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The Effect of Gestation on Milk and Buttekfat

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The Effect of Gestation on Milk and Buttekfat THE EFFECT OF GESTATION ON MILK AND BUTTEKFAT PRODUCTION IN DAIRY CATTLE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By WILLIAM MATHIAS ETGEN, B. S., M. S. The Ohio State University 1958 Approved by Adviser Department of Dairy Science ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my adviser and friend, Dr. Thomas M. Ludwick, Professor in the Department of Dairy Science, Ohio State University, and Project Leader of the Ohio NC-2 Dairy Cattle Breeding Project. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Ludwick for the inspiration, time, guidance, and technical assistance in planning this project and editing the manuscript. My sincere thanks are expressed to Dr. Fordyce Ely, Chair­ man of the Department of Dairy Science, Ohio State University, for his interest in this project and for his help in editing the manuscript. To Dr. George R. Johnson, Chairman of the Department of Animal Science, Ohio State University, I extend my thanks for his reading of the manuscript. I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. D. Ransom Whitney, Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Director of the Statistics Laboratory, Ohio State University, for his assistance in the statistical analysis of this project. Also, I am greatly indebted to Herman Rickard, Earl Rader, Don Richardson, Ervin Akins, Dr. Edwin Hess, Harry Barr, Dr. Harry Donoho, and Dr. C. M. Clifton. These persons have given unsparingly of their time and efforts in all phases of the study. ii CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION........................................... 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE................................... 3 Effect of Gestation on Production ................ 3 Other Factors Affecting Production .............. 9 Production Record Evaluation .................... 12 Physiological Aspects of the Effect of Gestation on Lactation .......................... l4 MATERIALS AND M E T H O D S ................................... 19 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................. 26 SUMMARY AND C O N C L U S I O N S .................................4? LITERATURE CITED ....................................... 49 APPENDIX................................................. 55 AUTOBIOGRAPHY ......................................... 94 TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 AGE-CONVERSION FACTORS ........................... 21 2 SUMMARY OF THE MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF MILK AND BUTTERFAT PRODUCTION WITH DAYS OPEN IN HOLSTEIN COWS (1,508 OBSERVATIONS) .............. 28 3 SUMMARY OF THE MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF MILK AND BUTTERFAT PRODUCTION WITH DAYS OPEN IN TWO-YEAR-OLD HOLSTEIN COWS (680 OBSERVATIONS) . 30 4 SUMMARY OF THE MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF MILK AND BUTTERFAT PRODUCTION WITH DAYS OPEN IN THREE- AND FOUR-YEAR-OLD HOLSTEIN COY/S (480 OBSERVATIONS).................. 31 5 SUMMARY OF THE MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF MILK AND BUTTERFAT PRODUCTION WITH DAYS OPEN IN FIVE-YEAR-OLD OR OVER HOLSTEIN COWS (348 OBSERVATIONS) ................................... 33 6 SUMMARY OF MULTIPLE REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS AND CALCULATED DIFFERENCES IN PRODUCTION DUE TO DAYS OPEN BETWEEN THOSE COWS CONCEIVING 85 DAYS AFTER FRESHENING AND THOSE NOT CONCEIVING DURING THE 305 DAY LACTATION ............................... 37 7 FACTORS TO CORRECT FOR INFLUENCE OF GESTATION ON PRODUCTION OF HOLSTEIN COWS (ALL A G E S ) ........... 4l 8 FACTORS TO CORRECT FOR INFLUENCE OF GESTATION ON PRODUCTION OF HOLSTEIN COWS (TWO-YEAR-OLDS). 42 9 FACTORS TO CORRECT FOR INFLUENCE OF GESTATION ON PRODUCTION OF HOLSTEIN COWS (THREE- AND FOUR- YEAR-OLDS) ....................................... 43 10 FACTORS TO CORRECT FOR INFLUENCE OF GESTATION ON PRODUCTION OF HOLSTEIN COWS (FIVE-YEARS-OLD OR OVER) ........................................... 44 11 ORIGINAL DATA FROM THE LONDON H E R D ............... 56 12 ORIGINAL DATA FROM THE TOLEDO H E R D ............... 76 iv ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE 1 Regressions of milk production on days o p e n .............................................. 35 2 Regressions of butterfat production on days o p e n .................................. 36 v INTRODUCTION Production records of dairy cows are influenced by many variable factors. Some of these are age, live weight, number of times milked daily, length of lactation period, level of nu­ trition, housing conditions, care, previous calving interval, previous dry period, and length of gestation. Numerous attempts have been made by many investigators to correct for these vari­ able factors that have had an influence on the amount of milk and butterfat produced during a lactation. Some of these correction factors are in general use today. The factors developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (51,32,33) to correct production records to a standardized 2X, 305 day, mature equiva­ lent basis are valuable in correcting for age differences, for differences in the number of times a cow is milked daily and for differences in the length of the lactation period. It has been thought by many that the number of days a cow is pregnant during her lactation may have considerable influence on the amount of milk and butterfat she produces during that lac­ tation. Several investigators (14,23,24,26,28,29,52,53,55) have shown that a definite inhibitory effect of gestation on lactation exists. However, most of these investigations were conducted before the standardized 305 day mature equivalent factors were adopted. Because of the lack of standardization in these 2 studies, there was considerable variation in the length of lac­ tation that was considered. In some of the studies, allowances were made for age, and in others, age differences were not considered. There is a wide difference of opinion concerning the amount of variation in production due to gestation. Some investigators feel that the effect is considerable (as great as 2,500 pounds of milk), while others feel there is very little effect (200-500 pounds of milk). A study conducted under standardized conditions, and de­ signed to measure the effect of gestation on production should be of value to researchers in evaluating production records. This study should also be valuable to farmers and dairymen in analyzing production records of cows in their own herds and records of cows in other herds, from which they plan to purchase breeding stock. The object of this study is to determine the effect of gestation on milk and butterfat production in Holstein-Friesian cattle. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Effect of Gestation on Production The thought that the interval of time which a cow carried a calf during lactation might have some effect on the amount of milk and butterfat she produced is not a new one. As early as 1913, Gavin (26) studied the effect that time of service might have on daily milk yield. He found that the rate of decline in production seemed to increase 16 to 20 weeks following service. He also concluded from his investigation that longer periods of gestation definitely lowered the cow's annual production. Soon after this work was published, Eckles (1^) conducted a study to determine the amount of nutrients required to develop a bovine fetus. He concluded that the nutrients required to develop a Jersey calf were equivalent to approximately 110 to 170 pounds of Jersey milk and those required for a Holstein calf were equiva­ lent to approximately 200 to 275 pounds of Holstein milk. Brody et al. ( k ), in 1923, studied the effect of gestation on production and body weight in Guernsey and Jersey cows. In this study, they divided the production records into two groups, those records from cows which conceived during the third and fourth month of lactation and those which did not conceive during the lactation. They reported that the level of production de­ creased rapidly in the pregnant cows after the third or fourth 4 month of lactation. The pregnant cows averaged approximately 450 pounds less milk per lactation than the non-pregnant ones. These workers also reported that the pregnant cows' body weight started increasing about the same time that the rapid decline in pro­ duction occurred. Sanders (52) correlated service period and lactation pro­ duction (using the total lactation as long as 500 days) and derived factors to correct for the effect of gestation on pro­ duction. His factors varied from + 22 percent for production records from cows bred back in less than 20 days to - 35 percent for production of cows that were open from 480 to 499 days. Hammond and Sanders (29) analyzed the production records of 1,410 cows of eight breeds from four herds in England in an effort to determine the effect of gestation on production. They divided the animals into groups according to their service periods (the time between freshening and rebreeding) by 20 day intervals (0-19, 20-39, etc.) and averaged the production records of each of these groups. They found a correlation of .33 between service period and total milk yield. They also concluded that the association of service period and total milk yield was not linear. The level of production seemed to rise more rapidly when the service period was very short and then tended to level out somewhat as the service period grew longer. Correction factors were calculated using 100 days as a standard service period. These factas ranged from + 30 percent for animals with less than a 20 day service period to - 28 percent for those animals with a service period from 480 to 499 days. In 1924, Ragsdale et al. (49) studied Advanced Registry Pro­ duction records of Guernsey cows, using yearly milk production as a measure of productivity. They divided the records into two groups, those records from cows bred back in the third or fourth month of lactation and those which did not conceive during the year’s production. They found no difference in the two groups in the first five months production, but they observed that the production of the pregnant cows declined more rapidly than the non-pregnant cows after the fifth month of lactation. From their work, they estimated that gestation caused a reduction of 480 to 800 pounds of milk per 12 month lactation in Guernsey cattle.
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