, Brasil, Paraná]; (B) C. lactea bartletti [XC146791, Bolívia, Riberalta]; (C) C. f. fluviatilis [XC 364161, Equador, Zamora-Chinchipe]; (D) C. f. fimbriata [XC 44012, Guiana Francesa]; (E) C. f. alia [WA 2305409, Brasil, Pará]; (F) C. f. nigricauda [VQP-D14-191, Brasil, Ceará]; e (G) C. l. lactea [WA 21493, Brasil, São Paulo]. Os cantos agonísticos representam: (H) C. f. fluviatilis [XC 106244, Colômbia, Guaviare]; (I) C. f. nigricauda [WA 947591, Brasil, Alagoas]; e (J) C. l. lactea [WA 986992, Brasil, Minas Gerais]. Dados completos das gravações estão no Apêndice 1. O número de repetições de cada sílaba nos cantos territoriais é variável, podendo se estender por minutos. Figura 4. Distribuição dos escores fatoriais dos dois primeiros componentes principais obtidos dos cantos territoriais dos táxons do complexo Chionomesa fimbriata e C. lactea. As elipses indicam o intervalo de confiança de 95%. As setas indicam os vetores de variação de cada variável: duração da sílaba (DS), intervalo entre as sílabas (IS), frequência máxima (FMA)
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