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The State of the World's Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 1 2019 ISSN 2412-5474 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE FAO COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ASSESSMENTS • 2019 FAO COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ASSESSMENTS • 2019 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME 2019 Required citation: FAO. 2019. The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture assessments. Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-131608-5 © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under a CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO licence 2018 © FAO, XXXXXEN/1/05.18 Some rights reserved. 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The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/ rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third- party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. 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Contents Foreword xvii Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations and acronyms xxi About this publication xxiii Executive summary xxix CHAPTER 1 The state of world aquaculture and fisheries 1 1.1 Global trends in fisheries and aquaculture 3 1.2 The state of world aquaculture 4 1.3 The state of world fisheries 8 1.3.1 Marine fisheries 8 1.3.2 Inland fisheries 9 1.4 Consumption of aquatic genetic resources 10 1.4.1 The role of aquatic genetic resources for nutrition and food security 10 1.4.2 Non-food uses of aquatic genetic resources 12 1.5 Diversity of aquaculture production systems 13 1.5.1 Stock enhancement systems 13 1.6 Diversity of aquatic genetic resources used in aquaculture and fisheries 16 1.6.1 Definitions and nomenclature 16 1.6.2 Diversity and production of farmed species 19 1.6.3 Marine and freshwater ornamental fish in the aquarium trade 30 1.6.4 Diversity of species in capture fisheries 30 1.6.5 Aquatic genetic resources below the level of species 31 1.7 The outlook for fisheries and aquaculture and the role of aquatic genetic resources 33 References 35 CHAPTER 2 The use and exchange of aquatic genetic resources of farmed aquatic species and their wild relatives within national jurisdiction 37 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Information on aquatic genetic resources in fisheries and aquaculture 39 2.3 The use of aquatic genetic resources in food production 42 2.3.1 Availability of information on aquatic genetic resources in aquaculture 42 2.3.2 The diversity of farmed species used in aquaculture 43 2.4 Genetic technologies applied for the characterization and use of farmed aquatic genetic resources 54 2.4.1 Generation and use of farmed types 54 2.4.2 Extent of the use of genetics in aquaculture 58 iii 2.4.3 Biotechnologies for improved characterization of aquatic genetic resources 63 2.4.4 Biotechnologies for improved performance in aquaculture 67 2.5 Aquatic genetic resources of wild relatives 71 2.5.1 Use of wild relatives in fisheries 71 2.5.2 Trends in abundance of wild relatives 74 2.6 Use of non-native species in fisheries and aquaculture 77 References 82 CHAPTER 3 Drivers and trends in aquaculture: consequences for aquatic genetic resources within national jurisdiction 87 3.1 Drivers impacting aquatic genetic resources in aquaculture and their wild relatives 89 3.1.1 Human population increase 89 3.1.2 Competition for resources 90 3.1.3 Governance 92 3.1.4 Increased wealth and demand for fish 96 3.1.5 Consumer food preferences and ethical considerations 98 3.1.6 Climate change 101 3.2 Drivers that are impacting aquatic ecosystems and wild relatives 102 3.2.1 Habitat loss and degradation 102 3.2.2 Pollution of waters 105 3.2.3 Climate change 106 3.2.4 Impacts of purposeful stocking and escapees from aquaculture 110 3.2.5 Establishment of invasive species 115 3.2.6 Introductions of parasites and pathogens 117 3.2.7 Impacts of capture fisheries on ecosystems and wild relatives 120 References 122 CHAPTER 4 In situ conservation of farmed aquatic species and their wild relatives within national jurisdiction 127 4.1 Introduction 128 4.2 In situ conservation of wild relatives of farmed aquatic species 132 4.2.1 Conservation of wild relatives 132 4.3 In situ conservation of farmed aquatic species 141 References 142 CHAPTER 5 Ex situ conservation of aquatic genetic resources of farmed aquatic species and their wild relatives within national jurisdiction 145 5.1 Introduction 146 5.2 Complementarity of in situ and ex situ conservation programmes 147 5.3 Ex situ conservation overview 147 5.3.1 Methods for ex situ conservation 148 iv 5.4 In vivo collections identified in Country Reports 152 5.4.1 Overview 152 5.4.2 Endangered species 152 5.4.3 Main species being conserved 152 5.4.4 Main uses of conserved species 155 5.5 In vitro collections identified in Country Reports 158 5.5.1 Overview 158 5.5.2 Main species being conserved 162 5.5.3 Type of material conserved in vitro 162 5.5.4 In vitro conservation facilities 164 5.6 Objectives of ex situ conservation programmes 165 References 167 CHAPTER 6 Stakeholders with interests in aquatic genetic resources of farmed aquatic species and their wild relatives within national jurisdiction 169 6.1 Introduction 170 6.2 Identification of stakeholders 171 6.3 Global level analysis of stakeholder roles 172 6.3.1 Introduction 172 6.3.2 Roles of different stakeholder groups in the conservation, sustainable use and development of aquatic genetic resources 172 6.4 Analysis of stakeholder engagement 178 6.4.1 Stakeholder interest in aquatic genetic resources by geographic region 178 6.4.2 Interest of stakeholders in types of aquatic genetic resources by economic class and by level of aquaculture production 179 6.5 Indigenous and local communities 180 6.6 Gender 181 References 183 CHAPTER 7 National policies and legislation for aquatic genetic resources of farmed aquatic species and their wild relatives within national jurisdiction 185 7.1 Introduction 186 7.2 Overview of national policies and legislation 189 7.3 Access and benefit-sharing 191 7.3.1 Principles guiding access to aquatic genetic resources 192 7.3.2 Facilitating and restricting access to aquatic genetic resources 193 7.3.3 Obstacles to accessing aquatic genetic resources 194 References 197 v CHAPTER 8 Research, education, training and extension on aquatic genetic resources within national jurisdiction: coordination, networking and information 199 8.1 Introduction 200 8.2 Research on aquatic genetic resources 201 8.2.1 Research centres 202 8.2.2 Major areas of research 203 8.2.3 Capacity needs for research 204 8.3 Education, training and extension on aquatic genetic resources 206 8.3.1 Institutions, areas of work and type of courses 206 8.4 Coordination and networking on aquatic genetic resources 209 8.4.1 Networking
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