DOCSLIB.ORG

In Search of a Durable Solution: Examining the Factors Influencing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In Search of a Durable Solution: Examining the Factors Influencing Research Report C O R P O R A T I O N LOUAY CONSTANT, SHELLY CULBERTSON, JONATHAN S. BLAKE, MARY KATE ADGIE, HARDIKA DAYALANI In Search of a Durable Solution Examining the Factors Influencing Postconflict Refugee Returns RR-A1327-1 In Search of a Durable Solution Cover.indd All Pages 8/17/21 5:51 PM For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA1327-1. About RAND The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. To learn more about RAND, visit www.rand.org. Research Integrity Our mission to help improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis is enabled through our core values of quality and objectivity and our unwavering commitment to the highest level of integrity and ethical behavior. To help ensure our research and analysis are rigorous, objective, and nonpartisan, we subject our research publications to a robust and exacting quality-assurance process; avoid both the appearance and reality of financial and other conflicts of interest through staff training, project screening, and a policy of mandatory disclosure; and pursue transparency in our research engagements through our commitment to the open publication of our research findings and recommendations, disclosure of the source of funding of published research, and policies to ensure intellectual independence. For more information, visit www.rand.org/about/principles. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © 2021 RAND Corporation is a registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0739-9 Cover: Dominic Chavez/World Bank. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. About This Report There are over 80 million forcibly displaced people globally, the highest number of displacements on record. Yet, returns have not kept pace with displacement. The status quo is a growing global population of displaced people, living in limbo without full citizenship rights, and with their host countries under ever-greater strains of hosting them. The need to find new solutions to facilitate safe refugee return has become ever more urgent. This report considers several factors that have shaped the return of refugees and displaced persons: historical pace of refugee returns, including determinants and patterns; interplay among stakeholders in facilitating refugee returns; push-and-pull factors that shape refugees’ decisions to return to their home countries; fac- tors required for sustainable returns and successful reintegration; and experiences and outcomes from cases of forced displacement and return. The methods used to address this issue include a literature review and key informant interviews with experts and stakeholders; an analysis of displacement and return trends globally; and case studies of the three displacement contexts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and the Kurdistan Region–Iraq. The report includes an analysis of commonalities and differences across the cases, as well as both achievements and constraints in terms of returns as one of the durable solutions. The report concludes with recommendations. RAND National Security Research Division This research was sponsored by the U.S. State Department Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM) and conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center (ISDP) of the RAND National Security and Research Division (NSRD), which operates the National Defense Research Institute (NDRI), a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agen- cies, and the defense intelligence enterprise. For more information on the RAND ISDP Center, see www.rand.org/nsrd/isdp, or contact the director (contact information is provided on the website). —-1 —0 —+1 iii RR-A1327-1_CC2021_4P.indb 3 8/17/21 9:59 AM RR-A1327-1_CC2021_4P.indb 4 8/17/21 9:59 AM Acknowledgments We are grateful to the U.S. State Department Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM) for spon- soring this report. We want to especially acknowledge our program officer, Anna Nicol, for her guidance and support throughout the study phase. Maria Rowan, who previously held the program officer position, advised us at the early stages of the study, for which we are also grateful. We received helpful feedback on the project and this report from other PRM staff, including Christina Gosack, Claire Putzeys, Andrea Samuel- son, and Renee Lariviere in Washington, D.C.; Aida Kuric and Timothy Swett at the PRM’s Refugee Coordi- nator’s office in Belgrade, Serbia; and Alfred Boll, Emily Mestetsky at the Office of Refugee and IDP Affairs in Baghdad, Iraq, and Holly Wilkerson in Erbil, the Kurdistan Region–Iraq (KRI). We are grateful to the many dedicated officials and experts in government agencies, multilateral institu- tions, nongovernmental organizations, and academic and research organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and the KRI, for their generosity with their time during our interviews and sharing of their valuable knowledge about the displacement and returns situation in each of those contexts. Ali Sindi, minister of plan- ning for the KRI, and Zagros Siwaily, director general of the Capital Investment Budget, lent support to the study during the early project design and proposal phase. We are also grateful to a number of RAND colleagues who advised on our research and facilitated key connections for us, including Ambassador James Dobbins and Ambassador Charles Ries. Pauline Moore advised us on the Balkans context, and James Hoobler supported the literature review. We received invalu- able research assistance from Pardee RAND Graduate School (PRGS) students Annie Brothers, Max Izenberg, Omair Khan, and Joan Chang. We also thank Wirya Ahmed and Lawen Hawezy, who generously set aside time to provide us context for the KRI case and connect us with local officials and community leaders for our interviews. We thank the peer reviewers for this report, Roger Zetter, professor emeritus in refugee studies at the University of Oxford; and Howard Shatz, senior economist at RAND. We were also very fortunate to work with our key partners on the ground, Ipsos–Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ipsos–North Macedonia and Kosovo, and Ipsos–Jordan and Iraq, which conducted the in-depth interviews and focus groups. The research project benefited tremendously from the careful research and operational oversight and sup- port of several of our colleagues, including Agnes Schaefer, Michelle Platt, Megan McKeever, Heather Hess, Tonya Bordonaro, and Saci Haslam. Finally, we want to especially thank Kristin Leuschner, who provided expert guidance in communications on the research report; Fadia Afashe, who gave us critical support with enumerator training, protocol review, and interviews, and then also during the publications process as the production editor; Natalie Richards, who offered tremendous administrative assistance on both the project and the final report; and external editorial partner Liz Schueler, who provided expert copyediting assistance. —-1 —0 —+1 v RR-A1327-1_CC2021_4P.indb 5 8/17/21 9:59 AM RR-A1327-1_CC2021_4P.indb 6 8/17/21 9:59 AM Contents About This Report .......................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... v Figures ........................................................................................................................ ix Tables and Boxes ............................................................................................................ xi Summary ....................................................................................................................xiii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xxi CHAPTER ONE Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Aim of the Study ........................................................................................................... 2 Study Methods and Approach ............................................................................................ 2 Organization of This Report .............................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER TWO Overview of Global Concepts and Trends in Refugee Returns ...................................................... 5 Few
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iraq: Opposition to the Government in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI)
    Country Policy and Information Note Iraq: Opposition to the government in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) Version 2.0 June 2021 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the Introduction section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis and assessment of COI and other evidence; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Assessment This section analyses the evidence relevant to this note – i.e. the COI section; refugee/human rights laws and policies; and applicable caselaw – by describing this and its inter-relationships, and provides an assessment of, in general, whether one or more of the following applies: • A person is reasonably likely to face a real risk of persecution or serious harm • The general humanitarian situation is so severe as to breach Article 15(b) of European Council Directive 2004/83/EC (the Qualification Directive) / Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights as transposed in paragraph 339C and 339CA(iii) of the Immigration Rules • The security situation presents a real risk to a civilian’s life or person such that it would breach Article 15(c) of the Qualification Directive as transposed in paragraph 339C and 339CA(iv) of the Immigration Rules • A person is able to obtain protection from the state (or quasi state bodies) • A person is reasonably able to relocate within a country or territory • A claim is likely to justify granting asylum, humanitarian protection or other form of leave, and • If a claim is refused, it is likely or unlikely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Orientation | Kurmanji
    KURMANJI A Kurdish village, Palangan, Kurdistan Flickr / Ninara DLIFLC DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER 2018 CULTURAL ORIENTATION | KURMANJI TABLE OF CONTENTS Profile Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 Government .................................................................................................................. 6 Iraqi Kurdistan ......................................................................................................7 Iran .........................................................................................................................8 Syria .......................................................................................................................8 Turkey ....................................................................................................................9 Geography ................................................................................................................... 9 Bodies of Water ...........................................................................................................10 Lake Van .............................................................................................................10 Climate ..........................................................................................................................11 History ...........................................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Religions of the World Series Hinduism 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD SERIES HINDUISM 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Cybelle T Shattuck | 9780132662550 | | | | | Religions of the World Series Hinduism 1st edition PDF Book Focusing particularly on the modern period, it provides a valuable introduction to contemporary Hindu beliefs and practices and looks at the ways in which this religion is meeting the challenges of the modern world. A bit to in-depth for us. Similarly, Telugu -speaking priests from the Tirupati region have been imported to serve at temples such as the historically important Ganesha temple, constructed in Queens, New York, in — Sikhism 0. Their character differs markedly according to region, class, and the time at which emigration occurred. Overviews and lists. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion". Major religious groups and denominations 1. Signed out You have successfully signed out and will be required to sign back in should you need to download more resources. Published by Routledge The early 19th-century Sira Puranam , a biography of the Prophet Muhammad , is an excellent example. Sign In We're sorry! Worldwide percentage of Adherents by Religion, [1]. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. Many Hindus are ready to accept the ethical teachings of the Gospels , particularly the Sermon on the Mount whose influence on Gandhi is well known , but reject the theological superstructure. This book covers almost all major areas of academic research on religion and could prove to be an inspiration for serious research on Hinduism. Hinduism and Christianity Relations between Hinduism and Christianity have been shaped by unequal balances of political power and cultural influence.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Books (By Vinsenius Adi Gunawan and Othmar Gächter)
    N° 61 Sankt Augustin, July 2020 We would like to remind our readers that, strictly speaking, we are not reviewing the books and articles presented here (in the sense of giving a critical assessment of their contents) but intend to draw the readers’ attention to the publications that are of particular interest for those who are engaged with both – anthropology and mission. The material in the bulletin partly consists of quotes taken from the presented books and articles. Review of Books (by Vinsenius Adi Gunawan and Othmar Gächter) Piepke, Joachim G. (Hrsg.): P. Johann Frick SVD: Mao Strathern shows how the historical idiosyncrasy of using schlief in meinem Bett. Erinnerungen eines Chinamissio- an epistemological term for kinspersons (“relatives”) was nars 1931–1952. Baden-Baden: Academia Verlag (Col- bound up with evolving ideas about knowledge-making lectanea Instituti Anthropos, 52), 2020. 354 pp. ISBN and kin-making. She draws on philosophical debates 978-3-89665-911-8 (pbk) about relation – such as Leibniz’s reaction to Locke – and what became its definitive place in anthropological expo- Die “Notizen” spiegeln eine faszinierende Welt chinesi- sition, elucidating the underlying assumptions and con- scher Vergangenheit wider, wie sie in einfühlsamer Weise ventions of its use. von Johann Frick erfahren und reflektiert wurde. Die She also calls for scholars in anthropology and beyond Missionare bemühten sich um möglichst große Empathie to take up the limitations of Western relational thinking, mit den chinesischen Gegebenheiten, konnten andererseits especially against the background of present ecological ihr europäisches Urteilsvermögen nicht ausblenden. Die crises and interest in multispecies relations. In weaving Bevölkerung schätzte die ausländischen Missionare, wenn together analyses of kin-making and knowledge-making, sie als “betende und gute Menschen” erfahren wurden.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper: Geoc-201(Social and Cultural Geography) Topics: Major Religious Group: World and India; Nature of Agricultural and Urban - Industrial Society
    SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY SEMESTER: UG 2nd (H) PAPER: GEOC-201(SOCIAL AND CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY) TOPICS: MAJOR RELIGIOUS GROUP: WORLD AND INDIA; NATURE OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN - INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY MAJOR RELIGIOUS GROUPS OF INDIA Religion in India is characterised by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. India is officially a secular state and has no state religion. The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world's major religions; namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practices Hinduism, 14.2% adheres to Islam, 2.3% adheres to Christianity, 1.7% adheres to Sikhism, and 0.7% adheres to Buddhism. Zoroastrianism, Sanamahism and Judaism also have an ancient history in India, and each has several thousands of Indian adherents. Throughout India's history, religion has been an important part of the country's culture. Religious diversity and religious tolerance are both established in the country by the law and custom; the Constitution of India has declared the right to freedom of religion to be a fundamental right. Today, India is home to around 94% of the global population of Hindus. Most Hindu shrines and temples are located in India, as are the birthplaces of most Hindu saints. Prayagraj (formerly known as Allahabad) hosts the world's largest religious pilgrimage, Prayag Kumbh Mela, where Hindus from across the world come together to bath in the confluence of three sacred rivers of India: the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the Saraswati. The Indian diaspora in the West has popularized many aspects of Hindu philosophy such as yoga, meditation, Ayurvedic medicine, divination, karma, and reincarnation.The influence of Indian religions has been significant all over the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion Religion 1St Edition Download Free
    50 THINGS YOURE NOT SUPPOSED TO KNOW: RELIGION RELIGION 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Daniele Bolelli | 9781934708699 | | | | | Interview: Daniele Bolelli, Author of 50 Things You're Not Supposed to Know: Religion Retrieved 3 March I would highly recommend this book to pretty much anybody. In the chapter "Truth of My Father", Sagan writes that his "father believed in the God of Spinoza and Einstein, God not behind nature, but as nature, equivalent to it. Due to the special circumstances of our time the foundations of this doctrine must be more thoroughly examined. Mohlberg, Liber Sactamentorum romanae ecclesiae, Romao O, p. Zalta ed. For this reason it is clearly stated that hierarchical communion with the head and members of the church is required. The children of Abraham: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Established by Christ as a communion of life, charity and truth, it is also used by Him as an instrument for the redemption of all, and is sent forth into the whole world as the light of the world and the salt of the earth. Kelly says: September 19, at pm Thumb up!!! Therefore, they do not eat pork, shellfish, or other foods considered unclean under the Old Covenant. Again I want to give a time perspective to get an idea of how political freedom has changed over the last years. Nor is God far distant from those who in shadows and images seek the unknown God, for it is He who gives to all men life and breath and all things, and as Saviour wills that all men be saved. It is an extremely small religion, with no more than a few thousand adherents according to current estimates, most of which are concentrated in Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • From Avengers to Heroines Muslim*Women Dismantling Hegemonic Discourses
    Graduate School Course: SIMV07 Master of Science in Gender Studies Term: Spring 2016 Major: Political Science Supervisor: Dr. Catarina Kinnvall From avengers to heroines Muslim*women dismantling hegemonic discourses Gina Waibel Abstract Hegemonic European discourses about muslim*women reduce the complex living realities of muslim*women to the singular of the gendered and racialized other. This thesis investigates the hegemonic functioning of these discourses and explores postcolonial and queer theoretical approaches for dismantling it. Employing Mouffe and Laclau’s discourse analysis newspaper articles from seven European countries in English, French, and German are analysed. While the studies in case are a Pakistani cartoon series about the veiled super heroine Burka Avenger, and the fighters of the Kurdish women’s protection units YPJ. The analysis shows however, that discourses that are racializing and othering muslim*women can sustain hegemony, by disguising their particularities as universal. Going beyond identity politics, a postcolonial queer approach was compiled, focusing on the constitution of subjectivities and possibilities of politicising them. Key words: queer theory, postcolonial theory, Muslim, women, racism, nationalism, gender, Europe, discourse analysis Acknowledgments I am grateful for the possibility to study abroad and Lund University for the great education I received. Moreover, I would like to thank my professors, who above all, taught us to develop our own critical thought. I thank Frida Wallander for being a fantastic opponent and helping me to refine the thesis with her constructive criticism. More than that, I thank Frida for being a friend right from the beginning. I am thankful for all the people I got to know during my time in Lund, for making it a fantastic experience.
    [Show full text]
  • The Protection Needs of Minorities from Syria and Iraq Acknowledgements Abbreviations
    THE PROTECTION NEEDS OF MINORITIES FROM SYRIA AND IRAQ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONS Project coordinator: Arne Sæverås, Senior Peace- This report is the product of a cooperation between 3RP – Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan building Advisor, Norwegian Church Aid / World Council Norwegian Church Aid (NCA) and the World Council AI – Amnesty International of Churches. of Churches (WCC), with financial support from the AINA – Assyrian International News Agency Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway. NCA and WCC are CAT – Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment grateful for the expert support provided by International CEDAW – Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Orthodox Christian Charities (IOCC), Yazda-Global CPED – International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance Research coordinator: Javier Fabra-Mata, PhD, Advisor Yazidi Organization, Baghdad Women Association (BWA), CRC – Convention on the Rights of the Child for Methods and Results and Peacebuilding, Norwegian Christian Aid Program (CAPNI), ABAAD - Resource CRPD – Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Church Aid. Centre for Gender and Equality , representatives from UN CRSV – conflict-related sexual violence organizations and local and international humanitarian FGD - focus group discussion organizations working with people affected by the crises GBV – gender-based violence Project team: Peter Prove, Director, Commission of in Iraq and Syria, human rights groups, representatives HRC – Human Rights Commission the Churches on International Affairs, World Council of of religious and ethnic institutions, and members of the HRW - Human Rights Watch Churches; Margrethe Volden, Head of Division for Middle minority and majority communities in the Middle East ICC – International Criminal Court East and Asia, Norwegian Church Aid; Michel Nseir, Region, Norway and Sweden that we have met.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Books (By Vinsenius Adi Gunawan and Othmar Gächter)
    N° 62 Sankt Augustin, December 2020 We would like to remind our readers that, strictly speaking, we are not reviewing the books and articles presented here (in the sense of giving a critical assessment of their contents) but intend to draw the readers’ attention to the publications that are of particular interest for those who are engaged with both – anthropology and mission. The material in the bulletin partly consists of quotes taken from the presented books and articles. Review of Books (by Vinsenius Adi Gunawan and Othmar Gächter) Moser, Paul K., and Chad Meister (eds.): The Cam- Véritable édition multimédia, associant films, photo- bridge Companion to Religious Experience. Cam- graphies et textes, “Vivre avec les dieux” constitue à bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 339 pp. la fois le carnet de tournage d’une série de films docu- ISBN 978-1-108-45911-2 (pbk) mentaires et un ensemble de réflexions sur l’histoire récente de l’anthropologie, à travers la place qu’y ont For centuries, theologians and philosophers, among occupé la religion, la maladie et l’image. La série others, have examined the nature of religious experi- comprend cinq films en DVD, réalisés entre 1984 et ence. Students and scholars unfamiliar with the vast 1993, et tournés entre l’Afrique de l’Ouest et l’Amé- literature face a daunting task in grasping the main rique du Sud: “N’kpiti, la rancune et le prophète”, issues surrounding the topic of religious experience. “Prophètes en leur pays”, “Les Dieux-objets”, “Les “The Cambridge Companion to Religious Experience” Esprits dans la ville” et “La Nuit des Indiens pumé.” offers an original introduction to its topic.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq 2018 International Religious Freedom Report
    IRAQ 2018 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary The constitution establishes Islam as the official religion and states no law may be enacted contradicting the “established provisions of Islam.” The constitution guarantees freedom of religious belief and practice for Muslims, Christians, Yezidis, and Sabean-Mandeans, but not for followers of other religions or atheists. The law prohibits the practice of the Baha’i Faith and the Wahhabi branch of Sunni Islam. The constitution also provides for freedom from religious coercion and requires the government to maintain the sanctity of religious sites. Institutional and societal restrictions on freedom of religion as well as violence against minority groups remained widespread, according to religious leaders and representatives of nongovernmental organizations (NGO) focused on religious freedom. NGO leaders said the government continued to use the antiterrorism law as a pretext for detaining individuals without due process. Community leaders continued to state forced conversion was the de facto outcome of the national identity card law mandating children with only one Muslim parent, even children born as a result of rape, be listed as Muslim. Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) and Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) security forces closed some roads between the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR) and areas subject to territorial disputes between the KRG and the country’s central government for much of the year, impeding the movement of Yezidis between Dohuk Province and the Sinjar area. Most roads were reopened by year’s end. Yezidis, Christian leaders, and NGOs reported harassment and abuses by the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), a state-sponsored organization composed of more than 40 mostly Shia militias, which also includes Sunni and other minority units originally formed to combat ISIS.
    [Show full text]
  • Aman Magazine 4 Correction
    VOLUME 10 ISSUE 1, MAY 2017 Religious Inspiration in the Move from Turbulent to Inclusive Societies 03 04 Editorial The Role of Religion M. Abdus Sabur in Asian Geo-Politics Prof. Azyumardi Azra 09 12 Understanding Islam Dialogical Essence of in the Context of Islam as a Philosophy Interfaith Harmony for Interfaith Peace Waris Mazhari Dr.Mohsen Badreh 14 16 Kashmir: Kurds, their Struggle The 2016 Uprising and their Aspiration Mushtaq Ul Haq Ahmad Sikander Dr. Ismael Mersham 22 The Forgotten Peace: 20 The Chittagong Letter from Bangladesh Hill Tracts Accord Fr. Bob Ishak Mia Editorial Team: 24 Staffan Bodemar Good Moments of Dialogue: Mohamed Yunus Yasin Reflections from Sweden Lisa Schenk 26 Kaj Engelhart Clarence Dias Afghanistan Refugee Crises: Mohammad Abdus Sabur The Way Forward Ishak Mia Sohel Abida Rafique Editorial Mohammad Abdus Sabur The presidential election When a government, whether elected or not fail in the United States of its own people to realize their full potential and America is over. Donald let them contribute to the society to the best of Trump is the new presi- their ability, then it is only right that government dent. Throughout the take responsibility to pave the way so that the election period interna- state is restructured and reformed through tional and national media people’s participation. extensively covered the debate on policies and The fact is that the vast majority people in most of the developing countries still live in poverty, proposals put forward by unable to find a job, lacking skills and with no Donald Trump. Con- access to resources.
    [Show full text]
  • UNHCR's ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES for ASSESSING THE
    UNHCR’s ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION NEEDS OF IRAQI ASYLUM-SEEKERS This report has been produced by UNHCR on the basis of information obtained from a variety of publicly available sources, analyses and comments, as well as from information received by UNHCR staff or staff of implementing partners in Iraq. The report is primarily intended for those involved in the asylum determination process, and concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum claims lodged in various jurisdictions. The information contained does not purport to be either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed nor conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. The inclusion of third party information or views in this report does not constitute an endorsement by UNHCR of this information or views. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Geneva August 2007 1 Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................................6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................9 A. Current Situation in Iraq....................................................................................... 9 B. Summary of Main Groups Perpetrating Violence and Groups at Risk ............ 9 1. Main Groups Practicing Violence............................................................................... 9 2. Main Groups at Risk ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]