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Grid Code Requirements for Diesel and Gas Gensets Solutions for Compliance with New Guidelines

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Grid Code Requirements for Diesel and Gas Gensets Solutions for Compliance with New Guidelines WHITE Paper — GRID CODE GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR DIESEL AND GAS GENSETS SOLUTIONS FOR COMPLIANCE WITH NEW GUIDELINES The top priority in power production is keeping the grid stable. Power production plants feeding electricity into the grid must therefore follow clearly defined guidelines. Renewable sources of energy with fluctuating output, such as wind and solar power, are becoming increasingly competitive compared with conventional energy producers. As a result, these sources will be supplying a greater share to the world‘s power grids. Against this backdrop, the challenge facing operators is to keep the grid stable and secure the supply of utility power. To deal with this, grid operators define standards in the form of so-called “Grid Codes” which all energy producers intending to supply the grid are obliged to follow. MTU Onsite Energy gas cogeneration systems and diesel gen- sets are playing a perceptibly more significant role in the global energy mix. They form a key component in driving the energy transition being highly efficient and, in marked contrast to renewable sources, available at any time to deliver controlled power pre- cisely when it is needed most. What’s more, they already meet existing requirements for by generating plants, such as the German BDEW guideline for medium-voltage networks, to Marcus Mücke supply power grids in normal operation and in case of disruption. Team Lead Automation Development MTU Onsite Energy GmbH Augsburg Michael Kreißl Manager Grid Compliance MTU Onsite Energy GmbH Augsburg CHANge OF ENergY productION Gross electrical energy production in Germany from 1990 - 20151 The power sector has been undergoing one of 100% Other the biggest transformations since its early days. The world is moving from high carbon-footprint Renewable: Waste energy production centered strongly on fos- Renewable: sil fuels such as coal, lignite and oil towards 80% Solar PV renewables such as solar power, wind power Renewable: Bio Mass and hydro power. However, this transforma- Renewable: Hydro Power tion features more than just the rapid increase 60% in the use of renewables: some countries are Renewable: Wind Offshore seeing growth in distributed power produc- Renewable: tion featuring smaller combustion engines to Wind Onshore 40% boost the overall efficiency of energy use. Oil Both changes may be observed strongly in Natural Gas Germany, not simply because investment in 20% Coal renewable energies is becoming a cheaper, more competitive proposition, but primarily because Nuclear of the German Renewable Energies Act (“EEG”) Lignite which, in the year 2000, began to promote the 0% growth of renewable energy sources by offering 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 subsidies for this kind of power generation. ©2016/ // / MTU Onsite Energy www.mtuonsiteenergy.com 02/ // / GRID CODE Until 2000, the main renewable energy power in 2010-2012, growth has been a mere of renewables of grid and distributed power source was hydro power. By 1996, wind 1.9 GW and 1.5 GW in the last two years. producers was quite low, the main rule speci- power was making itself felt, and has been fied for these power generators was that, in increasing steadily since 2000. The balance The growth of the renewables is set to con- the event of any malfunction, they had to trip of import and export of electrical energy was tinue. Improved competitiveness due to cost their systems within a very short time (e.g. stable up to 2004. Since then, the amount reductions will be one reason, but another is VDEW, “Generators in the low voltage grid”). of electrical energy exported by Germany political effort to achieve greener power genera- But tripping these renewables in response has been growing and, in 2015, reached tion. Germany is targeting 35% renewables by to a grid failure when most generation is 50 TWh of a total production of 652 TWh. 2020. Given the 30% seen in 2015, this goal being powered by renewables will produce is capable of being reached even earlier than a complete system blackout, as the UCTE Renewable energies constituted 30% of planned. The subsequent steps are at least network can only absorb a power drop of 3 German electrical power generation in 2015. 40% by 2030, 55% by 2040 and 80% by 2050. GW. Therefore, it is necessary for renewable At 13.3%, the largest proportion of renewa- However, Germany is not alone on this journey. and distributed power producers to deliver bles is wind, followed by biomass (7.7%) and In March 2007, the Council of Ministers of the system services to the grid in the same man- solar power (5.9%). Hydro power amounted European Union decided to achieve a 20% share ner as the large conventional power plants. to just 3%. In view of the current “EEG” of renewables (20% of total energy consumption: Since 2009, this requirement has been added Renewable Energies Act and the growth power, heating and transportation) by 2020. to the German BDEW MV Directive (German in renewables over the last two years, the European directive 2009/28/EC has distributed medium voltage grid technical directive enti- share of wind power is set to rise strongly. this European target down to national targets. tled “Generating Plants Connected to the Medium-Voltage Network”, further abbrevi- New wind power installations totalled Seen historically, big conventional power ated as BDEW Directive). Other countries also 4.3 GW in 2014 and approx. 3.6 GW in plants have delivered all system services nec- already have national directives to keep their 2015. The best years for solar power are essary to ensure the stability of the system at grids stable, e.g. CEI 016 in Italy and G59 in now behind us. From 7-8 GW of additional a very high level. In the past, when the share the UK. To harmonize local requirements at European level, Network Code Requirements for Generators (NC RfG) has been introduced. NC RfG sets a frame of requirements for GermaNY‘S ELectrICITY geNeratION MIX 2015 the implementation of national directives. Share of Germany’s gross electric power generation - Renewables reach 30%2 GRID CodeS Natural gas The main purpose of grid codes is to specify the rules for delivery of system services by Nuclear Others Renewables all power generators, including renewable 30% = 194 billion kWh 8,8% and decentralized power generation units. 4,9% The requirements of these grid codes can Fossile 14,1% 13,3% Wind roughly be broken down into four groups: 453 billion kWh • Power quality — Harmonics / Interharmonics /Flicker — Switching operations 24% 647 30% • Static grid support Lignite billion kWh 7,7% — Frequency and active power control Bio Mass — Voltage and reactive power control • Dynamic grid support 5,9% • Grid code compliance 18,2% Solar PV 3% POWER QUALITY With the increase of numerous types of Coal Hydro Power power electronics, it was necessary to specify Data: German Association of Energy and Water (as of December 21, 2015) boundaries to keep grid repercussions of renew- able and distributed power within an accept- ©2016/ // / MTU Onsite Energy www.mtuonsiteenergy.com 03/ // / GRID CODE europeaN power SYStem Schematic map of UCTE area split into three areas as a result of a major grid failure3 Area 1 under-frequency Area 2 over-frequency Area 3 under-frequency able range. Power quality is not a system ing in reactive power, decentralized power north of Germany and a power flow of 10 service. This part of regulation originates generation units have the ability to adjust GW from north to south. The split produced mainly from the power electronics of con- voltage at the point of common coupling. one area with too much power production verters of wind turbines and solar parks. and over-frequency, and two areas with less The demands of the grid codes include regu- // FREQUENCY AND ACTIVE POWER power production and under-frequency. lations for harmonics, flickers and switch- In the past, gensets have been allowed to In the absence of adjusted frequency require- ing operations. These topics are not critical disconnect from the grid in Germany and in ments for renewable and distributed power for gensets as these are typically equipped many other countries where frequency devi- producers, a situation as described above with a directly coupled synchronous gen- ated outside very tight limits (e.g. 49.00Hz would be even more dangerous today and erator. NC RfG does not specify power quality and 51.00Hz). This is no problem during nor- would not be manageable. By virtue of the requirements. But these requirements are mal operation. The UCTE network frequency formerly fixed frequency thresholds, all usually built into the national directives. is adjusted by primary control in a region of renewable and distributed power producers +/- 200mHz. The critical issue is maintaining in one area would disconnect at the same STATIC GRID SUPPOPRT the network during a malfunction scenario. time. If a huge amount of power generation This part describes behavior during normal Such a situation occurred in November were to trip out all at once, a power out- grid operation for purposes of stabilizing the 2006 when the European power system was age in these areas would be the result. grid. Key factors for normal grid operation divided into three different frequency areas. are frequency and voltage stability. Another To avoid such a sudden drop, grid code rules requirement is reactive power, which has a At this point, prior to the incident, there have been developed for the distributed major impact on voltage stability. When feed- was huge production of wind energy in the power producers. Firstly, the frequency ©2016/ // / MTU Onsite Energy www.mtuonsiteenergy.com 04/ // / GRID CODE P-Q DIagram OF A SYNCHroNOUS GENerator PF -0,8 PF -0,9 kWe / rated kVA PF -0,7 0,95 0,8 PF 0,7 U max Un U min 0,8 PF -0,6 PF 0,6 0,6 PF -0,5 PF 0,5 PF -0,4 PF 0,4 0,4 PF -0,3 PF 0,3 PF -0,2 0,2 PF 0,2 PF -0,1 PF 0,1 0 -1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 kVAr / rated kVA ranges have been widened, typically to and above the threshold.
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