Kesh-Shakhrisabz Oasis in the Middle Ages

Home , Bulungur District, Guzar District, Kamashi, Kosonsoy, Shahrisabz, Tashkent Tower

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 1492-1495

KESH-SHAKHRISABZ OASIS IN THE MIDDLE AGES

Akram Hasanov Akram Hasanov - Karshi State Unversity, Uzbekistan

Abstract This article analyzes the origins of Kesh from the early Middle Ages, the migration and structure of the city, its geographical location, the administrative territorial division, and the location of rustic sites based on works by Arab tourists, as well as historical, archaeological and historical sources. Кеywords- Kesh, Kis, Kishsh, Suse, Kuhandiz, herna, rabod, inner rabat, madina, rustoq, village.

INTRODUCTION: Kesh-Shakhrisabz is one of the most developed cities in Central Asia, where the roots of urban planning dates back to VIII-VII centuries BC. Kesh fought for a leading position in the early medieval Sogdian confederation. Until the middle of the 7th century Sogd was the administrative and political center. [1.P.54 . ]

METHODS: First, we will analyze the information about the cache in Shahrisabz. Hence, in the work of Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (839-923) in his book, "History of Ar-Rasul va-l-muluk" (Historical Tabari), the narrative of historical events from 915 to 915 centuries, including the 7th and 9th centuries. and cache history. [2.P.56 .] In the tenth century Persian, Khudud-ul-'Alam, the city contains a shakhristan, a ghost and a rhubarb, with its use of river water flowing through it, extracting salt and other scarlet material from nearby mountains. [3.P.13.] In the book "History of Bukhara" by Abubakr Muhammad ibn Ja'far Narshahi (899-959), the town and region of Kesh are mentioned several times, although they are mainly about the medieval history of Bukhara. In particular, more than 120,000 troops from Sughd, Kesh, and Nakhshab were trained and prepared for war against the Arabs. [4. P.115-116. ] In the section of cities table by Abu Raykhan Beruni (973-1048) in "The Law of Mas'udi", Kesh is given in the cities of the fifth climate, and its coordinates, geographical length and geographical width are 390501. [5.P.426.] In the encyclopedia "Kitab al - Ansab" by Abu Sa'd Abdulkarim ibn Muhammad al-Sam'ani (1113-1167), Kesh was described as a separate province. The city of Kesh is smaller than Nahshab, and it is said to have pronounced the name of the locals as Kishsh. The book also names and names the ten villages in Kesh Province.[6.P.28 .] The Arab traveler Ibn Khawqal, who came to Kesh in the tenth century, said that Kesh was made up of "khandiz", "madina" and "rabod", another city was intertwined with "Madinah", and the inner city and ruins were in a foreign city. , the government house is located outside the city, the dungeon and the mosque are in ruins, the markets are in ruins, the buildings are made of clay and wood, and the walls of the inner city are "Bab al Hadid" - "Bab Ubaydullah" - "Bab al Qassarin" al- Madina ad Dohila The presence of nutrients in the outer city, and information about the gates of Bab al Madina ad Dohila and Bab Barknon.[7.P.65-66 . ] Al-Holyi described Kesh as a "very big city" and said that one side of the city was about one- third, while, according to Ibn Havqal, the area was about one-third. In medieval written sources, this ancient city and its place of residence are mentioned in the form of Kash-Kashsh, Kas-Kos, Kis-Kiss. In ancient Chinese chronicles the name of the city is "Sushie", "Tsishi" or "Suse". There is also evidence that some of the Turkic languages use the word Kesh in the sense of water. [8.P.44.] Academician A.Muhammadjonov also studied various forms of the term Kesh in some of the place names mentioned in written sources, including Kasbi, Kosdori, Koson. , Kosonsoy, Koshon and Kesh lexeme and all their synonymic forms are derived from the words Sogdian word "katata", which means "home" or "residence", which means more than "home" or "room". meaning, "kat" l ksemasi not only the 'house' or 'house', even in large and small cities in the district where the villagers also refers to the benefit that. [ 8.P.45.]

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 1492-1495

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. Considering the same meaning of country and country, we can see that the name "Kesh" means "home, village, city, capital, region, country, country, country." Generally, the cache toponym means the place of residence. According to A.Raimkulov's research, the Shakhrisabz Gate has a length of 1,680m, and its width is 1,200 to 1,250m, and the total area of the city is 210. The historical topography of Kesh-Kitab was initially studied by Mason Masson. A study by Archaeological Topographic Expedition of Kashkadarya members on the territory of Kitab City in the 1960s and 1970s reveals that the medieval city of Kesh was in the area of the Bookstore in the later centuries[9.P.64.]. It is also said in the research that the walls of the ancient fortress, which appeared in later centuries, were built on the walls of the VII-VIII centuries [ 10.P.24-25.] The issue of moving Kesh to Shakhrisabz is a matter of controversy. Some studies suggest that the city has been in its place since the 11th-12th centuries, while other studies date it to the 14th century. In particular, in the studies of M.E Masson and G.A Pugachenkova, it was recognized that the city emerged after the 13th century and was explained by the construction of the city walls during the time of Amir Temur, that is, 1378/79. The same is true of other research scientists. [ 11.P.26-27.] According to SK Kabanov's study, the present location was the ruin of Kesh-Kitab. [14.P.93.] It is believed that the city walls of Kesh-Shakhrisabz were built in the 11th-12th centuries, during the Karakhanids. One of the southwest gates of Cache Book is called Bob Barknon and is located on the road near the town of Barknon. Studies show that the large village of Barknon Shakhrisabz was originally a "satellite town" of Kesh-Kitab, and later Shakhrisabz-Kesh was formed on this basis. [ 12.P.12-13.] According to some researchers, the defensive walls of Kesh-Shakhrisabz were built on cultural layers of the X-XII centuries, and Shakhrisabz was founded during the Mongol rule [13.P.208-215.]. Kesh-Shahrisab was not destroyed during the Mongol invasion. This is why the city was inhabited during the rule of the Mongols. According to research conducted in Shakhrisabz-Kesh, the process of expansion of Kesh-Shakhrisabz into the city began in the X century, at the end of the Samanids, mainly Karakhanids. According to archeological investigations in Shakhrisabz instead of the Blue Dome Mosque, the mosque was built of brick in the 12th century. [ 11.P.44-45.] According to a study conducted by members of the Kashkadarya Archaeological Topographic Expedition in 1963-1964, the highest height of the city's defensive walls was 11 meters, and the thickness was 3.5-9 meters, and the thickness of the joint defense towers was 17.5 meters. The total length of the walls is 5.6 km, with a total of 70 defensive towers. In 1982 studies, ceramic items of the 11th-12th centuries were found in the underground cultural layer, and the Aksaray architectural complex was built on the cultural layers of the 11th-12th centuries. [14.P.96. ] The ruins of the XI-XII centuries building were found beneath the Blue Dome Mosque, indicating that this mosque, built by Mirzo Ulugbek, was built on the basis of the ancient mosque built in the 11th and 12th centuries. This is explained by the fact that during the Karakhanid era, huge architectural buildings were erected in the Kesh-Shahrisabz area. The fortress walls were built by the Barlossian princes in the late XIII - early XIV centuries. [ 14.P.97.] Recent research indicates that the wall of the Kesh-Shahrisabz fortress was built in the early XIII century from the layered paisa, which is typical for the construction of khorezshahs. Brick walls dating to the Samanids were found. In a 2014 study, baths were found in the first half of the 14th century, 50-55 m east of the town's market. It was discovered that the building was built of durable bricks in the Movarounnahr architecture that followed the tradition of baths dating from the eleventh and eleventh centuries. [14.P.98.] The administrative division of the cache oasis is based on their strict natural boundaries. Specifically, in the X century, the oasis of the Kesh oasis - Kesh, Rud, Balandaran, Rasmain, Kashk, Aru, Buzmajin, Siom, Arghan, Jarj Gud, Huzor Rud, Khuzor, Suruda, Inner Sangardak, External Sangardak, Maymurg. It consists of sixteen roses. [15.P.13.] The mountainous and foothill zone of the northeastern northeastern part of the Kashkadarya River is called Asrud, or Suruda. The small Suru River is located in the mountainous and foothill areas of the southern part of the Zarafshan range.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 1492-1495

There is no exact information on the location of the bubble. Further research suggests that it is located to the south of the Kashkadarya ridge, in the Jinnidarya Valley, one of the left tributaries of Kashkadarya. [14.P.82.]

The Jajrud rust was just one mile north of Kesh along the Kitabdarya River. The city of Cache is considered to be the Miyoin Kesh rust, which surrounds it from all sides.

4.CONCLUSION. There is evidence from the study that there is a Rud rust on the upper reaches of the Aksuvdary which flows near the southern gate of the cache. According to Sh.Kamoliddinov, according to the written data of the XV-XVI centuries in the Kashkadarya valley, the village of Rud is mentioned and includes large-scale farming lands in the Tanghis River Basin. It follows that in the early Middle Ages all of the land in the Tanhis River Basin was in the Rud Valley. [12.P.25.] The exact location of the Siamese rust is not known. One mile away from the cache, there is the Kashkurd rust in the Kyzyl-Darya valley, in plain areas of the river. There is no information about the location of the Argan, Aru, and Rosmain estates, such as the Ceylon rust. During the Samanids, the territory of Kesh oasis included Buzmajin and Maymurg rust. The Buzmajin rust covers the Bulungur district of Samarkand region and partly the Jomboy and Bakhmal district of Jizzakh region. The monkey of the monkeys of Samarkand, which is located in the Urgut and Taylak districts of Samarkand, is very close to Kesh. According to some studies, Nasaf Maymurghi was included in the list of Kesh residents. [7. P.218.] Researchers note that the inner Sangardak and outer Sangardak rust were in the Surkhan oasis, while some other studies mentioned Sandak as a hiding place for Mukanna's supporters from the second half of the 8th century. [16. P.84.] The Khuzor rust is a plain part of the Guzar and Kamashi districts of the Kashkadarya oasis, ie the northern region is bordered by the Chimkurgan water reservoir, the Karabagdarya river, and the western part extends to Kashkadarya and the eastern part to the western slopes of the Gissar Mountains. From the Khuzor rust to the eastern Ural River valley, the mountainous areas of Guzar district and the territory of Dehkanabad district and the Iron Gate, the Khuzorrud rust is to the west and south to the Khuzorrud rust, and to the north to the inner Sangardak in the north. There is information that this rust had a special property status in the beginning of the 8th century and was ruled by a king named Sabukra. [12. P.25.] Sh Kamoliddinov considers Mardtepa as the main center of the early medieval Khuzor rust. From the advanced medieval times, this explorator linked the main city of Khuzor with the Guzortepa monument on the left bank of the Guzar-Darya basin. Exploring the medieval monuments of South Sughd by S.B. Lunina provides information about two major medieval monuments in the Guzordaryo oasis. One of them is the Oliktepa on the left bank of the Guzordarya river, and the other is the Khojabuzurgtepa monument, a little north of Guzar, with the medieval town of Iskifagn. At the same time, S.B. Lunina suggests that cities and urban areas in the Kashkadarya basin are few in the 4th and 7th centuries.[17. P.16-17.] Conclusion: The historical sources cited above show that the city and the province of Kesh was a large and economically powerful region of Movarounnahr in the Middle Ages. Historical geographical location is reflected in almost all sources of climate, abundance of water resources and fertile lands. This puts the issue of learning the history of the city of Kesh on the basis of historical sources as a more relevant issue.

REFERENCES: 1. Abdullaev B. Mansurov U. Shakhrisabz's administrative and political position in the history of Uzbek statehood // Role of Shakhrisabz in world history. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. - Tashkent, «Fan», 2002. 2. Historical Tabari. Таshkent. 1987. 3. “Khudud ul A’lam ” (Classification of landscapes) Тashkent - Uzbekistan - 2008. 4. Muhammad ibn Ja'far Narshahi. History of Bukhara. A. From Persian. Rasulev's translation.- Tashkent, 1966.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 1492-1495

5. Abu Rayhon Beruni. Selected works V, first book. Т. : 1973. 6. Kamolidinov Sh “Kitabal ansab as Samani” as a historical source. Тashkent: «Fan», 1994. 7. Ibn Havqal. Book by Surat al-Ard. T. State Scientific Publishing House "National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan". 2011. 8. Muhammadjonov A. Kesh -uy, that is, Homeland // Sounds from Mazi. 2003. 9. Krasheninnikova N.I. Learning the Cache Citadel //А.О. 1977. М.1978. 10. Masson M.E. Works of the Kesh archaeological - topographic expedition (KATE) to study the eastern half of the Kesh region 1966. Archeology of Central Asia Proceedings of Tashkent State University, № 533.: Таshkent, 1977. 11. Dresvyanka G.Ya., Lunina S.B., Sultanov H.S., Usmonova Z.I. - Shakhrisyabz // ”. Таshkent, 1993 12. Kamolidinov Sh.S. The historical geography of South Sogd and Takharistan according to Arabic sources of the 9th beginning of the 13th centuries, Tashkent, 1996. 13. Usmonova Z.I. Archeological study of Shakhrisabz // “Medieval urban culture of Kazakhstan // Central Asia. Alma-Ata,1983. 14. Raimkulov A. Medieval cities of the Kashkadarya oasis. Karshi Publishing Company "Nasaf". 2018. 15. Bartold / V.V. History of Chaganyan. About Chaganyan. Tashkent. Islamic University. 2002. 16. Isomiddinov M. Yarkulov. A. History of Nakhshab Craft. Tashkent. New Edition, 2014. 17. Lunina B.S. Goroda Yujnogo Sogda в VIII-XII вв. - Tashkent: «Fan», 1984.