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Komposisi Jenis, Keanekaragaman, Dan Pemanfaatan Moluska Di Pesisir Pulau Saparua, Maluku Tengah

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Komposisi Jenis, Keanekaragaman, Dan Pemanfaatan Moluska Di Pesisir Pulau Saparua, Maluku Tengah Widyariset | Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018) Hlm. 173 - 188 Komposisi Jenis, Keanekaragaman, dan Pemanfaatan Moluska di Pesisir Pulau Saparua, Maluku Tengah Diversity, Composition, and Utilization of Mollusk in Saparua Island, Center Moluccas Muhammad Masrur Islami1,*, Idha Yulia Ikhsani1, Terry Indrabudi1, dan Iskandar A.H. Pelupessy1 1Pusat Penelitian Laut Dalam, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Jalan Syaranamual Guru-Guru, Poka - Ambon, Indonesia 97233 *E-mail: [email protected] A R T I C L E I N F O Abstract Article history: Saparua Island is one of the islands in the Central Moluccas that has Received date: a complete ecosystem, unfortunately records on mollusk research is 10 August 2017 very limited. The objectives of the study are to determine the com- Received in revised form date: position, diversity, and utilization of mollusks using square transect 15 January 2018 and free collection method which conducted on April and September Accepted date: 2016. Water analysis is also done to determine the environmental 21 January 2018 hydrographic condition. Temperature and salinity indicate the Available online date: presence of freshwater input through rivers, especially in St-2 2 30 November 2018 (Waisisil). Concentrations of nutrients show a fairly high value, ranging from 0.001 to 0.114 mg L-1 for phosphate; 0.012-0.023 mg L -1 for nitrate; and 0.140-0.443 mg L-1 for silicate. There are 641 individual mollusks of 107 species consisting of 85 species of Gas- tropoda and 22 species of Bivalves. Species found mostly by Littora- ria scabra (Littorinidae), Cypraea annulus (Cypreidae), Terebralia sulcata (Potamididae), Clypeomorus battilariaeformis (Cerithiidae), and Nerita chamaeleon (Neritidae). The existing mollusk community has moderate and uniform diversity with low species dominance. There are at least 35 species of mollusks that can be utilized into various commodities such as food products, accessories/decorations, and raw materials of drugs. Keywords: Mollusk, Diversity, Composition, Utilization. © 2018Widyariset. All rights reserved DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/widyariset.4.2.2018.173-188 173 Widyariset | Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018) Hlm. 173 - 188 Kata kunci: Abstrak Moluska Pulau Saparua merupakan salah satu pulau di wilayah Maluku Keanekaragaman Tengah yang memiliki ekosistem lengkap, tetapi catatan tentang Komposisi jenis penelitian moluska sangat terbatas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Pemanfaatan untuk mengetahui komposisi, keanekaragaman, dan pemanfaatan moluska secara lestari di Pulau Saparua. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April dan September 2016 menggunakan metode transek kuadrat dan koleksi bebas. Analisis sampel air juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui kondisi hidrografi lingkungan. Nilai temperatur dan salinitas menunjukkan adanya masukan air tawar melalui sungai, terutama pada St-2 (Waisisil). Konsentrasi zat hara menunjukkan nilai yang cukup tinggi, yaitu berkisar antara 0,001-0.114 mg L-1 untuk fosfat; 0,012-0,023 mg L-1 untuk nitrat; dan 0,140-0,443 mg L-1 untuk silikat. Kondisi parameter lingkungan yang ada sangat mendukung pertumbuhan moluska di perairan tersebut. Total didapatkan sebanyak 641 individu moluska dari 107 jenis yang terdiri atas 85 jenis Gastropoda dan 22 jenis Bivalvia. Jenis yang paling banyak ditemukan di antaranya Littoraria scabra (Littorinidae), Cypraea annulus (Cypreidae), Terebralia sulcata (Potamididae), Clypeomorus battilariaeformis (Cerithiidae), dan Nerita chamaeleon (Neritidae). Komunitas moluska yang ada memiliki keanekaragaman yang sedang dan merata dengan dominansi jenis yang rendah. Setidaknya, terdapat 35 spesies moluska yang dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi berbagai macam komoditi seperti produk makanan, aksesoris/hiasan, dan bahan baku obat-obatan. © 2018Widyariset. All rights reserved PENDAHULUAN nya dari kegiatan inventarisasi yang sudah Saparua merupakan salah satu pulau yang dilakukan cukup lama misalnya Ekspedisi termasuk dalam wilayah administratif Rumphius tahun 1973 dan beberapa pe- Kabupaten Maluku Tengah, Provinsi nelitian lainnya (Boediman, 1976; Slack- Maluku. Secara geografis, pulau tersebut Smith and Boediman, 1974; Soemodi- berada di sebelah selatan Pulau Seram, hardjo et al. 2005). Beberapa penelitian sebelah timur Pulau Haruku, serta sebelah terkait moluska diketahui telah dilakukan barat laut Pulau Nusalaut. Ketiganya, yakni dalam kurun waktu satu dekade terakhir di Pulau Haruku, Saparua, dan Nusalaut, perairan Maluku, tetapi tidak ada catatan dikenal dengan sebutan Kepulauan Lease. mengenai keanekaragaman jenis moluska Pulau Saparua diketahui memiliki eko- di Pulau Saparua. Penelitian di antaranya sistem pesisir yang lengkap dan kompleks dilakukan di perairan sekitar Pulau Ambon meliputi ekosistem mangrove, lamun, (Poorten 2007; de Maintenon 2008); dan terumbu karang. Keberadaan ketiga Kepulauan Kei Kecil, Maluku Tenggara ekosistem pesisir tersebut memungkinkan (Kusnadi et al. 2008); Teluk Ambon ditemukannya berbagai jenis fauna makro- (Islami and Mudjiono 2009); Teluk Un, bentik, terutama moluska. Maluku Tenggara (Metungun et al. 2011); Catatan penelitian mengenai kom- Pulau Nusalaut (Islami 2012; 2015); dan posisi moluska di Pulau Saparua sangat Halmahera Barat, Maluku Utara (Silulu et terbatas. Hasil penelitian yang ada umum- al. 2013). 174 Muhammad Masrur Islami, dkk. | Komposisi Jenis, Keanekaragaman, dan Pemanfaatan Moluska... Sebagai upaya untuk mengungkap (N-(1-naphthyl)-1,2-ethanediamine), biodiversitas moluska yang ada di Pulau kikiran logam cadmium, larutan stan- Saparua secara terkini, dilakukan kegiatan dar nitrat, fosfat, dan silikat. Alat yang penelitian di beberapa lokasi di pesisir pulau digunakan adalah peralatan gelas, CTD tersebut. Hasil yang ada diharapkan dapat model SBE-19, spektrofotometer UV-Vis memberikan informasi tentang keberadaan Shimadzu 1700. moluska di kawasan tersebut. Selain itu, dapat diketahui pula gambaran tentang pemanfaatan jenis-jenis moluska tertentu oleh masyarakat pesisir lokal yang ada di Pulau Saparua sehingga dapat diupayakan pengelolaan sumberdaya moluska yang terintegrasi di masa mendatang. BAHAN DAN METODE Lokasi Penelitian Gambar 1. Peta stasiun penelitian moluska di Pulau Saparua, Maluku Tengah Penelitian dilakukan di pesisir Pulau Saparua, Maluku Tengah, pada April dan September 2016. Pengambilan sampel Metode moluska dilakukan saat surut terendah pada tujuh stasiun yang terletak pada beberapa Sampel air diambil pada daerah permukaan desa di pesisir pulau Saparua, meliputi dengan botol polietilen. Sampel air yang Stasiun 1 (Haria), Stasiun 2 (Pantai Waisisil), telah diambil, disaring dengan saringan Stasiun 3 (Ihamahu), Stasiun 4 (Kampung milipore ukuran 0.45 µm dengan bantuan Mahu), Stasiun 5 (Kulur), Stasiun 6 (Porto), vacuum pump. Sampel air yang telah dis- dan Stasiun 7 (Pia) (Gambar 1). aring, disimpan pada suhu 4 0C sebelum dianalisis konsentrasi nutriennya (nitrat, fosfat, dan silikat) di laboratorium. Tem- Bahan peratur dan salinitas air juga diukur dengan Bahan utama yang digunakan dalam pe- CTD model SBE-19. nelitian ini adalah sampel atau contoh Analisis nutrien dilakukan di labora- moluska yang didapatkan dari masing- torium kimia Pusat Penelitian Laut masing stasiun penelitian yang ada. Molus- Dalam-LIPI Ambon (P2LD-LIPI) meng- ka tersebut hanya berasal dari dua kelas, gunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis Shi- yakni Bivalvia dan Gastropoda. madzu 1700. Konsentrasi nitrat, fosfat, dan Bahan-bahan kimia yang digunakan silikat ditentukan dengan metode reduksi dalam penelitian ini adalah bahan kimia kolom & diazotasi, asam askorbat dan siliko produksi Merck dengan kemurnian p.a. molibdat (Strickland and Parsons 1970). Konsentrasi nutrien dihitung berdasarkan meliputi H2SO4 (asam sulfat), HCl (asam klorida), (NH ) Mo O .4H O (ammoni- absorbansi sampel yang dibanding- 4 6 7 24 2 kan terhadap absorbansi larutan standar, um heptamolibdat tetrahidrat), C6H8O6 (asam askorbat), C H K O Sb (kalium pada panjang gelombang 543, 885 dan 650 8 10 2 15 2 nm untuk nitrat, fosfat, dan silikat. antimoni tartrat), NH4Cl (ammonium klori- da), C6H8N2O2S (sulfanilamide), C12H14N2 175 Widyariset | Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018) Hlm. 173 - 188 Pengambilan sampel moluska dilakukan dengan metode transek dan (3) koleksi bebas. Transek dilakukan dengan cara meletakkan tali transek tegak lurus (4) garis pantai hingga batas surut terendah. Kuadran berupa kerangka paralon ber- ukuran 0,5 m x 0,5 m digunakan sebagai Keterangan: plot yang diletakkan pada tiap 10 meter D : kepadatan individu sepanjang garis transek. Transek dilaku- n : jumlah individu ke-i kan untuk mengetahui tentang struktur i komunitas moluska yang ada di perairan N : jumlah total individu tersebut (Magurran 1988; English et al. S : jumlah total spesies 1994; Brower et al. 1998). Koleksi bebas dilakukan untuk pelengkap data kuantitatif H’ : Indeks keanekaragaman yang dapat memberikan gambaran tentang jenis Shannon kekayaan jenis dan sebaran moluska yang J : Indeks kemerataan jenis Pielou ada di lokasi penelitian. Koleksi bebas dilakukan dengan cara menyusuri pesisir C : Indeks dominansi Simpson di luar plot transek maupun dengan snor- keling di perairan tersebut. Sampel yang didapatkan disortir dan HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN dihitung komposisi jenisnya. Jenis-jenis Kondisi Hidrografi moluska yang didapatkan selama pe- nelitian diidentifikasi menurut Wilson and Temperatur air pada ketujuh stasiun pen- Gillet (1971); Roberts, Soemodihardjo, and gamatan berkisar antara 29,88-30,24 0C, Kastoro (1982); Dance (1976); Abbot and dengan temperatur terendah dan tertinggi Dance (1990); Dharma (1988);
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