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Manual Biol Protistas 2021.Pdf Elaborado por: M.C. José Gerardo Alejandro Ceballos Corona M.C. María del Rosario Ortega Murillo M.C. Reyna Alvarado Villanueva Biól. Juan Diego Sánchez Heredia M.C. Alejandra Sánchez Trejo M.C. Rubén Hernández Morales Biól. Sandy Fabiola Andrade Hernández Morelia, Michoacán, febrero 2020 C O N T E N I D O Páginas INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................ 1 PRÁCTICA N° 1. SISTEMÁTICA Y TAXONOMÍA ………….………….….…….…………. 2 PRÁCTICA N° 2. EL PROCESO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA …………..…….. 16 PRÁCTICA N° 3. COLECTA, FIJACIÓN Y PRESERVACIÓN DE PROTISTAS DULCEACUÍCOLAS ………………………………………………….…………...…………. 38 PRÁCTICA N° 4. CONOCIMIENTOS BÁSICOS DE MICROSCOPÍA, MORFOLOGÍA GENERAL Y CULTIVO VIVO DE PROTISTAS ………………………………….……...…. 49 PRÁCTICA N° 5. COLECTA, FIJACIÓN Y PRESERVACIÓN DE PROTISTAS MARINOS …………………………………………………………………………………………………... 87 PRÁCTICA Nº 6. CRYPTOPHYTA (Criptomónidos) ………...………………….…..……… 102 PRÁCTICA N° 7. DYNOPHYTA (Dinoflagelados) ……………………...………….………. 107 PRÁCTICA Nº 8. XANTHOPHYCEAE (tribofíceas) ……………..…………….….……….. 114 PRÁCTICA Nº 9. CHRYSOPHYCEAE (Algas doradas), DICTYOCHOPHYCEAE (Silicoflagelados) Y RAPHIDEOPHYCEAE (Rafideofíceas) ……………….……………….. 117 PRÁCTICA Nº 10 BACILLARIOPHYTA (Diatomeas centrales) ….………….…….....……. 122 PRÁCTICA Nº 11. BACILLARIOPHYTA (Diatomeas pennales) ….……...………..………. 130 PRÁCTICA Nº 12. HAPTOPHYTA (Cocolitofóridos) ………………...…….………………. 137 PRÁCTICA Nº 13. EUGLENOPHYCEAE (Euglénidos) …..……………...………………… 141 PRÁCTICA Nº 14. PROTOZOOS SARCODINOS (de vida libre dulceacuícolas y marinos) . 147 PRÁCTICA Nº 15. PROTOZOOS CILIADOS (de vida libre dulceacuícolas y marinos) …… 154 PRÁCTICA N° 16. PROTOZOOS ASOCIADOS PARÁSITOS EN HUMANOS, FAUNA DOMÉSTICA Y FAUNA SILVESTRE …………...………………………………...……….. 159 PRÁCTICA N° 17. ORGANISMOS ASOCIADO NO PARÁSITOS …….………...………….. 170 ii BIBLIOGRAFÍA GENERAL .................................................................................................... 180 ©2020 Se prohíbe la publicación de éste manual fuera de la página oficial de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (http://bios.biologia.umich.mx/). iii Manual Lab. Biología de protistas Fac. Biología INTRODUCCIÓN La observación de los microorganismos inicia con la construcción del primer microscopio por Antony van Leeuwenhoek, a quien también se le considera como el padre de la Protozoología que junto con De Jussieu (padre de la ficología), abrieron un campo no imaginado por los científicos de su época. La controversia de considerar a los microorganismos unicelulares eucarióticos como vegetales o animales duró mucho tiempo. Ya desde el siglo antepasado se consideraron más de cinco reinos para tratar de explicar y sistematizar la enorme biodiversidad del planeta, sin embargo, en la década de los 70 del siglo pasado, Wittaker y Margulis son quiénes le dan mayor fuerza a esta propuesta; ubicando en particular a los unicelulares eucarióticos en el Reino Protista, aún cuando este fue concebido por Heckel a finales del siglo XIX. Actualmente los protistas representan linajes que no están relacionados entre sí, ni con aquellos que originaron a los miembros de los tres reinos pluricelulares. Así, los términos "algas" y "protozoos" han entrado en desuso como grupos naturales en la clasificación moderna; sin embargo, subsisten como grupos artificiales. En el transcurso del conocimiento biológico las características morfológicas, es decir, la forma y la estructura de las diferentes partes de un organismo, fueron de gran ayuda para organizar el árbol de la vida. Con el paso del tiempo se pudo detectar que éstas características eran insuficientes para entender cómo se encuentra organizada la biodiversidad. Las nuevas teorías, como la endosimbiótica seriada y el empleo de nuevas técnicas de biología molecular, han permitido analizar miles de caracteres a través de las secuencias de aminoácidos y nucleótidos de los genomas de organismos tan diversos, lo que ha dado lugar al establecimiento de nuevas ramas a los árboles ahora llamados filogenéticos. En este sentido el Reino Protista dejo de existir, ya que los diferentes grupos que lo componían tuvieron orígenes diferentes y no compartían un ancestro común. Una de las bases que se consideraron para reconocer como grupo polifilético a los protistas, la proporcionó Lynn Margulis, de ésta forma tenemos protistas que adquirieron sus plastos y mitocondrias a partir de diferentes endosimbiosis de tipo seriado, aunado a ello Cavalier-Smith reorganiza los grupos protistas a partir de los análisis moleculares, clasificación que ha ido mejorando. El avance en los inventos y mejoramiento de la microscopía, ha permitido tener una visión más amplia del mundo microscópico, es emocionante colocar una gota de agua de cualquier charco bajo el microscopio y darnos cuenta de la gran cantidad de organismos que conviven en ella. El presente manual tiene una doble finalidad, primero es una guía para el trabajo de campo y laboratorio con la perspectiva de apoyar el proyecto de investigación que los alumnos se propongan, y en segundo lugar que el alumno cuente con una orientación en forma de notas para estudiar. 1 Manual Lab. Biología de protistas Fac. Biología PRÁCTICA Nº 1 SISTEMÁTICA Y TAXONOMÍA 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El hombre en su afán de conocer el mundo que lo rodea en todas sus dimensiones, ha optado por clasificar, ya sea por la necesidad de procurarse alimento, medicarse o protegerse, ésta actividad le ha permitido sistematizar los conocimientos. Este hecho milenario permitió ir creando las bases para la clasificación actual. Una actividad inicial fue la de separar a los organismos de acuerdo a sus usos: medicinales, comestibles, de construcción, etc., a medida que su conocimiento avanzo, pudo entonces hacer los primeros intentos de utilizar una clasificación más natural, en la cual se utilizó por ejemplo los hábitos de vida que para el caso de las plantas pudo ser: hierbas, arbustos, árboles, etc. Sin embargo, el primer intento de una clasificación más sistematizada se encuentra entre las antiguas culturas como los griegos, es el caso de Aristóteles quien dividió a los organismos en animales y vegetales. El avance en los descubrimientos e inventos dio un vuelco al arte de clasificar, ya que permitió avanzar a grandes pasos en esta ciencia, dando como resultado una secuencia evolutiva, la cual se manifiesta en las diferentes escuelas de la taxonomía, evolutiva, fenética y cladísta, esto a derivado en una oportunidad para debatir los diferentes conceptos implícitos en el arte de la clasificación, sistemática, taxonomía, clasificación, nomenclatura, identificación y determinación, entre otros. La sistemática es la ciencia de la diversidad, es decir, la organización del conjunto total del conocimiento sobre los organismos. Incluye la información filogenética, taxonómica, ecológica o paleontológica. Es una disciplina de síntesis, de abstracción de conceptos, de enunciado de teorías explicativas de los fenómenos observados. Por lo tanto, tiene en sí, un trasfondo teórico que supera al de la taxonomía y una tendencia predictiva. La taxonomía ha sido definida como una forma de organizar la información biológica con arreglo a diferentes métodos como el feneticismo, el cladismo, la taxonomía evolutiva, criterios de tipo ecológico, paleontológico, etc. Es una disciplina eminentemente empírica y descriptiva, acumula fenómenos, hechos, objetos, y a partir de dicha acumulación genera las primeras hipótesis explicativas. Además de describir organismos, la importancia de la taxonomía estriba en que organiza la diversidad biológica en forma de clasificaciones. Existe una cierta confusión en el uso de los términos taxonomía y sistemática. Si taxonomía significa ordenar entonces sistemática significa reunir, juntar. Aunque ambos términos abarcan conceptos semejantes, la sistemática se ocupa más de la diversidad y de las relaciones entre los organismos, mientras que la taxonomía atiende a la clasificación de esa diversidad. Se ha criticado que la taxonomía deba tener necesariamente relación con la filogenia, a lo que se ha respondido diciendo que la clasificación se ha de realizar sobre alguna base sólida, sea del tipo que sea. Esta relación ha sido la de los parentescos de tipo evolutivo que llevan a parentescos de tipo morfológico. Es un criterio al que podemos llamar natural, ya que se puede observar directamente en la naturaleza. El problema, en el fondo, es determinar hasta qué punto la 2 Manual Lab. Biología de protistas Fac. Biología taxonomía debe ser compatible con la filogenia pues no necesariamente ha de ser un compendio exhaustivo de esta última, "las clasificaciones que utilizamos en taxonomía son, de hecho, resúmenes de hipótesis filogenéticas, o filogenias simplificadas". La clasificación es el método básico que emplea el hombre para enfrentarse con la organización del mundo que le circunda. Intuitivamente ordena los seres con unos criterios, los reagrupa en conjuntos jerarquizados y forma con ellos una clasificación, entonces una clasificación se podría definir como la ordenación de los seres en jerarquías de clases. Los organismos que comparten muchas características se dice que forman un grupo único, es la ordenación de los seres en grupos de tamaño creciente, dispuestos de una manera jerárquica. Los distintos niveles de jerarquías de una clasificación se denominan categorías taxonómicas y los grupos que se forman en una clasificación, independientemente
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