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66-12604 MUSTAFA, Urabi S., 1927 ) 66-12,604 MUSTAFA, Urabi S., 1927- THE UNITED STATES AND JORDAN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PALESTINE QUESTION. The American University, Ph.D„ 1966 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE UNITED STATES AND JORDAN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PALESTINE QUESTION by Urabi S. Mustafa Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The American U n iversity in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Internat ional Relat ions Signatures o f Committee Graduate Dean: Date The, American University AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Washington, D. C. LIBRARY JUL 1 1966 Wa s h in g t o n , d . c. A PLEASE NOTE: Several pages are not original copy with blurred and indistinct print. Some pages are cropped at right, left and top margins. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE ........................................................................................................................ i CHAPTER I . INTRODUCTION........................................ 1 I I . HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE................................................................... 27 King~Crane Commission ................................................ 31 B r itish Mandate for P a l e s t in e ........................................ 33 Palestine During War I I . ...................... 43 I I I . EARLY UNITED STATES-JORDANIAN RELATIONS................................ 53 The United Nations and P a lestin e .......................... 54 Establishment of Israel .............. 59 War or P la y ? ..................................................................................... 60 First Truce .............................................................. 62 D efiance and A s s a s s in a t io n ............................................ 66 S p lit in the Arab Camp. ............................... 67 All Palestine Government ............................................ 70 Broken Truce ..................................... 72 Jericho Congress .......................... 73 Armistice Agreements............................................ 75 United States' Recognition of Jordan. • ....................... 76 Israel Ignores its Promises ...................................................... 77 Final Annexation Steps ................................................................... 81 CHAPTER PAGE IV. THE UNITED STATES AND JORDAN 1950-1956 ................................ 84 Harmony of In te r e sts ....... ............................. .. 85 Tripartite Declaration of 1950 ............................... 85 The Middle East Command........................................ 88 Assassination and Instability. ........................... 88 Revolt in Egypt .............................. 91 King Hussein's Coronation ......................................................... 92 The Baghdad Pact .......................................................... 93 The D ism issal of Glubb Pasha ....... 98 The Suez C r i s i s . ...................... 102 The American P o sitio n .......................... 104 Jordan and the Suez Crisis .................................................. 104 V. THE UNITED STATES AND JORDAN 1957 ONWARDS........................... 107 The Eisenhower Doctrine. ............................................. 107 Split Between King Hussein and the Nationalists. • 110 Zerqa Affair ....... ...................................................... 112 The United States Open Support ............................................. 115 U nity and Union ........................................ 118 Troubles of 1958 ............................... 120 The King's Visit to the United States. 124 The United Arab Republic Breakdown .................................... 125 Relaxation in Jordan 127 VI. ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE TO JORDAN...................................................... 130 Agriculture. ................................................................................. 131 3 CHAPTER PAGE Highways......................................................................................... 132 Education ........................................................................ 132 Public Health . .......................................... ..••• 133 Industry. ... ............ 134 Public Administration .......................................................... 134 Tourism ......................................................... 135 Military A id ............................................................................ 136 The Seven Year Plan 1964-1970 .................................... 136 Water Resources ........................................................................ 137 Johnston P lan.............................................................. 138 East Ghor Canal 141 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................... 143 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................... 146 APPENDIX...................................................................................................... 154 TABLES 1 and 2*3,4,5 ................................................................... MAPS { 6 > .................................................................................................. PREFACE This dissertation examines American-Jordanian relations since 1946, and suggests policy guide lines for both countries. Since more than two-thirds of the Jordanian population are Pales­ tinian refugees, the Kingdom's policies have been and still are influenced by their attitudes and actions. The Palestinian problem and its physical and psychological consequences are therefore central to an understanding of Jordan's foreign policy. Palestinian attitudes toward the West, es­ pecially Great Britain, were crystalized soon after World War I and dur­ ing the Mandate; while during the critical 1946-1949 period, their attitudes and ideas about the United States and also about the other Arab countries, including Jordan, were formed. Jordan's location, its Holy Places, poverty and refugees, have made it extremely sensitive to events and developments in I sr a e l and the other Arab s t a t e s . As exem plified by American dejure recognition of Israel and Jordan on the same day, January 31, 1949, the Palestinian question and its related problems have domi­ nated the course of American-Jordanian relations. Due to the lateness of the period in discussion, I have not been able to use archival material. The Chairman and members of my dissertation committee, Professors, Harry N. Howard, Halford H oskins, Kerim Key and Charles 0 . Lerche, have helped me immeasurably through their kind advice and guidance. I am grateful to the American Friends of the Middle East for their understanding and assistance in this endeavor. I am also grateful ,to many of my relatives and Jordanian friends, and especially to Mr. H.A. Hasan. To officers of i the Office of Near Eastern Affairs in the Department of State go my thanks for supplying me with valuable material and information. And last, but not least, 1 thank the happiness of my life , and my wife, whose balanced criticism , patience and assistance have helped me greatly in bringing this dissertation to a conclusion. i i CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION American-Jordanian relationship, has passed through four stages. The f i r s t , p rio r to 1 9 4 6 ,,a period which did n o t w itness much more than contacts of an educational and religious nature. During World War II, Jordan was firmly in the Allied camp, but its participation was, mainly, through Great Britain. The second stage covered a period of three years, from 1946 to 1949. During this time, the American-Jordanian relationship i centered around the Palestinian question. The third stage extended from 1950 to 1957. During this period the relationship between both countries was improved considerably yet the United States1 role in Jordan remained secondary to that of Great Britain. Such British-American role was des­ tined to be completely reversed since 1957. As a political entity, modem Jordan came into existence after World War I. The local Arabs and the British colonial administrators \ found ground for cooperation. The Arabs sought to achieve independence and unity, while the British sought protection of the Near Eastern trade routes to India. Following a vague understanding reached through the Hussein-McMahon correspondence, the Arab R evolt was proclaimed in Mecca, on June 5, 1916. The following two points, in the correspondence were of great im­ portance: 2 1. S h erif Hussein demanded in h is le t t e r o f J u ly 14, 1915: England to acknowledge the independence of the Arab countries, bounded on the north by Mersina and Adana up to th e 37° o f la titu d e , on which degree falls Birijik, Urfa, Mardin, Midiat, Jezirat (Ibn Umate), Amadia up to the border of Persia; on the south by the Indian Ocean, with the exception of the position of Aden to remain as it is; on the east by the borders of Persia up to the Gulf of Basra; on the west by the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea up to Mersina.1 2. McMahon's rep ly , on October 2 4 , 1915, was: The two districts of Mersina and Alexandretta and portions of Syria lying to the west of the districts of Damascus, Horns, Hama and Aleppo cannot be said to be purely Arab; and should be excluded from the lim its demanded. With the above modification, and without prejudice to our exist­ ing treaties with Arab
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