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Intellectuals, Socialists, Capitalists, and Binationalism in Mandate Palestine Joel Beinin

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Intellectuals, Socialists, Capitalists, and Binationalism in Mandate Palestine Joel Beinin Intellectuals, Socialists, Capitalists, and Binationalism in Mandate Palestine Joel Beinin he likelihood of a “two-state” solution political association. Brit Shalom barely minority bloc in the Yishuv. To broaden the to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is on survived the Arab riots of 1929; it ceased binationalist coalition, in 1942 the League Tan asymptotic trajectory precipitously activity in 1933. In response to the violence for Arab-Jewish Rapprochement joined Ih . ud, approaching zero. The present reality is a Ruppin abandoned binationalism while an association established by intellectuals highly unequal de facto binational state. Kohn broke with Zionism altogether. Despite around Judah Magnes. Ih . ud there by became Between the two world wars, Zionist advocates the intellectual brilliance of its leaders, Brit a much more substantial organization than of binationalism believed that guaranteeing Shalom never had more than a few hundred Brit Shalom. the civic and national equality of Jews and adherents. It had no social or political base. In 1946 Ha-Shomer Ha-Z. a‘ir and the Arabs would make it easier to establish Henrietta Szold, the founder of Hadassah, Socialist League fused to form the Ha-Shomer a Jewish national home in Palestine. But supported Brit Shalom and its successor, Ih . ud. H a - Z. a‘ir Workers’ Party. Two-thirds of its ten for those actively engaged in the Zionist But she did not represent Hadassah’s views thousand members were kibbutzniks. The settlement project, binationalism was always on this issue. For many Zionists who believed party delegated Mordechai Ben-Tov to draft fraught with contradictions. they were more “pragmatic,” the identifica- a book-length memorandum entitled The H. ayim Kalvarisky, an early and tion of binationalism with intellectuals Case for a Bi-National Palestine. It was released persistent advocate of binationalism, also was evidence of its infeasibility, whatever its in March 1946 when the Anglo-American purchased lands in the Galilee for the Jewish ethical merits. Committee of Inquiry, which was tasked with Colonization Association and supervised There was, however, a version of bina- formulating recommendations for resolving the expulsion of peasant tenant farmers. tionalism rooted in the political economy both the European Jewish refugee crisis Kalvarisky regretted the dispossession of Arab of the Yishuv—paradoxically embraced by and the future of Palestine, was conducting peasants but recognized that establishing the most radical currents of the Jewish labor public hearings in Jerusalem. The Jewish a Jewish national home required it. Yet, in movement as well as representatives of Agency obliged all its constituent parties to 1919 Kalvarisky presented a proposal for large agricultural and industrial capital. The endorse the Biltmore Conference’s demand a Zionist-Arab agreement to the General platform of the 1927 founding congress of the for a Jewish state when addressing the AACI. Syrian Congress, where the forces that had federation of Ha-Shomer Ha-Z. a‘ir kibbutzim So Ha-Shomer Ha-Z. a‘ir did not publicly launched the Arab revolt against the Ottoman (Ha-Kibbuz Ha-’Ar . z i Ha-Shomer. Ha-Z. a‘ir) advocate a binational state before the AACI. Empire were ensconced. The congress advocated “a bi-nationalist socialist society Binationalism is primarily a political- accepted Kalvarisky’s text in principle, in Palestine and its environs.” As Ha-Shomer constitutional issue. Ha-Shomer Ha-Z. a‘ir declaring that “Palestine is the homeland H a - Z. a‘ir moved from communitarian envisioned that the legislature of the proposed of all its citizens: Muslims, Christians and anarchism to orthodox Marxism in the 1930s, binational state would be based on parity Jews are all citizens with equal rights.” it became increasingly engaged at the national between the two peoples regardless of their Arthur Ruppin, another early propo- political level, including more urgent advo- numbers. This would allow either community nent of binationalism, established the first cacy of binationalism. to block legislation it regarded as vital to its Zionist office in Jaffa in 1908. He was also The May 1942 Biltmore Conference interests. However, Ben-Tov’s presentation of instrumental in securing the loan to establish called for a Jewish commonwealth in Palestine binationalism depended heavily on economic Tel Aviv and involved in purchasing Arab after World War II—the first time a represen- reasoning to explain why this would not lands on Mount Carmel, the Jezreel Valley, tative body of the World Zionist Organization result in legislative gridlock. Ha-Shomer and Jerusalem. In 1913 he wrote, “Land is the specified that the goal was a Jewish state. H a - Z. a‘ir believed that “cooperation between most necessary thing for establishing roots Proponents of binationalism were compelled Jewish and Arab labour constitutes the in Palestine. Since there are hardly any more to respond. Immediately after the Biltmore cornerstone of the whole future of both arable unsettled lands . we are bound in conference, Ha-Shomer Ha-Z. a‘ir and its urban races in Palestine.” each case . to remove the peasants who ally, the Socialist League, officially joined the Like all labor Zionists, Ben-Tov argued cultivate the land.” League for Arab-Jewish Rapprochement on that Zionist settlement had raised the Binationalism has most prominently the basis of a binational program. Po‘alei standard of living of Palestinian Arabs. been associated with a group of mainly Z. iyon, a small urban workers’ party, affiliated But he criticized the Histadrut’s policy of German-Jewish professors at the with the league when it was established in excluding Arab workers and Arab products Hebrew University who did not live its 1939, left the league, the first expression of the from the Jewish economy—core elements contradictions—Hugo Bergmann, Martin changing social character of binationalism. of labor Zionist practice—as unnecessarily Buber, Hans Kohn, Judah Magnes, Gershom Ha-Shomer Ha-Z. a‘ir and the Socialist exacerbating national tensions. He imagined Scholem, and Ernst Simon. In 1926 they, League won 20% of the vote in the 1942 that the class interests of Jews and Arabs, along with Kavalrisky, Ruppin, and others Histadrut elections. Thus, in the 1940s radical especially workers, would override their established Brit Shalom, the first binational socialist binationalists comprised the largest national affinities, and form the basis of a FALL 2013 47 binational majority for the future government Moshe Smilansky, the founder of the The dispossession of Palestinian peasants, on “every practical . piece of legislation on Farmers’ Association and a prominent citrus the demand for extensive Jewish immigration, taxes, tariffs, budget, social insurance, labour grower, was a Brit Shalom member and which would turn the Arab majority into a conditions, protection of industries . the later a Palmah. commander in the Rehovot minority, and the postponement of political bulk of the business of any legislature.” area, an expression of the contradiction in independence by a lengthy United Nations Ben-Tov proposed that a special seeking Arab-Jewish rapprochement while trusteeship (advocated by Ben-Tov) were development authority administer Palestine settling on what was once the rural frontier. substantial obstacles to Arab acceptance of for the next twenty or twenty-five years. Its Other bourgeois supporters of Brit Shalom binationalism. Moreover, the contours of task would be to promote the settlement of included Moshe Novomeysky, founder global politics have changed dramatically “at least two to three million Jews,” “raise of the Palestine Potash Company, Pinh. as since the late 1940s. Consequently, the the standard of living and education of the Rutenberg, founder of the Palestine Electric history of Mandate-era binationalism does Palestinian Arabs to approximately the Jewish Company, and Gad Frumkin, the only Jew not offer us any unambiguous “lessons” for level,” and “actively encourage Jewish-Arab to sit on the Palestine Supreme Court. the present and future. Believing that it can cooperation.” As a Marxist, Ben-Tov supported During the summer of 1936, after the is a facile misuse of history. What we can planned economic development. But, this Arab Revolt of 1936–39 erupted, Judah learn is that the partition solution embodied program was incommensurable with the Magnes and these four bourgeois Zionists in UN General Assembly Resolution 181 prescriptions of post-World War II develop- met secretly with Musa al-‘Alami and other of November 29, 1947 was not inevitable. ment economics. Palestinian Arabs in a back channel effort Alternatives were seriously considered Bourgeois Zionists, who rejected labor to achieve an Arab-Jewish agreement. A and preferred by thoughtful, conscientious Zionism’s “conquest of labor” agenda, major point of contention, according to individuals and substantial social groups. formed another group of binationalists. They Aharon Cohen’s account in Israel and the wanted to hire Arab workers who generally Arab World, was the willingness of the Joel Beinin is professor of Middle East History and accepted lower wages than Jews; and some Arab parties to accept the immigration Donald J. McLachlan Professor of History at were engaged in profitable activities with of 30,000 Jews annually for the next ten Stanford University. His most recent publication is Arab partners. Eyal Sivan’s film, “Jaffa, The years while the Jewish Agency insisted Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contesta- Orange’s Clockwork” (2010), documents Arab- on 62,000 a year—the difference between tion in the Middle East and North Africa, 2nd Jewish collaboration in the production and achieving a Jewish population of 40% ed. (Stanford University Press, 2013); co-edited with export of citrus fruits through the 1940s. by 1946 and a Jewish majority. Frédéric Vairel. The Unwritten Diary of Israel Unger Revised edition Carolyn Gammon and Israel Unger $24.99 Paper • 240 pp., 91 b/w illus. • 978-1-77112-011-1 • Life Writing series Israel Unger and his family hid for two years during WW II in an attic crawl space in Tarnow,Poland.
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