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Diversity and Abundance of Fishes and Habitats in the Rio Tahuamanu and Rio Manuripi Basins (Bolivia)

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Diversity and Abundance of Fishes and Habitats in the Rio Tahuamanu and Rio Manuripi Basins (Bolivia) Acta Biol. Venez., Vol. 19 (1): 17-50 Marzo, 1999 A. Machado y Col.: Diversity and Abundance of Fishes and Habitats 17 DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF FISHES AND HABITATS IN THE RIO TAHUAMANU AND RIO MANURIPI BASINS (BOLIVIA) DIVERSIDAD Y ABUNDANCIA DE PECES Y HABITATS EN LAS CUENCAS DE LOS RIOS TAHUAMANU Y MANURIPI (BOLIVIA) A. Machado-Allison1,3, J. Sarmiento2, P. W. Willink3, B. Chernoff 3, 1, N. Menezes4, H. Ortega5, S. Barrera2 and T. Bert6 1. Instituto de Zoologia Tropical, UCV, Caracas, Venezuela; 2. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, La Paz, Bolivia; 3. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; 4. Museu de Zoologia Universidade Sao Paulo, Brasil; 5. Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; 6. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Marine Research Institute St. Petersburg, Florida. ABSTRACT Fishes were collected at 85 stations in the Rio Tahuamanu and Rio Manuripi basins. These basins were divided into five subregions. The physical features, number of species, number of specimens, and taxa present for each station are used as a basis for a brief description of each regions fish community. RESUMEN Peces fueron colectados en 85 estaciones en las cuencas de los ríos Tahuamanu y Manuripi. Estas cuencas fueron divididas en cinco subregiones. Los aspectos físicos, número de ejemplares y taxa presentes en cada una de las estaciones ha sido usada como base para una descripción de la comunidad ictícola de cada región. Keywords: Freshwater Fish Community, Bolivia, diversity, abundance, conservation Palabras Clave: Comunidades icticolas continentales, Bolivia, diversidad, abundancia, conservacion INTRODUCTION 1978, 1994) and their ecologies (Goulding, 1979; Lundberg et. al., 1979, 1987; Machado-Allison, Conservation of biodiversity in aquatic ecosys- 1990, 1992, 1993; Menezes y Vazzoler, 1992; tems is one of the most difficult and important Winemiller, 1989). At the best, only cursory infor- challenges facing the world today (Aquarap, 1997, mation exists on the interactions among organisms, 1999; Chernoff et al., 1996). The challenges lie in between organisms and their physical environment, the current base of knowledge, current uses of and for only a limited number of habitats or tempo- aquatic ecosystems for human activities and ral seasons (Goulding, 1980, Lowe-McConnell, consumption, and current models for management 1964, 1969, 1987; Machado-Allison, 1993). and conservation (Gleick, P., 1998; IUCN, 1993 WWF-IUCN, 1994). The biodiversity of aquatic Major decisions affecting aquatic ecosystems habitats ranks among the most poorly known, are being made throughout the neotropics in especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The absence or reliable information (Sisgril, 1990, Ma- lack of knowledge includes both the basic chado-Allison, 1994, Bucher et al., 1993), or even systematics, taxonomy and phylogenetic relation- an appreciation of the complexities of aquatic ships of organisms (Böhlke et. al., 1978; Chernoff ecosystems and the complex life histories of et. al., 1991; Fink & Fink, 1978; Mago-Leccia, aquatic organisms (Aquarap, 1997). 18 ACTA BIOLOGICA VENEZUELICA, VOL. 19 (1) Conservation of aquatic ecosystems and biotas The number of localities (Figs 1 & 2) exhibiting are important not only from biological and aesthetic particular macrohabitat types and water perspectives. Aquatic ecosystems are an invaluable characteristics for the Upper Rio Orthon basin is renewable resource, capable of feeding a growing given in Table 1. population as well as maintenance of a high wildlife and biodiversity in the tropics (Gleick, P., 1998; Fish Collections. Fishes were collected at 85 Aguilera y Silva, 1997). stations in the Rio Tahuamanu and Rio Manuripi basins (Fig. 2), using standard fishing methods such The area encopassing the Tahuamanu and as beach seines, gill-nets and bottom trawling nets. Manuripi river systems of northern Bolivia has been Each station is described in detail in Appendix I. a largely unexplored region in the upper Rio Latitudes and longitudes are not available for some Madeira river basin. Nonetheless, this region in of the stations due to interference between the northern Pando is coming under increasing threat GPS units and their appropriate satellites. due to human occupation and commercial activities. Identified material are deposited at the Field Large tracts of forests are being converted to Museum of Natural History (FMNH, Chicago) and pastures for cattle. This habitat convertion Museo de Historia (Bolivia). increases pressure on both terrestrial, and aquatic ecosystems. For these reasons immediate atention RESULTS was required (Aquarap, 1999). Here we present a summary description of the Fishes were sampled at 85 stations and 313 five subregions in the Rio Tahuamanu and Rio species were collected and identified (Apendix I), Manuripi basins as partial results from the Aquarap of which 91 were new records for Bolivia. This Programe. The predominant aquatic physical brings the total fish fauna of Bolivia to 641 species features are elaborated upon to provide context to and for the Bolivian Amazon to 501 species. This the biological information. Number of species and small region in northeast Bolivia contains 62.5 % and abundance in specified habitats will be used along 48 % of all species known to inhabit the Bolivian with comments on particular taxa to synthesize a Amazon and Bolivia respectively (Aquarap, 1999). brief description of each regions ichthyological community. These findings are used as a basis for Following we describe in detail our findings in conservation recommendations. each of the regions sampled. MATERIAL AND METHODS Upper Nareuda: 13 Sampling Stations, P2-01 to P2-13. Study area. The Tahuamanu and Manuripi The region includes small creeks and rivers (1.5 rivers join to form the Rio Orthon which after a to 8 mts wide). Most have white water and turbid short distance anostomoses with the Madre de Dios conditions, but there is a caño and a black water and Beni Rivers. The region is an important igarape (Table 2). Sandy/muddy shores and bottoms transition zone floristically between moister lowland are common. Presence of grasses and aquatic amazonian forests to the north and east and the plants is rare. Some riparian forest is present, dryer deciduous forest to the south. The riparian particularly along small creeks flowing out of the forest communities and vegetation of the floodplain forests. Water current is dependent upon the area impart a unique character to the rivers and the sampled, ranging from swift in the main channel to aquatic communities in this remote section of the almost stagnant in caños. upper Madeira river basin. Water in this region in generally white, slighthly acid to neutral and well The number of species and specimens collected oxygenated, however some places have black waters, at each station can be found in Appendix I. The temperatures ranging from 19 to 31 oC. No signs of number of taxa in small, blackwater rivers ranges pollution (Aquarap, 1999). from 19 to 33 species (X = 24) and 43 to 425 A. Machado y Col.: Diversity and Abundance of Fishes and Habitats 19 Figure 1. General Map of the Rio Orthon Basin, showing the Collecting Stations on the Manuripi ( ) and Lower Tahuamanu (+) rivers. Figure 2. General Map of the Tahuamanu River Basin, showing Collecting Station on the Upper Nereuda ( 0 ), Lower Nereuda ( 0 ), Upper Tahuamanu ( ) and Middle Tahuamanu ( ). 20 ACTA BIOLOGICA VENEZUELICA, VOL. 19 (1) Table 1. Number of localities exhibiting the indicated macrohabitats and water characteristics in the entire Upper Rio Orthon basin Table 2. Number of localities exhibiting the indicated macrohabitats and water characteristics in the Nereuda sub-basin A. Machado y Col.: Diversity and Abundance of Fishes and Habitats 21 specimens (X= 131.4). Caños range from 8 to 18 Astyanax abramis, Odontostilbe paraguayensis, species (X= 13) and 15 to 119 specimens (X= Phenacogaster spp., Cyphocharax spp., Hypopto- 52.8). In the igarape preto, 26 species and 93 poma joberti, Tyttocharax madeirae, and specimens were collected. Corydoras spp. The number of important aquarium species increases in lagoons or dead arms. In The number of species of fishes is low in the addition to the species present in the creeks and small, blackwater rivers. However, there are rivers, there are other groups, such as cichlids and several species of economic importance, such as: electric fishes, which increase the diversity and the Knodus gamma, Odontostilbe hasemani, importance of these flooded areas. Some of the Gasteropelecus sternicla, Aphanotorulus frankei, additional species are Apistogramma spp., Prionobrama filigera, Rineloricaria lanceolata, Aequidens spp., Moenkhausia spp., Gasteropele- and Otocinclus mariae. Several species of cins, Mesonauta festivus, Agamyxis sp., Apistogramma and Aequidens are very common Hypostomus sp., Hoplosternum spp., Liposarcus and always abundant. Caños, on the other hand, disjunctivus, Peckoltia arenaria, Tatia perugiae, possess a very low diversity and productivity. Auchenipterus nuchalis, Parotocinclus sp., and Rineloricaria spp. The abundance of several Lower Nareuda: 11 Sampling Stations, P1-11 species of Corydoras together with rare species of to P1-21 Peckoltia, Hypoptopoma, and Otocinclus is significant in light of the popularity of these species The region includes a mixture of medium-sized in the aquarium trade. rivers (12-15 mts wide), creeks, rapids, dead arms, and lagoons (Table 2). Sandy/muddy shores and Upper Tahuamanu: 10 Sampling
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