Country and Language Codes for Hreflang Tags Country and Language Codes for Hreflang Tags
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Prioritizing African Languages: Challenges to Macro-Level Planning for Resourcing and Capacity Building
Prioritizing African Languages: Challenges to macro-level planning for resourcing and capacity building Tristan M. Purvis Christopher R. Green Gregory K. Iverson University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language Abstract This paper addresses key considerations and challenges involved in the process of prioritizing languages in an area of high linguistic di- versity like Africa alongside other world regions. The paper identifies general considerations that must be taken into account in this process and reviews the placement of African languages on priority lists over the years and across different agencies and organizations. An outline of factors is presented that is used when organizing resources and planning research on African languages that categorizes major or crit- ical languages within a framework that allows for broad coverage of the full linguistic diversity of the continent. Keywords: language prioritization, African languages, capacity building, language diversity, language documentation When building language capacity on an individual or localized level, the question of which languages matter most is relatively less complicated than it is for those planning and providing for language capabilities at the macro level. An American anthropology student working with Sierra Leonean refugees in Forecariah, Guinea, for ex- ample, will likely know how to address and balance needs for lan- guage skills in French, Susu, Krio, and a set of other languages such as Temne and Mandinka. An education official or activist in Mwanza, Tanzania, will be concerned primarily with English, Swahili, and Su- kuma. An administrator of a grant program for Less Commonly Taught Languages, or LCTLs, or a newly appointed language authori- ty for the United States Department of Education, Department of Commerce, or U.S. -
Putting Frisian Names on the Map
GEGN.2/2021/68/CRP.68 15 March 2021 English United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Second session New York, 3 – 7 May 2021 Item 12 of the provisional agenda * Geographical names as culture, heritage and identity, including indigenous, minority and regional languages and multilingual issues Putting Frisian names on the map Submitted by the Netherlands** * GEGN.2/2021/1 ** Prepared by Jasper Hogerwerf, Kadaster GEGN.2/2021/68/CRP.68 Introduction Dutch is the national language of the Netherlands. It has official status throughout the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In addition, there are several other recognized languages. Papiamentu (or Papiamento) and English are formally used in the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom, while Low-Saxon and Limburgish are recognized as non-standardized regional languages, and Yiddish and Sinte Romani as non-territorial minority languages in the European part of the Kingdom. The Dutch Sign Language is formally recognized as well. The largest minority language is (West) Frisian or Frysk, an official language in the province of Friesland (Fryslân). Frisian is a West Germanic language closely related to the Saterland Frisian and North Frisian languages spoken in Germany. The Frisian languages as a group are closer related to English than to Dutch or German. Frisian is spoken as a mother tongue by about 55% of the population in the province of Friesland, which translates to some 350,000 native speakers. In many rural areas a large majority speaks Frisian, while most cities have a Dutch-speaking majority. A standardized Frisian orthography was established in 1879 and reformed in 1945, 1980 and 2015. -
Corpus Collection for Under-Resourced Languages with More Than One Million Speakers
Corpus collection for under-resourced languages with more than one million speakers Dirk Goldhahn1, Maciej Sumalvico1, Uwe Quasthoff1,2 Natural Language Processing Group, University of Leipzig, Germany Department of African Languages, University of South Africa, South Africa Email: { dgoldhahn, janicki, quasthoff, }@informatik.uni-leipzig.de Abstract For only 40 of about 350 languages with more than one million speakers, the situation concerning text resources is comfortable. For the remaining languages, the number of speakers indicates a need for both corpora and tools. This paper describes a corpus collection initiative for these languages. While random Web crawling has serious limitations, native speakers with knowledge of web pages in their language are of invaluable help. The aim is to give interested scholars, language enthusiasts the possibility to contribute to corpus creation or extension by simply entering a URL into the Web Interface. Using a Web portal URLs of interest are collected with the help of the respective communities. A standardized corpus processing chain for daily newspaper corpora creation is adapted to append newly added web pages to an increasing corpus. As a result we will be able to collect larger corpora for under-resourced languages by a community effort. These corpora will be made publicly available. Keywords: corpora, under-resourced languages, Web portal, community 1. Introduction links require the execution of JavaScript code by the There are about 350 languages with more than one million crawler which often produces errors. So, if a website speakers1. For about 40 of them, the situation concerning heavily uses JavaScript links and there are no other links text resources is comfortable: there are corpora of pointing to special pages (coming from another website, reasonable size and also tools like POS taggers adapted to for instance), then all but the main page might be these languages. -
'A Limburgian,So Corrupt'
ARECLS, Vol. 16, 2019, p. 28-59 ‘A LIMBURGIAN, SO CORRUPT’. A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS INTO THE REPRESENTATION OF THE DUTCH PROVINCE OF LIMBURG, LIMBURGIANS AND LIMBURGISH IN DUTCH NATIONAL MEDIA SANNE TONNAER NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY Abstract Concerns about the decline of children being raised in the regional language of the Dutch province of Limburg have recently led Limburgish institutions to present a manifesto arguing that the Limburgish language should not be thought of and presented as an inferior language in e.g. education. By combining the “social connotations” hypothesis and social identity theory, linguistic change can however also partly be explained by how regions, speakers, and language varieties are represented in public discourse. The aim of this article, then, is to investigate the social and linguistic representation of Limburg, Limburgians and Limburgish in Dutch national media. Holding a critical viewpoint, eleven recently published/aired media texts in which evaluations towards Limburg(ians) and Limburgish are expressed are analysed adopting the Discourse Historical Approach. Results show that Limburg and Limburgians are often represented in terms of othering and negative stereotypes, leading to negative attitudes towards the province and prejudice towards its inhabitants. These beliefs and feelings not only decrease the value of the social identity of Limburgians but also get connoted to the specific language features of Limburgish, something which may lead speakers of Limburgish to reduce their use of the language variety. Key words: Limburgish, language ideologies, critical discourse analysis, media 1. Introduction With language variation being a natural phenomenon, we often infer information about a person or social group based on the specific language features they use (Garrett, 2010). -
Old Frisian, an Introduction To
An Introduction to Old Frisian An Introduction to Old Frisian History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. University of Leiden John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bremmer, Rolf H. (Rolf Hendrik), 1950- An introduction to Old Frisian : history, grammar, reader, glossary / Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Frisian language--To 1500--Grammar. 2. Frisian language--To 1500--History. 3. Frisian language--To 1550--Texts. I. Title. PF1421.B74 2009 439’.2--dc22 2008045390 isbn 978 90 272 3255 7 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 3256 4 (Pb; alk. paper) © 2009 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Preface ix chapter i History: The when, where and what of Old Frisian 1 The Frisians. A short history (§§1–8); Texts and manuscripts (§§9–14); Language (§§15–18); The scope of Old Frisian studies (§§19–21) chapter ii Phonology: The sounds of Old Frisian 21 A. Introductory remarks (§§22–27): Spelling and pronunciation (§§22–23); Axioms and method (§§24–25); West Germanic vowel inventory (§26); A common West Germanic sound-change: gemination (§27) B. -
Afrikaans FAMILY HISTORY LIBRARY" SALTLAKECITY, UTAH TMECHURCHOF JESUS CHRISTOF Latl'er-Qt.Y SAINTS
GENEALOGICAL WORD LIST ~ Afrikaans FAMILY HISTORY LIBRARY" SALTLAKECITY, UTAH TMECHURCHOF JESUS CHRISTOF LATl'ER-Qt.y SAINTS This list contains Afrikaans words with their English these compound words are included in this list. You translations. The words included here are those that will need to look up each part of the word separately. you are likely to find in genealogical sources. If the For example, Geboortedag is a combination of two word you are looking for is not on this list, please words, Geboorte (birth) and Dag (day). consult a Afrikaans-English dictionary. (See the "Additional Resources" section below.) Alphabetical Order Afrikaans is a Germanic language derived from Written Afrikaans uses a basic English alphabet several European languages, primarily Dutch. Many order. Most Afrikaans dictionaries and indexes as of the words resemble Dutch, Flemish, and German well as the Family History Library Catalog..... use the words. Consequently, the German Genealogical following alphabetical order: Word List (34067) and Dutch Genealogical Word List (31030) may also be useful to you. Some a b c* d e f g h i j k l m n Afrikaans records contain Latin words. See the opqrstuvwxyz Latin Genealogical Word List (34077). *The letter c was used in place-names and personal Afrikaans is spoken in South Africa and Namibia and names but not in general Afrikaans words until 1985. by many families who live in other countries in eastern and southern Africa, especially in Zimbabwe. Most The letters e, e, and 0 are also used in some early South African records are written in Dutch, while Afrikaans words. -
The Pronunciation of English in South Africa by L.W
The Pronunciation of English in South Africa by L.W. Lanham, Professor Emeritus, Rhodes University, 1996 Introduction There is no one, typical South African English accent as there is one overall Australian English accent. The variety of accents within the society is in part a consequence of the varied regional origins of groups of native English speakers who came to Africa at different times, and in part a consequence of the variety of mother tongues of the different ethnic groups who today use English so extensively that they must be included in the English-using community. The first truly African, native English accent in South Africa evolved in the speech of the children of the 1820 Settlers who came to the Eastern Cape with parents who spoke many English dialects. The pronunciation features which survive are mainly those from south-east England with distinct Cockney associations. The variables (distinctive features of pronunciation) listed under A below may be attributed to this origin. Under B are listed variables of probable Dutch origin reflecting close association and intermarriage with Dutch inhabitants of the Cape. There was much contact with Xhosa people in that area, but the effect of this was almost entirely confined to the vocabulary. (The English which evolved in the Eastern and Central Cape we refer to as Cape English.) The next large settlement from Britain took place in Natal between 1848 and 1862 giving rise to pronunciation variables pointing more to the Midlands and north of England (List C). The Natal settlers had a strong desire to remain English in every aspect of identity, social life, and behaviour. -
'Limburgish' As a Regional Language in the European Charter For
The Status of ‘Limburgish’ as a Regional Language in the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: A study on language policy, beliefs, and practices in Roermond Huub Ramakers (630512) Tilburg University School of Humanities Master Management of Cultural Diversity Thesis Supervisor : prof. dr. J.W.M. Kroon Second Reader : dr. J. Van Der Aa Date : 27-6-2016 Abstract This thesis deals with the implementation of The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) regarding Limburgish in the city of Roermond. In 1996, the dialect of Limburgish was accepted into, and recognized under part II of the ECRML. The Charter explicitly states that dialects of the majority language should not be considered. Limburgish however, through the ECRML gained the status of a Regional Language. To investigate the consequences of Limburgish being part of the ERCML, the focus of this thesis was narrowed down to the city of Roermond in Central-Limburg. The research question that guides this investigation runs as follows: “How did the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages materialize in the city of Roermond regarding the city’s actual language policies and practices and its inhabitants’ beliefs with respect to Limburgish?” The goal of the research was to investigate the policy regarding Limburgish at three different levels: as text, i.e. the ECRML as a policy document, as beliefs, i.e. the opinions and attitudes of inhabitants of Roermond regarding the ECRML, and as practices, i.e. the actual implementation of the ECRML in Roermond. Data collection included (1) a study of the ECRML as a document as well as journal articles, books, and other texts specifically related to the ECRML; (2) three interviews with key informants in the domains of administrative authorities and public services & cultural activities and facilities, education, and media in Roermond; (3) an online survey among more than 100 inhabitants of Roermond dealing with their attitudes and practices regarding Limburgish. -
Legitimating Limburgish: the Reproduction of Heritage
4 Legitimating Limburgish The Reproduction of Heritage Diana M. J. Camps1 1. Introduction A 2016 column in a Dutch regional newspaper, De Limburger, touted the following heading: “Limburgse taal: de verwarring blijft” (Limburgian lan- guage: the confusion remains). In its introduction, Geertjan Claessens, a jour- nalist, points to the fact that it has been nearly 20 years since Limburgish was recognized as a regional language under the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (ECRML2) but asks “which language is recog- nized?” (Claessens 2016). In 1997, Limburgish, formerly considered a dialect of Dutch, was acknowledged by local and national authorities as a regional language under the ECRML. In his editorial, Claessens points to the multi- plicity of dialects that constitute Limburgish as a regional language, each with their own unique elements and nuances. As such, expert opinions about how to conceptualize Limburgish as a “language” still widely differ, and nego- tiations and tensions about how to write Limburgish continue. Despite the creation of an official spelling standard in 2003, Claessens asserts that these discussions about spelling norms will not see an end any time soon. Spelling was also highlighted in a Limburgian classroom I observed in 2014, where nearly a dozen adult students focused on the reading and writ- ing of their local Limburgian dialect. Rather than framing spelling as a potential point of debate, however, the teacher presents an instrumentalist view, stating: dit is een spelling en dat is als ‘t ware een technisch apparaat om de klanken zichtbaar te maken want dao geit ‘t om [. .]en dat is ‘T grote idee van de spelling [pause] de herkenbaarheid this is a spelling and that is in essence a technical device to make the sounds visible because that is what it is about [. -
The Importance of Afrikaans
NOT FOR PUBLICATION INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS .JCB-I September 10, 1961 irst Impressions The Importance 29 Bay View Avenue of Afrikaans Tamboer's Kloof Cape Town, South Africa Mr. Richard Nolte Xnstltute of Current 11orld Affairs 366 Madison Avenue New York 17, New York Dear r. Nolte: I hadn't realized, when I was busy wth Afrikaans records n Vrginia, just how important the language s to an understanding of the Republic of South Africa. Many people, here as well as in the States, have assured me that I needn't bother learning the language. ost afrlkaaners speak at least some English, and it is possible to llve quite comfortably without knowing a word of Afrikaans. It is spoken by a decidedly small portion of the world s population. Outside of a few ex-patrlots now living in the Rhodesias and East Afrlca I would meet very few Afrikaans-speaking people outside the Republic. Learning the language would seem at best to be a courtesy. Today, however, the unt-lngual person n South Africa is mssn the very heart-beat of the country. uch of the lfe of white South Africa Is rooted n the Afrikaans language. It S not a dying language, but very much allve and growing. It is the language of the Coloured as well as the majority of Europeans. With incomvlete knowledge of Afrikaans, I must get my news solely from the ]nglsh Press which s often qute dfferent in Interpretation from its counterpart in the Afrlkaans Press. The recent and much discussed books, Die _Eers_te_Steen, by Adam Small, and ,--by ..G. -
Audience and the Use of Minority Languages on Twitter
Proceedings of the Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media Audience and the Use of Minority Languages on Twitter Dong Nguyen and Dolf Trieschnigg Leonie Cornips University of Twente Meertens Institute Enschede, The Netherlands Amsterdam, The Netherlands {d.nguyen,d.trieschnigg}@utwente.nl [email protected] Abstract friends, colleagues) are collapsed into a single context (Mar- wick and boyd 2011). Users with public profiles on Twitter On Twitter, many users tweet in more than one lan- have potentially a limitless audience, but they often imagine guage. In this study, we examine the use of two Dutch minority languages. Users can engage with different an audience when writing tweets and may target tweets to audiences and by analyzing different types of tweets, different audiences (Marwick and boyd 2011). we find that characteristics of the audience influence We study Twitter users in two provinces in the Nether- whether a minority language is used. Furthermore, lands, where besides Dutch a minority language is spoken. while most tweets are written in Dutch, in conversations Frisian (spoken in Friesland) is recognized as an official users often switch to the minority language. language in the Netherlands. Also Limburgish (spoken in Limburg) – a group of what people call dialects – have re- Over 10% of the Twitter users tweet in more than one lan- ceived minor recognition by the Netherlands, a signatory guage (Hale 2014). Also within a single language, there is of the 1992 European Charter for Regional Languages or much geographical variation (Eisenstein et al. 2010). Every Languages of Minorities. There is a positive attitude to- user has his or her own linguistic repertoire which the indi- wards both minority languages, but their use has declined vidual user can draw linguistic elements or codes (language (Riemersma, Gorter, and Ytsma 2001; Cornips 2013). -
ARTS Aruþ 5OCIETY in FTANDERS and TI{E NETI{ERLANDS
ARTS AruÞ 5OCIETY IN FTANDERS AND TI{E NETI{ERLANDS L \ WE8'l'Vlu\AMSCH The Difference Between Language and Dialect in the Netherlands and Flanders IDIOTICON ILH.UI )Ml L.·L. l'flll::liiU Wh.l.ll, fl 1-"J'_I•I --·- ·- ·---·--- .. - 274 Perhaps the real puzzle is why there is so much variation. The small geographi- 041 UW •lAlllJ<J & •Ill' P. cal area of the Netherlands and Flanders is home to hundreds of dialects ac- cording to some counts -some of them mutually unintelligible, all of them di- 0 vided over two languages: Dutch and Frisian. Cl z In this delta area in the northwest corner of Europe variation has been in- grained from time immemorial. Even in the wildest nationalistic fantasies of f-. (/) the nineteenth century, the in habitants were descended not from one people, 0 but from at least three Germanic tribes who settled here: the Franks, the Sax- 0 ons and the Frisians. We also know that when these tribes set foot on it, the Flemish Brabant, the economic centres of the Southern Netherlands. In the seve n- z < area was by no means uninhabited. Even if Little is known about the previous teenth century a great many wealthy, industrious people also came to Holla nd from > inhabitants, there are traces of their language in present day Dutch. those areas, mainly to escape religious persecution. This substantially strength- u So from the very beginning the Linguistic Landscape here was also a delta, ened Holland 's position and introduced elements of the Antwerp dialects and oth- with influxes from elsewhere mixing with local elements in continually chang- ers into the dialects of Holland, making them look more like the standard language.