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Vulnerability Without Capabilities? Small State Strategy and the International Counter-Piracy Agenda Smed, Ulrik Trolle; Wivel, Anders
Vulnerability without capabilities? Small state strategy and the international counter-piracy agenda Smed, Ulrik Trolle; Wivel, Anders Published in: European Security DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2016.1265941 Publication date: 2017 Document version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (APA): Smed, U. T., & Wivel, A. (2017). Vulnerability without capabilities? Small state strategy and the international counter-piracy agenda. European Security, 26(1), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2016.1265941 Download date: 28. sep.. 2021 Vulnerability without capabilities? Small state strategy and the international counterpiracy agenda Ulrik Trolle Smed and Anders Wivel This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published in European Security 26(1): 79-98. Available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2016.1265941 ABSTRACT Today, small European states regularly need to go out of area and out of tried and tested institutional settings to defend their security interests. How do small European states meet this challenge most effectively? This analysis suggests that small states can influence multilateral decisions on international security by combining norm entrepreneurship with lobbying and taking on the role as an ‘honest broker’. However, economic capacity, an effective state administration and interests compatible with the agendas of the great powers are key to success. Based on a comprehensive empirical material including 19 elite interviews as well as official documents and other written material, we process trace how one small European state, Denmark, influenced the development of international counterpiracy cooperation and the development of an international counterpiracy strategy for the Gulf of Aden and off the Horn of Africa and discuss which lessons the Danish case may hold for other small states. -
Anti-Piracy Review Week 49 06 December 2011 Comprehensive Information on Complex Crises
CIVIL - MILITARY FUSION CEN TRE Anti-Piracy Review Week 49 06 December 2011 Comprehensive Information on Complex Crises INSIDE THIS ISSUE This document provides a weekly overview of developments in Anti-Piracy from 22 November—05 December 2011. Further information on the topics covered is available at www.cimicweb.org. Hyper- Economics links to source material are highlighted in blue and underlined in the text. We encourage you to con- International Response tact the Anti-Piracy Team Leader or our Subject-Matter Experts for more detailed information. Justice Security Erin Foster ► [email protected] Humanitarian Affairs—Somalia Economics Regional Issues—Somalia iracy off the coast of West Africa has Kenya’s Business Daily reports that Kenyan remained a major news item over the consumers will most likely not benefit from an ABOUT THE CFC P past two weeks, with the Integrated expected decrease in the cost of global sea The Civil-Military Fusion Centre Regional Information Networks (IRIN) report- trade. According to the article, the introduc- (CFC) is an information and ing that Benin has seen a 70% drop in local tion of new and larger vessels will decrease knowledge management ship activity. The International Maritime Or- shipping costs. However, analysts point to- organisation focused on improving ganization (IMO) Deputy Director of Mari- wards the added costs maritime piracy impos- civil-military interaction, facilitating time Safety, Chris Trelawny, told IRIN, “most es on the shipping industry as the reason no information sharing and enhancing attacks off Benin are directed at oil and energy decrease will be observed. In Kenya, addition- situational awareness through the tankers and are not only damaging local econ- al monthly fees for imports (USD 23.9 mil- CimicWeb portal and our weekly omies and threatening seafarers but could also lion) and exports (USD 9.8 million) are passed and monthly publications. -
PIRACY OFF the COAST of SOMALIA Table of Contents
DIIS REPORT 2017: 10 LEARNING FROM DANISH COUNTER- PIRACY OFF THE COAST OF SOMALIA Table of Contents List of acronyms 4 Abstract 5 Introduction 7 The international response to maritime piracy off the coast 13 of Somalia and drivers of Danish involvement International counter-piracy: a comprehensive but ad hoc approach 15 Drivers of Danish engagement in counter-piracy off the coast of Somalia 18 Combating piracy through law enforcement 25 Danish efforts to combat Somali piracy 27 Lessons learned from Danish participation in combatting piracy 29 Protecting the shipping industry 37 Danish efforts to protect the shipping industry 38 Lessons from Danish engagement with the shipping industry 41 This report is written by Jessica Larsen, PhD, DIIS and Christine Nissen, PhD, DIIS and published by DIIS as part of the Defence and Security Studies. Regional capacity-building 47 Danish participation in the regional capacity-building 48 DIIS · Danish Institute for International Studies of maritime security capabilities Østbanegade 117, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Lessons from Danish capacity-building in the region around Somalia 50 Tel: +45 32 69 87 87 E-mail: [email protected] Conclusion 57 www.diis.dk Implications: future Danish maritime security engagement 59 Final remarks 64 Layout: Lone Ravnkilde & Viki Rachlitz Printed in Denmark by Eurographic Notes 66 ISBN 978-87-7605-896-8 (print) Literature 68 ISBN 978-87-7605-897-5 (pdf) DIIS publications can be downloaded free of charge or ordered from www.diis.dk © Copenhagen 2017, the authors and DIIS 3 LIST OF ACRONYMS ABSTRACT AU African Union Since the mid-2000s, piracy off the coast of Somalia has posed a serious threat to BIMCO Baltic and International Maritime Council international shipping and the safety of seafarers. -
Is India Ready for the Indo- Pacific?
Harsh V. Pant and Abhijnan Rej Is India Ready for the Indo- Pacific? One of the key geopolitical developments in 2017 was the first-ever formal enshrinement of the “Indo-Pacific” as a unified strategic theater in the U.S. National Security Strategy.1 Subsequently, the U.S. National Defense Strat- egy also adopted this terminology, suggesting buy-in across the Executive Branch.2 The development was arguably the result of the growing realization in Washing- ton, D.C., and other capitals that it cannot be business-as-usual going forward with China, given its increasingly assertive foreign policy since 2013. As analysts have noted, it is hardly an accident that this new term was introduced in the same document that officially termed China as a “revisionist” power for the first time.3 The idea of the Indo-Pacific received further validation when the quadrilateral security dialogue (colloquially, the quad)—involving the United States, Australia, Japan, and India—reconvened for the first time in a decade in Manila in Novem- ber 2017. Most significantly, in June 2018, the U.S. Pacific Command—one of the oldest and largest unified combatant commands—was renamed the U.S. Indo- Pacific Command while its area of responsibility remained the same. The normative significance of the formal adoption of this nomenclature for India cannot be overstated. The moniker firmly and officially situates India in U.S. grand strategy. The expansive maritime space that is the Indo-Pacific, per the U.S. definition, includes the Pacific and part of the Indian Ocean, up to India’s western coastline. -
The Combined Maritime Forces Approach to Security Challenges in the Middle East and Indian Ocean
The Combined Maritime Forces Approach To Security Challenges In The Middle East And Indian Ocean Commodore Will Warrender RN Deputy Commander CMF Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together UNCLASSIFIED 1 Scope • Background • Strategic Context • Task Organisation and Missions • Recent Success • CMF Challenges Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together UNCLASSIFIED 2 Combined Maritime Forces The Coalition has grown and evolved to encompass and address commonly perceived threats to the member states and their values. 2015 CMF – Combined Maritime Forces CMFC: Combined Maritime Forces Central (+ maritime & joint) CNFC: Combined Naval Forces Central (reduced security enclave) GCTF: Global Counter Terrorism Force – Maritime (post 9/11) Coalition of states formed in response to the 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States in 2001 Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together UNCLASSIFIED 3 COMMANDER’S VISION A global maritime partnership aligned in common purpose To conduct Maritime Security Operations (MSO) To provide security and stability in the maritime environment To remain scalable, flexible and responsive to a changing environment Nations will never be asked a to do more than what national mandate allows MISSION STATEMENT Improve overall security and stability in the area of operations. Non-State Threat Focused Assist in the development of maritime capacity Intelligence-Driven building to help counter terrorist and piracy threats in the maritime area, Enduring If requested, respond to environmental and humanitarian crises. Combined Maritime Forces -
Learning from Danish Counter-Piracy Off the Coast of Somalia
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Larsen, Jessica; Nissen, Christine Research Report Learning from Danish counter-piracy off the coast of Somalia DIIS Report, No. 2017:10 Provided in Cooperation with: Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), Copenhagen Suggested Citation: Larsen, Jessica; Nissen, Christine (2017) : Learning from Danish counter- piracy off the coast of Somalia, DIIS Report, No. 2017:10, ISBN 978-87-7605-897-5, Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), Copenhagen This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/197616 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der -
Lessons for the Canadian Forces in the Effects-Based Operations Era
ESPACE l 'S BATT y TODA DND photo AR2006-G068-0009 by Master Corporal Yves Gemus. An M177 artillery piece of 2 Royal Canadian Horse Artillery (2 RCHA) at sunset at Forward Operating Base (FOB) Sperwan Gar, Afghanistan, 14 December 2006. BEiNg Effective iN SnakE fighTiNg – Lessons fOr ThE Canadian Forces iN ThE Effects-Based Operations ErA by Peter J. Williams Introduction the “Comprehensive Approach.” Within Canada, such a multi- faceted method is being increasingly referred to as a “Whole hen General Rick Hillier took over as Chief of Government (WoG) approach.”2 of the Defence Staff (CDS) in early 2005, he very quickly put into effect the most Currently, Canada finds itself engaged in a counterinsur- dramatic transformation the Canadian gency (COIN) campaign in Afghanistan, having also recently Forces (CF) has experienced in its history. filled a major leadership role while commanding the multina- WCentral to his vision was the thesis that future conflicts would tional maritime Combined Task Force 150 (CTF) in the be characterized more by violence within or around failed Arabian Sea areas.3 At the operational level, EBO, with a states, and against non-state actors (the ‘snakes’), than by wars tailored WoG approach, is being applied to each theatre, against such previous opponents as the now-defunct Soviet where there are plenty of ‘snakes’ to be dealt with. Assuming Union (the ‘bears’). that these are the kinds of interventions in which the CF is likely to find itself engaged for the foreseeable future, what At the same time, the concept of Effects-Based Operations lessons might be learned from our contemporary military (EBO) began to emerge.1 Under this doctrine, what was important was the wider (and not necessarily the immediate) Colonel P. -
Al-Qaeda –Mombassa Attacks 28 November 2002 by Jonathan Fighel1
The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center June 16, 2011 Al-Qaeda –Mombassa Attacks 28 November 2002 By Jonathan Fighel1 On June 11, 2011 Somali police reported that Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, one of Africa's most wanted al-Qaeda operatives, was killed in the capital of the Horn of Africa. Mohammed was reputed to be the head of al-Qaeda in east Africa, operated in Somalia and is accused of playing a lead role in the 1998 embassy attacks in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, which killed 240 people. Mohammed is also believed to have masterminded the suicide attack on an Israeli-owned hotel in Mombassa, Kenya in November 2002 that killed 15 people, including three Israeli tourists. Introduction On the morning of November 28, 2002, Al-Qaeda launched coordinated attacks in Mombassa, Kenya against the Israeli-owned Paradise Hotel and an Israeli passenger jet.2 The near simultaneous attacks involved Al-Qaeda operatives supported by a local infrastructure. In the first attack, the terrorists fired two SA-7 surface-to-air missiles at a departing Israeli Arkia charter Boeing 757 passenger aircraft, carrying 261 passengers and crew, both missiles missed. The second occurred twenty minutes later, when an explosives- laden vehicle driven by two suicide attackers, blew up in front of the Israeli-owned Paradise Hotel. The attack was timed just as the hotel’s Israeli guests arrived—having traveled aboard the same Arkia plane that had embarked on the return flight to Israel. As a result of the 1 The author is a senior researcher scholar at The International Institute for Counter Terrorism -Herzliya -Israel (ICT).First published on ICT web site http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/942/currentpage/1/Default.aspx 2 CNN, “Israeli Report Links Kenya Terrorist to Al Qaeda” , 29 November 2002. -
Indian Ocean : a New Vision
2013 (2) ISSN 2277 – 2464 FPRC Journal ________________________________________________________ (a Quarterly research journal devoted to studies on Indian Foreign Policy) ________________________________________________________________ Focus : Indian Ocean : A New Vision Responses, Articles ________________________________________________________ Foreign Policy Research Centre NEW DELHI (INDIA) ________________________________________________________ FPRC Journal 2013(2) Indian Ocean : A New Vision Preface Indian Ocean has the unique distinction of being the only ocean named after a country. For extra‐regional powers, the Indian Ocean has for decades fulfilled the role of an important transit corridor But Sardar KM Pannikar rightly said, “While to other countries, the Indian Ocean is only one of the important oceanic areas, to India it is a vital sea. Her lifelines are concentrated in that area, her freedom is dependent on the freedom of that water surface. No industrial development, no commercial growth, no stable political structure is possible for her unless her shores are protected...” Therefore, there is a realisation across the spectrum that the challenges, opportunities and roles the Indian Ocean provides, need to be discussed seriously in the light of the fragile security environment in the region. It is very heartening to note that a wide galaxy of writers have focused on important themes and other related issues in their writings and comments, for this special issue of FPRC Journal on Indian Ocean. We express our heart-felt thanks to our contributors who have shared our sentiments and accepted our invitation to enrich the contents of the Journal.They are always our source of strength. Mahendra Gaur Indira Gaur Director Mg. Editor Foreign Policy Research Centre New Delhi 1 FPRC Journal 2013(2) Indian Ocean : A New Vision FPRC Journal Focus : Indian Ocean : A New Vision Contributors : RESPONSES 1. -
MARCOM Personal Letter Template
NATO UNCLASSIFIED .0 HEADQUARTERS, ALLIED MARITIME COMMAND Atlantic Building, Northwood Headquarters, Sandy Lane Northwood, Middlesex, HA6 3HP United Kingdom Our Ref: Tel: +44 (0)1923 956577 NCN: 57+ 56577 Date: 9 April 2019 Email: [email protected] IAW distribution MONTHLY NEWSLETTER NATO MARCOM APRIL 2019 NATO MARCOM continues training and operational activities with Exercise DYNAMIC MANTA 2019, an antisubmarine exercise in the Mediterranean Sea, and the second Focused Operation of the year (FOCOPS 19-2) under Operation Sea Guardian (OSG). Maritime Security Operations During March, 73 warships from France, Turkey, Spain, Greece, Portugal, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada and Albania took part in OSG, providing support in various roles in the Mediterranean. Additionally, NATO Airborne Early Warning (AEW) and Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA) conducted 217 flights in support of OSG. AEW flights were provided by NATO’s own assets while the MPA flights were provided by Greece, Spain, Italy, Turkey, France and USA. Submarines under NATO and national operational command also provided critical support to OSG. Commencing 30 March, FOCOPS 19-2 has been taking place in the Eastern and Central Mediterranean led by the Turkish Navy onboard TCG Kemalreis, and supported by various submarine and air assets. Overall, OSG is enhancing NATO Maritime Situational Awareness (MSA) in the Mediterranean, increasing the Alliance’s knowledge of the Maritime Pattern of Life (MPoL), and detecting anomalies to counter terrorism. A total of 339 MV were hailed by NATO during March. Standing NATO Maritime Groups New units have joined Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 (SNMG-1) led by USS Gravely (DDG 107): the Polish frigate ORP General Kazimerz Pulaski, the German auxiliary ship FGS Spessart, the British frigate HMS Westminster, the Danish frigate HDMS Absalon, the Spanish frigate ESPS Almirante Juan De Borbón, the German Auxiliary FGS Rhön and the Turkish frigate TCG Gokova. -
Indo-Pacific Maritime Security in the 21St Century
Indo-Pacific Maritime Security in the 21st Century Proceedings of an International Conference Sponsored by the US Naval War College and Lowy Institute for International Policy Edited by Thomas G. Mahnken Convened on February 21 and 22, 2011 at the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre on Garden Island, Sydney i Disclaimer: The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Defense, the Department of the Navy, or the US Naval War College. ii No folio Foreword his volume contains the proceedings of a conference on “Indo-Pacific Mari- time Security in the 21st Century,” which was convened on February 21 and T 22, 2011, at the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre on Garden Island in Sydney. The conference resulted from the collaboration of the Lowy Institute for International Policy, the leading independent think tank in Australia, and the US Naval War College. Besides the contributors to this volume, this event brought together other distinguished scholars and practitioners including Anthony Bubalo, Lowy Institute; Malcolm Cook, Flinders University; Vice Admiral Russell H. Crane, RAN (formerly the Chief of Navy); Peter Dombrowski, US Naval War College; Rear Admiral James Goldrick, RAN, Lowy Institute (formerly of the Australian Defence College); Commodore Richard Menhinick, RAN, Australian Defence College; Alan Dupont, University of Sydney and Lowy Institute; Andrew Shearer, Victorian Gov- ernment (formerly of the Lowy Institute); and Michael Wesley, Australian National University (formerly of the Lowy Institute). The papers highlight the growing significance of the Asia-Pacific region and in particular the Indo-Pacific region. -
Maritime Security Cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region: Assessment of India’S Maritime Strategy to Be the Regional “Net Security Provider”
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+ University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2018 Maritime Security Cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region: Assessment of India’s Maritime Strategy to be the Regional “Net Security Provider” Shishir Upadhyaya University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1 University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Upadhyaya, Shishir, Maritime Security Cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region: Assessment of India’s Maritime Strategy to be the Regional “Net Security Provider”, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, 2018.