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Grid Connection Requirements of Renewable Energy Presented By Grid connection requirements of Renewable Energy Presented by: Riaan Smit Chief Engineer: Network Planning 2010-09-28 2 Content • Summary of interest in renewable energy developments to date • Renewable Energy Development Areas • Embedded Generation (EG) Applications • Interconnection of Embedded Generation • Joint Transmission & Distribution Grid Planning • Western Cape GTZ-DigSilent-Eskom grid integration study • Conclusion • Q&A 2010/10/11 2 Renewable Energy “Potential” Summary (MW) • Development interest in MW: WR SR NWR Total • Wind Applications (Letter, Rev 1&2) 6 350 5 212 1 682 13 252 • Other RE sources 795 20 1 082 1 902 • Requests for RE Grid Connection 7 145 5 232 2 764 15 154 • Number of “application” projects 85 45 24 156 • Max potential listed for these sites 12 172 5 519 5 063 22 772 • Alternatives, Duplicate sites, too close to coast, “long term dreams”,….. • New applications will assist with data cleanup - latest requirements • Formal process Applications expected ?? • Expected approval levels by 2013 (IRP1) 1 025 • Actual RE potential Precisely unknown • Uncertainty high Await IRP 2 by Nov 2010 / REFIT programme • Excellent cooperation by potential developers – to share data • Database with RE Projects shared with Eskom Network Planners only 2010/10/11 3 Renewable Energy Development Areas (REDA) – Indicative “applications” • MTS substation areas / Technical “Application” Rev 1 & 2 Areas All interest in area • Numerous extra Higher Solar ~500 MVA Resource substations required – long term • Additional transformer capacity required • Allow 3+ year lead time – EIA, technical & resource, etc. • Funding for shared Radio networks need Astronomy NERSA approval 400 kV 220 kV 132 kV 2010/10/11 66 kV 4 Embedded Generation (EG) Applications • Use Eskom EG Application form Revision 02, Dated 30 June 2010 • Forward request for Indicative Costs on Company Letterhead and Rev 2 to Customer Services (see contacts below) • All letters, Rev 1 and Rev 2 considered in scenarios • Formal national process not initiated as yet – all are waiting • Company & Technical data [email protected] Western Region NR [email protected] Central Region CR [email protected] North West Region ER [email protected] Southern Region NWR [email protected] Northern Region WR [email protected] Eastern Region SR 2010/10/11 5 Renewable Energy applications • Applications to be processed once REFIT programme requirements fully available • Indicative costs to support developers • A quotation requires detail work for project submissions – Application Form Rev 2 Part 2 to be updated with all required technical data • Selected projects to continue once commitment fee is paid to Budget Quote stage • Project execution will follow once PPA allocated / financial close • Will require a Connection and Use of System Agreement to be signed • Any programme must cater realistically for project lead times and risks, including quotation phase, EIA, construction…. 2010/10/11 6 Interconnection of Embedded Generation • SA Grid Code (Transmission) and Distribution Grid Codes from NERSA • DST 34-1765 Distribution standard serves to fulfil Eskom Distribution’s obligation under Section 8.2 (4) of the South African Distribution Code: Network Code: • “The Distributor shall develop the protection requirement guide for connecting Embedded Generators to the Distribution System to ensure safe and reliable operation of the Distribution System”. • This standard does not apply to generator interconnections at Low Voltage, or generators of capacity less than 100kW. NRS097 will cater for it. • The present revision of this standard does not cater for specific requirements with regard to the interconnection of wind farms • Additional Wind Grid Code requirements under development • Will require developer/IPP cooperation with proper technical data • E.g. wind turbine models 2010/10/11 7 Joint Transmission & Distribution Grid Planning • First real wind energy course in South Africa – March 2009 • Arranged by DEADP, Western Province and Eskom with GTZ & DigSilent • Involved various role players and developers in industry • GTZ-DigSilent-Eskom Western Province grid capacity study – March – Nov 2009 • GTZ-DigSilent-Eskom grid capacity credit study – March – Oct 2010 • Transmission and Distribution in-house network capacity, and fault studies in progress • Will be used in feedback to developers to assist with applications • Transmission & Distribution workshop held Sep 2010 • Planning procedures being developed and tested • Developers treated as if only developer, until optimisation for projects accepted for REFIT programme • DigSilent wind turbine modelling course to Eskom Network Planners – Oct 2010 – to support proper analysis and consistent approach • The above deals only with Eskom, Municipal needs to be considered 2010/10/11 8 Grid connection “technical concerns” • Thermal loading of lines/transformers • Voltage variations during normal operation • Over voltages studies for Renewable Energy projects • Voltage recovery after faults (incl. Low Voltage Ride Through) • Voltage sags due to breaker operation • Reactive power control • Cable/Transformer inrush currents • Short circuit currents • Impact on Power Quality aspects (Harmonics/Flicker, IEC 61400-21) • Influence on ripple control system • Limit system losses • Reliability required by wind developer • Transmission system requirements such as stability, sub-resonance... • Need to do technical studies / analysis to ensure acceptance 2010/10/11 9 GTZ-DigSilent-Eskom Western Cape grid capacity study Stage 3 Western Cape Stage 2 Stage 1 Western Cape Province area 2010/10/11 10 Stage 1: 150MW – Impact on Thermal Limits F F F F L L L QUARY1_2 PIETM1_2 BANTM2_2 m WHITH1_2 BAVIN1_2 m F m L % % GEELB1_2 RUITK1_2 KOUP1_2 GEMSB1_2 ANTJK1_2 BOTES_2 % k k m O O k O L % m k O 6 5 % 5 7 3 k W W O 8 7 W 3 0 7 9 0 6 W , , 1 1 9 0 , 3 , , 1 1 , 8 W , 1 3 6 8 8 3 , 0 2 2 8 5 , 2 1 1 8 , 1 1 3 1 0 8 1 0 2 2 2 1 BOSKLOOF 2 2 Off 2 2181WOLF 74,80 km 0,00 % 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 22,49 km 11,41 km 11,17 km 9,96 km n-1 12,93 km 11,05 km 13,16 km 9,64 km 14,20 km 24,09 km 0,00 % 0,00 % 0,00 % 0,00 % 20,17 % 19,67 % 18,27 % 17,76 % 17,12 % 16,59 % Continued on lod_72852_1 • <=12B7ac%chus o13v2keV drialgoraam d lod_72962_1 lod_72932_1 lod_70922_1 lod_70842_1 F m L k % O 2181WOLF 1 0 W 4 74,80 km 0 , , 1 2 0 110,86 % 8 1 1 2 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 2181WOLF 22,49 km 11,41 km 11,17 km 9,96 km 12,93 km 11,05 km 13,16 km 9,64 km 14,20 km 24,09 km 111,37 % 112,44 % 115,48 % 115,69 % 22,62 % 20,68 % 20,32 % 17,88 % 17,53 % 16,33 % F % m L k 9 O 9 0 , W BOSKLOOF 1 4 0 , QUARY1_1 PIETM1_1 BANTM1_1 WHITH1_1 BAVIN1_1 1 2 2 8 RUITK1_1 KOUP1_1 GEMSB1_1 ANTJK1_1 BOTES_1 1 1 GEELB1_1 1 2 F m L % To DROERIVIER k O 3 5 8 W 4 , • General mitigation options > , 1 0 1 8 2 1 1 thermal limits 2 F m L • Build new 143 km line to % k O 7 5 9 W 4 , , 1 2 1 8 2 1 Boskloof 1 2 2181WOLF 9,40 km 31,04 % • Limit wind farm output to 120MW F L % m k O 4 0 0 W , 4 1 , 1 8 9 3 LAIN132B1 1 • Limit output in case of actual line 2 failure • Consider dynamic line rating LAIN132B2 systems LAIN132 WF • Or just limit size of Wind Energy A V LAINGSBURG % M 1 0 0 0 , , 6 Facility 0 8 F 8 L F 1 m % m k L % O k 2 O 5 7 7 W 5 4 , 9 , 1 W 4 , 5 , 4 5 1 5 1 4 1 6 P 1 1 1 WP51WOLF 2161WOLF M1311CH W 150 MW 2 6,00 km 6,12 km 28,11 km 14,48 % 14,59 % 7,06 % LAIN33 WF SWART1 BUFPT1 LADIS13 A Wind Park % V 6 M 3 , 0 1 5 , 8 2 A A V V % % M M 0 8 0 6 0 0 , , 0 0 4 0 , , 1 6 0 0 1 1 LAIN0.69 WF Ladismith SWART22 BUFPT22 2010/10/11 11 Violation of Thermal Limits – Cap Wind Farm Output T N E L 12,50 I S g I D 10,00 Use Weibull distribution y t i l 7,50 i b a 5,00 b o 2,50 r P 0,000 -2,50 0,500 1,500 2,500 3,500 4,500 5,500 6,500 7,500 8,500 9,500 10,50 11,50 12,50 13,50 14,50 15,50 16,50 17,50 18,50 19,50 20,50 x-Axis: Windpark Analysis: Wind Speed in m/s Windpark Analysis: Probability in % Wind m/s 160,00 16.624 % 1454 h/year exceed limit Y =120,000 MW 120,00 W M 80,00 n i r 40,00 e w o 0,00 P -40,00 0,03 20,03 40,03 60,03 80,03 100,03 x-Axis: Windpark Analysis: Cummulative Probability in % Windpark Analysis: Generated Power in MW Cumulative Probability 2010/10/11 High Load Plots Date: 7/23/200192 DIGSILENT Voltage at Laingsburg Wind Farm Connection Point PV-Curve Annex: 1 /3 Voltage Variations – cos phi constant (=1) T N X =150,000 MW E L 1,08 I S g I 136.500 MW 1.074 p.u. D 1.074 p.u. 1.070 p.u. 1.065 p.u. 58.375 MW 47.697 MW 66.198 MW 1.050 p.u.
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