DOCSLIB.ORG

The United Nations and The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The United Nations and The The United Nations and the Palestinian refugees: an analysis of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, 1 May 1950--30 June 1971 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Gama, Abid Husni, 1943- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 10:36:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565262 THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE PALESTINIAN REFUGEES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINE REFUGEES IN THE NEAR EAST, 1 MAY 1950-30 JUNE 1971 by Abid Husni Gama A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA . THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Abid Huani Gama________________________ entitledThe United Nations and the Palestinian Refugees* An Analysis of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. 1 May 19^0-10 June 1971 be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of ______ Doctor of Philosophy___________________ (o Dissertation/Director Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* f c u T k) . This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial ful­ fillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allow­ able without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manu­ script in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to the faculty of the Department of History for their guidance and ■aide He especially wishes to extend his deep gratitude and appreciation to Dr. William J. Wilson, the major professor and the dissertation director. The author wishes also to express his appreciation for the encouragement and invaluable recommendations given to him by Dr, Richard R, Cosgrove and Dr, Ludwig -W, Adamec of the guidance committee in the preparation of this dis­ sertation. The author wishes also to express his deep gratitude to his family for their financial provision which made it possible for the author to attend The University of Arizona, Finally, the author would like to express his sincere gratitude to Inaam, Mona and Khalid for their love, patience and understanding, without which this dissertation, might not have been finished. iii TABLE OP CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES o o o o o o -o o o o o o o o o o o o oviii ABSTBACT OOOOO OOO-OOO OOOOOOOOOO O lx 1o INTRODUCTION oooooooooooooooooooo 1 2o THE PALESTINE PROBLEM; AN ANALYSIS OF THE EVENTS AND PROCESSES THAT LED TO THE CREATION OF THE PALESTINE REFUGEE PROBLEM 0 o > .. 5 Palestine Throughout the Ages 00o0ooooo Persecution of the Jews . 0. *'000000.0000 The Jews in the West „ » * « = = 00 o 0 o o The Jews in the East 0 , » * ^ * *. * » * * * The Search for a Solution 0 * * * * = <> o * - vo-^^vn <0 Zionisxn 00 000 0 000000000 00000 12 Palestine; Meaning and Significance 000000 14 Pledges and Counter Pledges; The Struggle for Palestine, 1912-1920 00000000000 18 Zionism and Britain , 000000.0000000 21 The Balfour Declaration , , , * * * * , * , 26 Meaning and Significance 00,0000000 26 Pledges to the Arabs , o , , = * , * 0 0 o' * o 29 Sir Henry McMahon , * ■» '« , « » 000 o * . o 31 Commander David George Hogarth , * * , 00 o 33 Lto Colo Jo Ro Bassett , , , o , o * , o o © 34 Declaration to the Seven , , © , © © © © o © 35 Anglo-French Declaration © „ , = © © © © © © 36 Palestine at the Paris Peace Conference © © © © 37 -Arab Deiiiand s o o © © © © ©o © © © 0. 0 © © © 37 Zioni st PIans © © © © © o © © © © © © © © © Z|.0 Woodrow Wilson; Between Arab and Zionist © 41 Palestine Under the Mandate, 1920-1947 © © © © © 49 Provisions of the Mandate © © © © © © © © © 49 Zionxst Aims. ©©©©©©©©©©©©ooo ^2 Jewish Immigration into Palestine © © © © © © © 53 Consequences © © © © © © © © © o © o © © © o 55 British Reaction:to Jewish Immigration © © © © © 56 Churchill White Paper © © © © © © © © © © © 56 The White Paper of 17 May 1939 © © © © © © © 57 Zionist Reaction to Britain © © © © © © © © 59 Churchill and Zionism © © © © © © © © © © © © © 60 Roosevelt,s Reaction ©©©©©©©©©©©©o o o 61 i v TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued' Page Truman and Zionism oooooocooooooo Position on Palestine 000oo000oo Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry ! | Truman-Bevin Dispute o o o o o o o o o o o , 66 Zionist Terrorism in Palestine: Its Meaning and Consequence s. o * @ o ■ » o o o ooo o o o » 67 Palestine at the United Nations O 40 O 0. 0 o o , 68 Partition of Palestine, 1947-1949 o o o o o o , 69 United Nations Special Committee on Palestine > 69 Partition with Economic Union oooooooo > 70 The Jewish State oooooooo <><,000 , 71 T^ie Arah State o o o 0 0 o o o o © o -o o.o 4 72 Jerusalem o o o o oooooooo ooo o . 72 Partition and Pressure Politics 0000000 . 73 Consequences of Partition 00000 «. o 0 0 = , 77 Arah .Response o o o © © © © © © © © o © o Zion3.st Response o © © © © © © ©. © © © o © i 78 Early United States-Israel Relations © © © » 79 The Arab-Israeli War of 1948 ° © © © © © © © © , 82 The Arabs in the Jewish State o 0 0 0 0 o , 82 The Position of the Arab States , 89 The Official # r © © © © © © © © © © © © © , 91 The Role of the United Nations © © © © © © , 93 The 1949 Arab-Israeli Armistice Agreements © © » 96 Definition of a Palestinian Refugee © © © © © , 98 Introduction © © © © © © © © © © © o © © © 3 98 The United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine Definition © © © © © © © © The International Refugee Organization Definition © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 102 The UNRWAPRNE Definition © © © © © © © © © © 104 An Israeli View © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 105 The Need for a New Definition 000000 © 108 . Who is a Palestinian? 0000000 o o o © 109 PRELUDE TO UNRWAPRNE » © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 113 Introduction © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 113 Early United Nations Involvement © © © © © © © © 11$ United Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees (UNRPR) © © © © © © © © © « © © © © © 118 United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine (UN OCR} © © © © ©. © © ©.© © © © © © 121 TABLE OP CONTENTS— Continued Page The UNCOP Between Israeli Rigidity and Arab. Flexibility . = « » « = » = o « 123 The United Nations Economic Survey 1^2. S S i o n (UNjiSM) ooo oooooooo o o o- 130 AN ANALYSIS OF THE UNRWA?RNE, 1 MAY 1950- 30 JUNE 1971 o o oooo o o o oo o o o oooo The Establishment of the UNRWAPRNE = 137 The Task of the UNRWAPRNE ooo oooooo 139 The Size of the Task , ooooooooooo llj.0 The Administration and Organization of ■ the UNRWAPRNE o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1l|1 Introduction o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 141 The Organization of the UNRWAPRNE 142 The .Chief Executive Officer „ <, = „ .» » 144 The Employees and Staff of the UNRWAPRNE 146 Cooperation and Coordination of Relief and Works Effort @ © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 147 Introduction © © © © ©o©©©©©©©© 147 The UNRWAPRNE and Other United Nations Organizations © © © © © © © © © © © © 149 The UNRWAPRNE and Other International Voluntary Organizations „ © © © © © © 151 The UNRWAPRNE and the Host Governments © 152 The Operations of the UNRWAPRNEs 1 May 1950- 30 June 1971 © © = © © © 0 00 - 0 0 153 Introduction © © © © © 0 0- 0 0 00 153 Relief Services © © © ooooo 0 154 Special Hardship Cases 00 0 0 00 167 Health Services © © © ooooo 0 167 Curative and preventive . Services 168 Education and Training Services 0 178 Self-Support Activities 0 0 0 0 00 189 Emergency Operations © ooooo 0 196 Financial Operations ,© o p b 0 06 •207 Consultation with the UNO CP © © ©' © © © © © Status of the Palestinian Refugees in the Host Countries ©. © © © © ■ © © © © © © © © © 217 Lebanon. © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 218 Syria ©■ © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 219 Jordan ©o©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 220 Gaza © © © © © © © © ,© © © © © © © © © © 220 Israel and the Occupied Territories © © 221 vii TABLE OP CONTENTS— -Continued Page Legal Aspects of the Work of the UNRWAPRNE „ 0 222 Legal Matters « o o o o o o o o o © © © © 224 Claims Against Governments © © © © © © © © 225 5© CONCLUSION o 229 The Intended Role of the UNRWAPRNE © © © 229 The Present Role of the UNRWAPRNE © © © 231 The Future Role of the UNRWAPRNE © © © © 233 The Future of the Palestinian Refugees , 239 APPENDIX
Load more

Recommended publications
  • • International Court of Justice • • • • •
    • • • INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE • • • • • . Request for an • Advisory Opinion on the • Legal Consequences of the • Construction of a Wall • in the Occupied Palestinian Territories • • WRITTEN STATEMENT SUBMITTED BY • THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN • • • • 30 January 2004 • • • • • TABLE OF CONTENTS • 1. Introduction • Il. General background • III. Immediate background • IV. Relevant facts V. Relevant legal considerations • (a) The Court' s jurisdiction • (i) The request raises a legal question which the Court has jurisdiction ta answer • (ii) There are no compelling reasons which should lead the • Court ta refuse ta give the advisory opinion requested of it. • (b) Applicable legal principles (i) The prohibition of the use of force, and the right of seIf- • determination, are Iules of ius cogens (ii) The territory in whîch the wall has been or is planned to be • constructed constitutes occupied territory for purposes of international law • (lii) The law applicable in respect of occupied territory limîts • the occupying State's power$ (iv) Occupied territory cannot be annexed by the occupying • State • (c) Applicable legal principles and the construction of the wall (i) The occupying State does not have the right effectively to • alIDex occupied territory or otherwise to alter its status (ii) The occupying State does not have the right to alter the • population balance in the occupîed territory by estabIishing alien • settlements • ->- :.• 1 1. • -11- (iii) The occupying State lS not entitled in occupied territory to construct a wall
    [Show full text]
  • TITLE the Implementation of the Balfour Declaration and the British Mandate in Palestine: Proble
    https://research.stmarys.ac.uk/ TITLE The implementation of the Balfour Declaration and the British Mandate in Palestine: problems of conquest and colonisation at the nadir of British Imperialism (1917–1936) AUTHOR Regan, Bernard DATE DEPOSITED 13 April 2016 This version available at https://research.stmarys.ac.uk/id/eprint/1009/ COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Archive makes this work available, in accordance with publisher policies, for research purposes. VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. For citation purposes, please consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication. The Implementation of the Balfour Declaration and the British Mandate in Palestine: problems of con- quest and colonisation at the nadir of British Imperi- alism (1917–1936) Regan, Bernard (2016) The Implementation of the Balfour Dec- laration and the British Mandate in Palestine: problems of con- quest and colonisation at the nadir of British Imperialism (1917– 1936) University of Surrey Version: PhD thesis Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individ- ual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open- Research Archive’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult http:// research.stmarys.ac.uk/policies.html http://research.stmarys.ac.uk/ The Implementation of the Balfour Declaration and the British Mandate in Palestine: problems of conquest and colonisation at the nadir of British Imperialism (1917–1936) Thesis submitted by Bernard Regan For the award of Doctor of Philosophy School of Arts and Humanities University of Surrey January 2016 ©Bernard Regan 2016 1 Summary The objective of this thesis is to analyse the British Mandate in Palestine with a view to developing a new understanding of the interconnections and dissonances between the principal agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabism and the Syrian Intelligentsia in Cairo: 1900-1918
    American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 6-1-2010 Arabism and the Syrian Intelligentsia in Cairo: 1900-1918 Justin Hoyle Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Hoyle, J. (2010).Arabism and the Syrian Intelligentsia in Cairo: 1900-1918 [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/1027 MLA Citation Hoyle, Justin. Arabism and the Syrian Intelligentsia in Cairo: 1900-1918. 2010. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/1027 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Arabism and the Syrian Intelligentsia in Cairo: 1900-1918 Justin A. Hoyle The American University in Cairo Masters of Arts Thesis 2 Contents I. Abstract 3 II. Introduction and Historical Background 4 III. Catalyzing Cooperation: An Analysis of Arabism Within the Syrian Intelligentsia in Cairo from 1900-1914 24 IV. Cairo as a Political Center of the Arabist Movement: 1908-1914 45 V. Arabism and the First World War: The Case Study of the Syrian Intelligentsia in Cairo 65 VI. Conclusion 86 VII. Bibliography 92 3 Abstract My thesis examines the process by which the Syrian intelligentsia in Cairo catalyzed Cairo’s transformation into an epicenter of the Arabist movement between 1900 and 1918. I will explore a combination of British diplomatic sources and Arabic- language publications in order to determine the role of the Syrian intelligentsia in Cairo in the burgeoning Arabist movement of the early twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Arab Nationalism 1950
    ARAB NATIONALISM Thesis for the Degree of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Sania Hamady 1950 This is to certify that the thesis entitled @244 W4 thebw presented b ”/m' M 4.53:1???“has been accepted towards fulfillment mam-w t 5% d/GJW/ Major professor Date 1M, cl)" mv 0-169 a .- -"|._r-,_—1 -._ - ll'":" ‘r vur-li “‘- '__=__1 _.—...——._’_._ ARAB NATIONALISM By Sania Hamady A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Political Science 1950 PREFACE My primary purpose in writing about Arab Nationalism has been a personal interest in making a general study of the subject. The duty of writing a thesis presented me with a chance of getting better acquainted with the politi- cal awakening of the Arabs and the Various national move- ments that have occurred separately, or simultaneously, in the individual Arab countries. The topic is extremely wide and its treatment in this thesis represents a mere 'survey. Though I have attempted to include all important events that have happened in the history of Arab nation- alism I do not pretend to have done a complete job. Nevertheless, I have tried to provide the interested reader with succinct material from which he may be able to derive a summary view of a broad subject. In the hOpe that my work may prove useful to some people who are interested in the theme I have endeavored to reveal the truth and be as objective as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Zionism and Palestinian Nationalism
    PALESTINE-FACTIONALISM IN THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1919-1939) CHAPTER I THE RISE OF ZIONISM AND PALESTINIAN NATIONALISM The awakening of Arab consciousness in modern times and the consequent rise of Arab nationalism can be attributed, inter alia, to the activities of the Zionists and to the impact of the First World War. The Palestinians were part of the Arab World sharing with it many of its internal developments as well as some of its external influences. Zionism was particularly influential in shaping their current politics and in determining their political destiny. Along its historic continuum, Palestine became the object of conflicting political claims and intense religious attachments. For centuries, Arabs and Jews have developed deep roots and emotional attachments to it. In time, the roots and the attachments became important in the development of two separate, but conflicting nationalisms: Arab nationalism and Zionism. Both nationalisms strove to ultimately gain control of Palestine. Historically, the Palestinian question can be related to the problem of Western intervention--cultural penetration in the form of ideas of nationalism and political penetration in the form of colonial rule. However, while Jewish nationalism originated in the intellectual and emotional responses to the Pogroms of East Europe, the nationalism of the Arabs was a direct reaction to Ottoman (Turkish) oppression and European colonialism. One should keep in mind that the two nationalisms appeared around the same time, towards the end of the nineteenth century, and reached the peak of their political strength later in the twentieth century. In the meantime, they were tied to the outcome of political decisions made in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Palestine: the Origin and Establishment of a Mandate, 1914-1922
    University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 11-1-1971 Palestine: The origin and establishment of a mandate, 1914-1922 Pamela M. Haviland University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Haviland, Pamela M., "Palestine: The origin and establishment of a mandate, 1914-1922" (1971). Student Work. 419. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/419 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PALESTINE: THE ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF A MANDATE - 1914-19 22 A Thesis Presented to the Department of History and the Faculty of the Graduate College University of Nebraska at Omaha In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Pamela M. Haviland November, 19 71 UMI Number: EP73057 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Rab;lisf»§ UMI EP73057 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest' ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historiography of Israel's New Historians
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives The Historiography of Israel’s New Historians; rewriting the history of 1948 By Tor Øyvind Westbye Master Thesis in History Autumn 2012 The Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion – AHKR 1 To Marie 2 Acknowledgments In writing this master thesis, I have received help and guidance from a number of individuals. Most importantly, my supervisor Professor Anders Bjørkelo at the University of Bergen has kindly guided me through the process of developing a master thesis. Also important are the help and guidance offered to me by Professor Knut Vikør, also at the University of Bergen. The feedback from my fellow Middle East students at the master seminar has been equally appreciated, as well as the support given by Anne Katrine Bang who supervised my Bachelor-paper and also helped me getting started as a master student. Thank you all. Special thanks goes to Professor Avi Shlaim at St. Anthony’s College in Oxford, who gave me an invaluable understanding of the New Historiography in an interview in May 2012, and received me as a welcome guest at his office. Without his contribution this master thesis would not be half of what it is. Finally, I would like to thank my wife of six years Marie, for her unrelenting patience and understanding. This would not have been possible without your support and motivation. 3 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 1: Historical Background ............................................................................... 9 Chapter 2: Israeli Historiography .............................................................................. 15 The Zionist historiography ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Wounded Turks and the Fall of Damascus, 1 October 1918
    THE WOUNDED TURKS AND THE FALL OF DAMASCUS, 1 OCTOBER 1918 YÜCEL GÜÇLÜ This paper, based on British, Australian and American sources, will endeavour to discuss the capture and occupation of Damascus by General Edmund Allenby's Egyptian Expeditionary Force on 1 October 1918 and the events which followed it. The chief purpose will be the investigation of the effect on the wounded Turks left in Damascus of the decision to allow the Arabs to administer the city. It will also attempt, with reference to international law, to make an assessment of the deplorable condition of the Turkish prisoners of war and hospitals in Damascus. WAR-TIME AGREEMENTS AND THE ARABS The Sykes-Picot Ag-reement of 16 May 1916 between Britain, France and Russia had provided for the formation of an Arab state or states in some of the territories of the Ottoman Empire in Asia, conditional on the Arabs obtaining the towns of Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo. One of the areas set aside for this purpose was to be under the influence of Britain, and another under the influence of France. This influence was defined in the aforesaid agreement as priority of rights of enterprise and local loans, and the exclusive right to supply advisers and civil servants to the respective state or states'. Early in 1918 the Sykes-Picot Agreement became common property in Arab Asia, thanks to the generosity of the Soviet government which released it and the efforts of the Ottoman officials who made use of it. Thrown into medley was the Balfour Declaration of sympathy with Zionist aspirations of 2 November 1917, which was a public insu-ument from the start.
    [Show full text]
  • EFFECTS of the DECISIONS of SAN REMO CONFERENCE on SYRIA and IRAQ Resul Yavuz
    Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi XXXII / 2, 2017, 565-600 EFFECTS OF THE DECISIONS OF SAN REMO CONFERENCE ON SYRIA AND IRAQ Resul Yavuz* Abstract After the end of the First World War, many negotiations between the Allies were held since December of 1918, in the course of sharing of the Middle East and establishing new states. In January 1919, during the Paris Peace Conference where the post-war new world order would discuss, the way of the establishment of the states in Syria and Iraq was put on the agenda. However, when it was taken account of the British declaration of establishing a Jewish settlement in Palestine in the Balfour Declaration in 1917, it was not possible to preserve the peace in Arab lands. The British and the French were faced with intense reactions in the process of implementing the decisions of the San Remo Conference which was held in April 1920 to shape the peace treaty with Ottoman State, in Syria, Palestine and Iraq. Besides, as a result of British- French negotiations which started in 1919 and concentrated during 1920, the withdrawal of British from Syria for the benefits of France disappointed Sheriff Hussein and his son Faisal, this caused new uncertainties for the region. Hence, the expulsion of Faisal from Syria after the Battle of Maysalun in July, 1920 began to disturb the British. Britain helped Faisal to become the king of Iraq and had a green light to his brother Abdullah to become king in Jordan in order to prevent them as an impediment in Cairo Conference in March 1921.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arab Revolt the Political Dimension
    The Arab Revolt The Political Dimension The Arab Revolt was an armed uprising in the second half of WW1 by the Hashemite Arabs of the Hejaz area of the Arabian Peninsular, led by Sheik Hussein bin Ali, Emir of Mecca and descendant of Mohammed the Prophet, and his four sons, against the Ottoman Turks who had occupied the area for over 400 years. Before and during the armed uprising, the political manifestations were beyond complex – they were a maelstrom of deals, promises, doubts, lies, deceit and agreements. The Hashemites were given early moral encouragement by certain Arabs of the Syrian area and finally military support by other tribal Arabs once the revolt started and successes were seen. British political concerns see-sawed, being seen by some as a lower priority than the France/Western Front theatre but vital by others. British military support of weapons and advisers followed and, although little known, Australia gave invaluable military and logistic support that arguably led to final victory in Palestine and the Arabs. The British officer Lt (later Lt-Col) T E Lawrence, who became known as Lawrence of Arabia, aided the revolt, acting as liaison officer between the British and the Arabs. Whilst the initial aim of the Arabs and Lawrence was for the unity of all Arabs and the formation of an Arab Nation, tribal disputes plus British and French post-war domination resulted in the establishment of Mandates in the Middle East and fragmented Arab control in scattered regions, laying the foundation for the Middle East as we see it today.
    [Show full text]
  • Zionism and the Israeli State
    University of Central Florida STARS PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements 1-1-1960 Zionism and the Israeli state Larry Hochman Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/prism University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Book is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Hochman, Larry, "Zionism and the Israeli state" (1960). PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements. 477. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/prism/477 %0 t Larry Hochman . Larry Hochman is a professor of physics at Eastern Michigan tlniversity. published by Radical Education Project Box 625 . Ann Arbor, Mich. 48107 · " ) THE ISRAELI STATE by Larry Hochman Ahl ANAL '-"SIS OF THE JUNE WAR It is hard for many Jews to realize or accept the fact that the central event in their contemporary ethnic lives - geno­ cide at the hands of the Nazis - . )s an historical occurrence that is neither emotionally nor politically compelling for most of the earth's peoples. To feel deeply about other peoples' catastrophes is a luxury afforded only to those who are sufficiently advanced economically and astute politically to be reflective on a broad scale. While the peoples of Asia and Africa, or at least those among them who are free from the overriding concerns of day to day survival, might rea­ sonably be expected to empathize with the victir-.$ of I iirf"c; hima , they cannot be expected to comprehend or be shaken by the liquidation of millions of foreign people who lived in another milieu.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Ilan Pappe
    PRAISE FOR THE ETHNIC CLEANSING OF PALESTINE ‘Ilan Pappe is Israel’s bravest, most principled, most incisive historian.’ —John Pilger ‘Ilan Pappe has written an extraordinary book of profound relevance to the past, present, and future of Israel/Palestine relations.’ —Richard Falk, Professor of International Law and Practise, Princeton University ‘If there is to be real peace in Palestine/Israel, the moral vigour and intellectual clarity of The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine will have been a major contributor to it.’ —Ahdaf Soueif, author of The Map of Love ‘This is an extraordinary book – a dazzling feat of scholarly synthesis and Biblical moral clarity and humaneness.’ —Walid Khalidi, Former Senior Research Fellow, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University ‘Fresh insights into a world historic tragedy, related by a historian of genius.’ —George Galloway MP ‘Groundbreaking research into a well-kept Israeli secret. A classic of historical scholarship on a taboo subject by one of Israel’s foremost New Historians.’ —Ghada Karmi, author of In Search of Fatima ‘Ilan Pappe is out to fight against Zionism, whose power of deletion has driven a whole nation not only out of its homeland but out of historic memory as well. A detailed, documented record of the true history of that crime, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine puts an end to the Palestinian “Nakbah” and the Israeli “War of Independence” by so compellingly shifting both paradigms.’ —Anton Shammas, Professor of Modern Middle Eastern Literature, University of Michigan ‘An instant classic. Finally we have the authoritative account of an historic event, which continues to shape our world today, and drives the conflict in the Middle East.
    [Show full text]