©National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India PsychologicalPsychological StudiesStudies (December(December 2009)2009) 54:267–309 267 ABSTRACTS

Oral Presentations

Attitudes and Social Perception infl uence by HIV/AIDS general knowledge. The implications of the results were discussed with regards the strategies of anti-HIV/ A-15 Gender Perceptions about Occupations among AIDS stigma campaign. Female Japanese Students: Is that Job Masculine, Feminine or Gender Neutral B-193 Consuming Thai Product behavior in Thai Tomoko Adachi (Osaka University of Education, Japan) Undergraduate Students This study addressed the questions: Do students with traditional Shuttawwee Sitsira (Srinakharinvirot University, gender role attitudes tend to consider female dominated occupations Thailand) to be rather feminine and male dominated occupations to be rather The present study is a correlational comparative study aimed at masculine? Are gender role attitudes related to occupational self- investigating important psychological and situational predictors of effi cacy through the mediation of gender perceptions? A survey was consuming Thai product behavior, as well as, fi nding at-risk groups. conducted with woman college and university students in Japan The sample of 371 Thai undergraduate students in junior and senior (N=565), using a three-part questioner that consisted of Egalitarian levels was obtained. The sample consisted of 101 male and 269 Sex Role Attitudes (SESRA-S) by Suzuki (1994), the M-F scale of female students. Multiple regression analysis indicated that social the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI). Results indicated that support from peer was an important predictor of this behavior, the main effect of gender role attitudes was signifi cant for male followed by nationalism, and future orientation and self control as well as female dominated occupations. The participants with with the accuracy of 26.6%. The highest predictive percentage low egalitarian gender role attitudes considered male dominated of 32.4% was found in senior students with the same important occupations to be more masculine than those with medium or high predictors as in total group. Furthermore, the results showed that egalitarian gender role attitudes. Similarly in female dominated male students, junior students in faculty of humanities, and senior occupations, the participants with low egalitarian gender role students in faculty of social science were the at-risk groups. attitudes considered female dominated occupations to be more feminine than those with medium or high egalitarian gender role attitudes. Gender perceptions about male dominated occupations mediated the relationship between gender role attitudes and Clinical and Neuroscience Issues in occupational self-effi cacy. It is concluded that interventions Social Psychology focusing on gender role attitudes and gender perceptions would be useful for guiding career decisions of female students. A-109 Lunatic Asylums in Kerala: Emergence of A Science over the Indigenous Observances of Insanity A-47 The Stereotype about People with HIV/AIDS Baiju Gopal, T. Sasaidharan and Tissy Mariam in China Thomas (India) Li Liu and Yu Deng (Beijing Normal University, China) The mainstream psychiatric practices in Kerala modeled on the In the modern day world the knowledge on HIV/ AIDS still westernized concept and classifi cation of mental illness, largely suffers stereotype and there is a strong need to study its causes address the mental aberrations as diseases/disorders. Keeping for appropriate interventions. The present study aims for its social constructivist ontological and epistemological position, the hence the present study aimed about investigating people’s present study is pitched in to the complex cultural psyche of people knowledge on HIV/AIDS on their stereotype. In the preliminary of Kerala. Qualitative exploratory method used in the study delves study 325 and in the main study, 578 participants were asked to into a search of a new meanings about madness in the milieu rate the extent to which people with HIV/AIDS possessed range of Kerala. Through analysis of the Archival documents (from of attributes identifi ed in the preliminary study using a 5-point 1868 to 1937), fi eld observation and interviews about the Asylum scale. An exploratory factor analysis resulted in a three subtypes practices in Kerala, the present study looks into the transformation the stereotype, namely depression, nervosity and concealment. from indigenous healing tradition to the modern psychiatric Regression analysis showed that the subtype depression was practices. The research takes a step to explore the crisis of infl uenced both by HIV/AIDS general knowledge and by the HIV psychiatry and its cultural unspecifi cities in historical frame, the transmission knowledge, and that the subtype concealment was indigenous healing traditions and the asylums practices in Kerala. 268 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

B-137 The Effective Teachers: Clients' Contributions less physical exercise, calorie intake was between 2050 to 2450 to the Learning Psychotherapy Process Kcal compared to overweight and normal groups. High levels of Naveen Grover, Gauri Shanker Kaloiya and insecurity-loneliness, depression, guilt-proneness, ergic tension, Tej Bahadur Singh (Institute of Human Behavior and emotional instability, inferiority, self-consciousness, paranoid, Allied Sciences, India) suspiciousness were observed in the obese group compared to others. It may be concluded that obese subjects had highest level Learning psychotherapy is a complex process and interaction of anxiety compared to others among various factors, such as supervisory relationship, theoretical understanding of psychology, supervisee's characteristics, client's characteristics, impacts its learning. The present paper describes B-514 Counselling and Family Therapy: these client's contributions through brief case presentations. These Manifestations of the Applied Aspect of Social contributions have been observed over a period of a decade, Psychology involving individual adult psychotherapies broadly following a Amiteshwar Ratra (IGNOU, India) cognitive behavioral approach. The client's contribution to the This paper brings out the interface of counselling and family psychotherapy process and outcome was found to be critical. therapy with social psychology, emphasizing that the former The client contribution is necessary but not suffi cient condition are virtually a manifestation of the applied aspect of the latter. for learning psychotherapy. To appreciate the role of clients as Counselling and family therapy draw from the domain of social teachers it is necessary that one has the access to the formal teacher psychology to enable individuals develop their potential to solve and adequate knowledge of theories of psychology. problems and increase their resilience and positive adaptation capabilities. For greater effectiveness, it is vital for counsellors and B-123 Psychosocial Stress and Conversion Disorder family therapists to learn about the social infl uences on individuals in Indian Children and groups from social research. Social infl uence, social relations, Prahbhjot Malhi, C. Mahesh Kumar and Pratibha attitude, motivation, obedience, conformity, confl ict resolution, are Singhi (PGIMER, India) some areas where people mutually each other. Though, efforts are being made by the experts in the area of counselling and family The study examines the relationship between psychosocial stressors, therapy to utilize the theorization and research in social psychology adverse life events, and development of conversion symptoms in in dealing with varied situations and issues, this interface needs to Indian children. 29 children (Mean = 10.31 years, SD = 1.89) with be strengthened. a clinical diagnosis of conversion disorder, as per the DSM IV criteria, were studied. Results indicated that non-epileptic seizures A-96 Exploring Neighborhood Contexts, Ethnic (69%) were the most common and majority were from rural areas Density and Social Capital in the Development of (69%) and low SES families (66%). Psychosocial stressor could be Schizophrenia and other Psychosis in Guam: A Three elicited in 83% of the children with conversion disorder reported Year Incidence Study. signifi cantly higher number of life events in the last one year as Rita Sharma Setpaul (Guam) compared to the previous year. The stress score associated with the Higher incidence of schizophrenia and psychosis is reported for life events faced in the last one year was also signifi cantly higher ethnic minority groups and immigrant populations. Researchers have turned to environmental and social risk factors in than the previous year for the children with conversion disorder. understanding the etiology of psychosis. The current research is a Thus conversion symptoms are common in poor, rural households three-year incidence study examining the effects of neighborhood and in families where expression of emotional distress is generally contexts such as ethnic density, social capital including crime discouraged. rates and voter turnout, urbanization, and marginalization on the incidence of psychosis. Guam’s ethnically diverse population, its A-37 A Psychological assessment of Anxiety in rapid development in the last half century, its strategic role in the Overweight and Obese Adults U.S. militarism, and its socio-political status as an unincorporated territory of the U.S. creates a tapestry of complex social variables Kamayani Mathur and Taranjit Muker (Gujarat that have yet to be examined in the etiology of schizophrenia and University, India) other psychotic disorders. A multilevel nested model is tested using For Indian-Asians, WHO (2000) defi nes Body Mass Index for the Poisson multiple regression analysis in the STATA 9. normal individuals as 18.5–22.9 kg/m2, for overweight as 23– 2 2 24.9 kg/m and ≥ 25 kg/m as obese. A random sample of 200 B-472 Understanding Coping Pattern of Myocardial adults aged 21–60 years both male and females were selected. Of Infarction Patients: A Qualitative Investigation these 50 were clinically diagnosed as overweight and 50 obese comprising the experimental group and 100 normals comprised Rajbala Singh1 and Shikha Dixit2 (1LNM Institute of the control group. Results showed that for obese males and Information Technology India, 2IIT Kanpur, India) females, high waist and hip circumference, weighed more, took The main objective of the present paper is to examine the coping Psychological Studies (December 2009) 269 pattern of myocardial infarction (MI) patients in an in-depth college students. Descriptive analysis reveals signifi cant gender manner. Open ended interviews with 12 male MI patients were differences on normal, abnormal, and disordered personality scales. conducted in this regard. Various coping strategies emerged from Analysis reveals signifi cant trait predictors of PDs independently participants’ verbatim reports, which included both general coping from the normal and abnormal models of personality with one like problem focused coping, support based coping etc. and culture model adding incremental validity to the prediction. Overall, the specifi c coping strategies such as, religious/ spiritual coping, belief results reveal the strength of viewing PDs within the dimensional in traditional healing system etc. Differences were observed in continuum revealing cross-cultural replicability. terms of selection of coping strategy between participants who experienced the disease for the fi rst time and who experienced the B-129 Somatization: A Culturally Approved disease more than once and initially used the coping of wait and Psychological Suffering watch. However, participants who experienced the disease for the second time were more inclined to use problem focused coping. Wang Xinjian and Xiaokang Lu (Nankai University, All participants expressed their strong faith in God and engaged China) in various religious activities which provided strength to fi ght with Somatization is a modern terminology based on biomedical adverse illness condition. Participants also expressed their belief in model originating from the western mind-body dualism, which the effectiveness of traditional healing systems such as, yoga and differentiates mind and body and emphasizes the priority of mind ayurveda for their illness condition. to body. Traditional Chinese philosophy states different preposition of mind body relationship sees no essential difference between B-411 Are Attempted Hand Switchers at Risk of psychological and physiological functions which centers on the Accidents? A Social-Neurosciences Perspective internal organs. Excessive expression of emotions and internal Damodar Suar1, Manas K. Mandal2, Indiwar Misra3 psychological states could result in the dysfunction of organs and and Shanti Suman4 (1IIT Kharagpur, India, 2Defence result into pathogenic symptoms. These beliefs are preserved and Institute of Psychological Research, India, 3BR Ambedakar reinforced by folk stories, ordinary experiences and especially College, India, 4MITS, India) traditional Chinese medical theories. Thus, when a Chinese suffers from psychological problems, he would probably narrates it in The study examines whether attempted hand switchers commit an physical way and ask for physiological and pharmacological accidents. The sample comprised of 304 hand switchers. Hand interventions, while there are actually no organic lesion. In other switchers' age, sex, hand preference, and accident frequency were words, somatic expression of psychological suffering is a culturally assessed. Supporting the modifi cation hypothesis, hand switching approved disease-manifesting and help-seeking behavior in China, has occurred during early childhood and females are found to be more infl uenced to switch hands compared to males. Contradicting which continues to exert infl uence on modern Chinese the elimination hypothesis, hand switchers are found among old adults and a sizeable proportion of hand switchers among middle- B-358 Collaborative Remembering and Spirituality aged and old adults and they have reported to perform culturally Rising Through an Art Exhibition Featuring the unpressured and skilled activities in left hand. Hand switchers Posthumous Photographs Taken by a Childhood performing more activities in the right hand are found to commit Cancer Patient at the 3rd Anniversary of his Death more accidents. Findings suggest for awareness creation so that Hironori Yamaguchi1 and Etsuko Nakagami- signifi cant societal members should not infl uence the left handers Yamaguchi2 (1Doshisha University, Japan, 2Osaka to switch hands. University, Japan) This study is a report and discussion about an action research A-23 Normal and Abnormal Personality Trait in a buddhist temple. One of the thoughts in Buddism, Life and Models as Markers of Personality Disorders among death are the two faces of the same coin. In our collaborative Filipinos: The Case of the MPQ and the DAPP-BQ practice, we make an opportunity to face the continuousness of an John Hermes C. Untalan1 and Ryan S. Coroña2 own life and the death through the art works. The works are the (1De La Salle, Araneta University, Philippines, 2New Era photographs taken by a patient of childhood cancer who was died University, Philippines) at 17 years old. In his struggling against the disease of 12 years, With the increased evidence that the categorical approach to he worked on joint production with the artist aggressively in the personality disorders (PDs) is weak, there is a strong equivocal hospital and the school. The study featured an exhibition not a consensus in using the dimensional approach to PDs. This study retrospective show but dear and brilliant footprints to remember investigates the comparative structure of two competing models him. Narratives found at the exhibition place are presented in the of personality as assessed by the Multidimensional Personality temple. We make sense of remembering the dead person through Questionnaire (MPQ; Tellegen, in press) and the Dimensional their left works (e.g. photographs, drawings), and clarify how to Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPP- decide the way for memorial service may hold a service with their BQ; Livesley, 1991) in predicting the PDs in a sample of 188 bereaved family. 270 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

Contemporary Social Issues Currently, state like Iran and the ousted Taliban governance in Afghanistan is considered as in line with their concept of an ideal B-222 The Impact of 2008 Financial Crisis on government. People's Loss Aversion and Time Discounting Huan Liu, Zhu Yuan Liang and Shu Li B-444 Masked Identity in the Virtual World of Online (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) Blogging and Social Networking The present study is an attempt to explore the infl uence of fi nancial Neelam Rathee (Government College of Girls crises people's psychological features. Using growth hierarchical Chandigarh, India) linear modeling (HLM), the effect of fi nancial crisis on people's The concept of ‘masking’ identity was used by Dorian Wiszniewski loss aversion and time discounting was explored. A total of and Richard Coyne in the exploration of online identities in 2373participants provided their responses. Results indicated that the virtual world of the internet. The online world of the social time discounting rate and loss aversion tendency were strongly networking such as Facebook, Orkut, Twitter, and blogging offer predicted by the stages of crisis and Consumer Sentiment Index the strategies allowing the users to control the level of disclosure (CSI). For loss aversion, the predictable variable were gender, of their personal information. Hence users usually mask their lower education level and the vocation of civil servants, while identities using pseudo names and information due to various for time discounting, the predictable variable were age and lower emotional, social and psychological dynamics. The present education level. With the proceeding of fi nancial crisis, people paper studies large number of user accounts on the online social exhibited more aversion to loss and more discount to delayed network communities – Facebook, Orkut and Bloggers, and did rewards. The result is helpful for further understanding of how a comparative analysis of users having real (personal) or masked people cope with the uncertain social economic environment. (social) identities. It attempts to discover the reasons for which a person chooses to hide behind a totally false identity and tries to A-110 Identity of Global Jihadist on Convicted probe the pro and cons of the virtual identities. Indonesian Bali Bombing Terrorist Mirra Noor Milla and Faturochman (Gadjah Mada B-470 Terrorism in the Developing Parts of the University, Indonesia) World: Psychological Perspectives The present research aimed to obtain the understanding of Jitendra K. Singh and N. P. Singh (Defence Institute of psychological dynamism of terrorism behaviors and related identity Psychological Research, India) issues. This research was conducted using phenomenological-based For the last three decades terrorism has become one of the biggest ethnographic-narrative approach. Narrative analysis of convicts of challenges in South Asian region. The damage and destruction Indonesian Bali bombing were conducted upon interview result, infl icted by terrorists have forced the people of this region to live documentation (manuscript, personal mail, audio record, audio- in a state of psychological turmoil characterized by insecurity, visual record and published autobiography) as well as research note uncertainty and mistrust leading to intensifi cation of religious, on ground observation. Results indicated that they subordinized cultural and ethnic divide. Nevertheless efforts are being made from their personal identity into group identity, based on their religious various quarters to resolve terrorism emanated confl ict between group. Strengthening process of identity explained when any threat India and Pakistan but the resolution strategies followed yield exist toward their group. In addition, ideologization of jihad occurs little tangible outcomes in the absence of psychological inputs. in their group, collective jihad is perceived as an obligation for all Against this background the paper tries to explore the feasibility of moslem. The ingroup mobility differs the terrorist choosing the people centric confl ict resolution strategies to overcome terrorism conventional way and the one choosing terror strategy to reach in South Asia in general and in India in particular. The need for a jihad fi sabilillah goal. psychological strength mechanism is suggested.

B-116 The Conception of Religious Terrorist Group B-216 Scapegoat Process in the Internet Members in Indonesia Communication about H1N1 Flu Idhamsyah eka Putra and Afi ndra Primaldhi Zentaro Uemura (Fukuoka University of Education, (Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia) Japan) This study aims to understand convicted religious terrorist The present study aims to reveal the scapegoat process in conception about al-Qur'an and its implementation. The study naive people's communications. The study analyzed messages also investigates the ideal role model, state, and law which on the Japanese online bulletin board service “2 channel” to correspond with their conception of the holy Qur'an. The result investigate people’s reactions towards outbreak of H1N1 Flu. In shows that convicted religious terrorists believe that their action is the comprehensive thread about H1N1 Flu, messages submitted in accordance or in line with al-Qur'an. 2). Additionally they only from 24th of April 2009 to second of May 2009 were analyzed by take Muslim fi gures as role models (Muhammad, Abu Bakar, and computer based text analysis. The mass communication's reports Umar Bin Khattab, and the prototype of the ideal Islamic state is about H1N1 Flu showed a marked increase the amount of messages the governance in Madina during the prophet Muhammad's era. especially after the announcement of "Phase 4" and starting of Psychological Studies (December 2009) 271 quarantine at the airports in Japan, which expressed anxiety, fear signifi cance in constructing a global understanding of workplace and anger. However the messages about counter measures against trust is discussed. H1N1 Flu virus also showed gradual increase. Probably almost every contributor felt that H1N1 Flu close about and they started to A-48 Sexism around the World look for persons or organizations responsible for safety. Julia Becker1, Janet K. Swim2, Elizabeth Lee2 and Eden Renne Pruitt2 (1University of Marburg, Germany, B-9 Social Involvement, Stress and Self Esteem in 2Pennsylvania State University, USA) Relation to Information Technology Orientation The present research compares endorsement of sexist beliefs Alpana Vaidya (Symbiosis College, India) around the world. We examine whether the endorsement of sexist The present study investigated the role of social involvement, beliefs varies by country allowing us to understand how women stress and self-esteem in relation to IT orientation (IT). 470 in different countries may differentially experience sexism. We participants in this study consisted of third year B.Sc. computer present data from International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) science students with 215 girls and 255 boys. Statistical tools were that represents an international comparison of endorsement of applied and results signifi cant interactions across gender and IT traditional gender roles across 36 different countries including orientation in social involvement, stress, and self-esteem. countries from Asia, Africa, Europe, North and South America and Australia. Moreover, we present data from the United Nations B-495 Mobile and Identifi cation of Young Girls in (UN) that allows us to compare the enactment of traditional gender Iran roles across many different countries at an aggregate level. Finally, we compare the relation between country level endorsement of Mohammad-Reza Javadi-Yeganeh (University of traditional gender (from the ISSP) and enactment of traditional Tehran, Iran) gender roles (from the UN). There is an attempt in the article to discuss some of the social effects of the mobile phone on young girls through a survey in B-255 Defi ning a Worthy Life in Canada, China, Tehran. Some of the effects can be self-expression, self-extension, India, and Japan: How does Culture Infl uence the virtual identity, temporary identity, multiple identities, identity Manner in which a Good Life is Conceived? materialization, fl uidization/liquidity of the border between private and public spheres, an increase in the level of personal autonomy/ Gregory Bonn and Romin Tafarodi (University of independence and a consequent decrease in the level of parents’ Toronto, Canada) social control, more effi cient peer group communication, a greater The present study used an open-ended format to assess the manner access to information, security and insecurity, and creation of a in which participants in four countries: Canada, China, India, and different lifestyle. These identifi able aspects of mobile phone may Japan described a worthy life, or life well-lived.700 respondents not be necessarily positive. participated and there was a high degree of overlap in the types of responses received. A 35-point coding system developed with a grounded-theory approach was applied with over 95% reliability to each of the four samples. Results indicated that participants Social Psychology Across Cultures from all four countries stated relationships with family and/or friends were of primary importance, but the types of relationships B-68 Workplace Trust in Three Cultures (India, cited as most important varied signifi cantly between the various Cameroon and Finland) samples. For example, individuals from these four countries were concerned to much different degrees, or placed different levels of Anna-Maija Pirttilä Backman, Jyoti Verma, B. Raul importance upon relations with friends/peers, romantic partners, Kassea, Antero Olakivi and Tuija Seppala (University of parents, and children. Helsinki, Finland) The aim of our cross-cultural project is to build a new model on B-306 Graduate Women in India, Jamaica and workplace trust. Schools have been selected as workplace contexts Canada: Confl icts between Graduate Education and due to school system's relative similar function throughout Traditional Role Expectations the world. After the detailed analysis of six pilot focus groups among teachers we have reformulated the interview schemes Rosemary Frey (University of Technology, Jamaica) and just fi nished gathering the following data in each country: Utilizing a case studies approach, 72 in-depth interviews were six individual interviews with teachers, six individual interviews conducted to explore the confl ict between the pursuit of graduate with principals and six focus groups interviews with the teachers. education and the traditional role expectations for women in The focus groups elicited lively discussion in each country; three distinct cultures. Examining the experience of graduate certain trust related phenomena (e.g. corruption) were not easily students in Jamaica, India and Canada, the research explores the discussed in groups thus individual interviews were also taken. perceived stresses incurred by female graduate students, while Results of the core similarities and differences in the trust related trying to maintain a balance between gender and academic role conceptions and justifi cations in the three countries and their requirements, looking both at the effect on self-concept and in 272 Psychological Studies (December 2009) terms of the effect on a woman's relationship to others (partner The present study aims to investigate the perceived cultural and/or children). At the level of culture, the study results include differences with the host culture, the consequent interaction the fi nding that Caribbean and East Asian female students (to a problems with locals and the intrapsychological consequences in a lesser extent) tended to compartmentalize the different aspects sample of European people living in Shanghai. The present study of their lives while the North American female students reported hypothesized that the perceived differences would correspond to 'spillover' from one role to another. a higher adherence of Chinese people to some traditional Asian values regardless to the fact that the subjects live in a modern A-54 Behaviors Expected by Japanese Students of metropolitan area. The participants were interviewed using a semi- International Friends: Analysis from Cross-Cultural structured interview. Results that most of the traditional Asian Social Skills Perspective values indicated in the literature were spontaneously mentioned by the subjects when asked to describe "the differences between Kaori Hatanaka, Yuki Hasegawa and Tomoko Tanaka Chinese and European people".European people living in major (Okayama University, Japan) Chinese cities represents nowadays a big phenomenon, but such If visitors followed the cultural behaviors of host societies, how kind of population has not been widely studied by now. much could the diffi culties of cross-cultural relationship formation be reduced? To investigate this question, three kinds of questionnaire B-50 Using Tenets of Social Psychology to Decode surveys with Japanese university students were conducted. 93 the Behavioral Patterns of Migrants in the Three Japanese students evaluated the expectations of the acculturative Novels of Bapsi Sidhwa, Kiran Desai and Monica Ali behaviors of internationals students who were assumed to be taking the same seminar class. They expected courtesy and group Purnendu Chatterjee (Rabindra Bharati University, behaviors that are necessary to accomplish their group assignments. India) Another 93 Japanese students evaluated the expectations In a world of growing Diaspora and perpetually changing of cross-cultural social skills performance of international ethnoscapes, social psychology provides important tools students who joined their close groups of friends. Additionally in interpreting the complex, but overlapping domains, of 94 Japanese students evaluated their cognitive and behavioral multiculturalism and identity. This paper seeks to explore the responses to international students who followed (or did not) interface of Western and Indian Sub-continental cultures in three Japanese cultural norms, were assumed to be members of the novels: Pakistani Bapsi Sidhwa's An American Brat, Indian Kiran same club that expects identical social pressure. They positively Desai's The Inheritance of Loss and Bangladeshi Monica Ali's recognized not the behavior but attitudes to understand culture. Brick Lane. The cultural interface is created by the hiatus between the "independent self-concept" of the West and the "interdependent B-302 Comparing Fairness Perception across self-concept" (Markus and Kitayama, 1991) of the Indian Cultural Contexts: Distributive Justice Maps in India, Subcontinent. Moreover, the paper attempts to highlight that the behaviors of the migrants who undergo regenerative experiences Taiwan, Japan, Estonia, Turkey in the West and of those who remain as "metonymies of presences" Lawrence Alfred Powell (University of the West Indies, (Bhabha, 1983) and "in-between" (Boehmer, 2005) are rooted in Jamaica) the concepts of anchoring and adjustment. As experienced in the context of everyday life, the "fairness" judgements that people make within any human culture are B-175 National Identifi cation and Narratives of multidimensional social constructions, which involve rather National History: A Cross-National Comparison complex interactive combinations of individual perception, Between Korea and Australia cultural context, social norms, and the dynamics of exchange Shang-hui Shin1, Yoshihisa Kashima1, Simon M. transactions and power relationships. Employing a generalized 1 2 3 1 mapping technique for measuring and spatially portraying these Laham , Junseong Park and Jaisun Koo ( University 2 distributive fairness perception patterns (Powell, 2005), the of Melbourne, Australia, Chung-Ang University, South 3 "fairness maps" people use in making contextual judgements Korea Chungbuk National University, South Korea) about the relative "societal contributions" and "societal rewards" A country has its history and people have stories about it. These of various class, age, and occupational groups within their society narratives of national history may be related to national identity. are compared across samples of university undergraduates taken We conducted a study to explore people’s national identities from fi ve diverse cultures. The cultural fairness confi gurations are and their perceptions about historical changes and continuities compared, using plots of perceptual judgement data from India (n in Korea and Australia. Results revealed that there are national = 202), Taiwan (n = 396), Japan (n = 301), Estonia (n = 252), and differences and similarities in historical narratives. Also examined Turkey (n = 294). was the relationship between people’s evaluation of perceived historical changes and national identifi cation as a function of historical narratives. When historical changes were evaluated B-105 From Europe to China. Perceiving Cultural more positively, Australians identifi ed more with the current Differences state of their country, whereas this relationship was moderated Laura De Pretto (East China Normal University, China) by endorsement of different historical narratives in Korea. The Psychological Studies (December 2009) 273 introduction of a temporal dimension to national identity may that Asians may use some culture-related ways to defend their broaden the research area. death-threatening thoughts, including 'harmony with nature' 'orientation of resigning to fate', and 'belief in karma'. Experiments B-146 A Comparative Study of Representations of were conducted to test the above hypotheses. Our preliminary Family in R.K.Narayan's Swami and Friends and Enid results support the view that Asians may use unique approaches Blyton's Famous Five: A Cultural Perspective different from westerners in coping with threat of death. Vineet Kaur Sodhi (IIT Delhi, India) B-324 Discovering Variables of Acculturation for Every culture has its own distinct peculiarities which are refl ected Sojourners – An Explorative Study of Indonesian in literature that not only helps us to value our own cultural heritage Students Living in Germany but also understand the culture of others. Children's Literature, being part of the larger world literature, helps in examining Kwartarini Yuniarti (Gadjah Mada University, problems, themes, concerns and concepts of childhood from the Indonesia) perspective of different cultural groups in the world. The paper Sojourning students have to adapt to a different culture and attempts to compare the representation of family in R.K Narayan's experience stresses due to acculturation. This study focuses on 'Swami and Friends' and Enid Blyton's 'Famous Five'. Through this Indonesian Students as sojourners in Germany, aiming to discover paper I have put forth children's mindset and behavioral pattern variables contributing signifi cantly in the acculturative transition as young adolescents The identity of an individual child varies of their stay in foreign country. In-depth interviews was used in eastern and western families but whatever culture he/she may to undertake this study started by having self-reported analysis. belong to it is through literature that he/she gets connected to one Respondents were selected due on their gender identity, length of another through his/her emotions, needs, desires and experiences. stay, and marital statues. Results showed that the initial variables were nature, social life, personal life and some more signifi cant B-131 The Bases of having and Losing Trust others, and the more comphrehensive variables turn out to be as the following: (1) seasons and weathers, (2) living place, (3) current 1 2 Jyoti Verma , Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman , Antero social relationship, (4) togetherness with Indonesians in Germany, 2 2 1 Olakivi and Tuija Seppala ( Patna University, India, (5) Language, (6) the roles of work or academic environment, and 2 University of Helsinki, Finland) (7) Freedom. The paper is based on studies of 3 countries (Finland, Cameroon and India) on 'trust' but shall be dealing with the Finnish and Indian data. 12 focus groups (6 in each country) of school teachers and individual interviews of 12 teachers and 12 principals (each Cultural and Indigenous Issues in country) participated in the study. The participants of both the countries emphasized the professional and personal qualities of the Social Psychology teacher and the principal as the ground for trusting them besides their having certain values. In the Finnish school system trust was B-263 Challenges of Multiculturalism for Pakistani perceived as grounded on meeting the professional obligations and Society: A Psychosocial Perspective and New Era of having qualities of openness, fairness, reliability and honesty and Research of Social Psychologists maintaining confi dentiality. The Indian participants perceived trust Nyla Anjum (University of Punjab, Pakistan) as grounded on helpful and supportive behaviour of colleagues Pakistan is one of those Asian countries facing challenges of and for the principal, having the values of honesty, fairness and multiculturalism. Four provinces of Pakistan have their own equality besides being sympathetic and having good character. In cultures within subcultures having different languages, customs both the countries prominent reasons for loss of trust was coming and traditions. This rich cultural and ethnic background going across unexpected behaviour, disobedience and letting confi dential back to 2800 BC - 1800 BC and has been infl uenced by cultures of matters out. surrounding countries, such as Turkish, Persian, Afghan, Indians of South Asia, Central Asia, Middle East, Tibet and Nepal. This B-152 Defending or Resignation? An Exploration of study has three objectives: First, to highlight different cultures in how Asians Cope with Death Anxiety Pakistan; secondly, positive and negative effects of Multicultrisum Chih-Long Yen (National Defense University, Taiwan) in Pakistan and third, the role of social psychologist to resolve the confl icts at both scales, macro scale including political policies Terror management theory proposes that people who are reminded for organization such as a school, business, neighborhood, nation of their mortality should be motivated to defend their cultural and at micro scale, social counseling for individuals, families and worldview. However, recent experiments using Taiwanese as sometimes within small group when confl ict arises. subjects and a meta-analysis by Yen and Cheng (in press) failed to fi nd evidence supporting the fact that Asians in Taiwan may utilize mechanisms other than worldview defense, to copy with B-242 What it Means to be Human in China And their death anxiety. Based on Asians' philosophical traditions of Australia Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, the present study proposed Paul Bain1, Jeroen Vaes2, Nick Haslam3, Yoshihisa 274 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

Kashima3 and Yanjun Guan4 (1Murdoch University, normally a disparaging term, when considered as commodity Australia 2University of Padova, Australia 3The University production. of Melbourne, Australia 4Chinese University of Hong Kong, China) A-18 Integrative Bargaining and Chinese Culture: A Folk psychologies of humanness have received little empirical Theoretical Analysis investigation which was examined as folk beliefs about two senses O. Bedford1 and C. Huang2 (Nanyang Technological of humanness i.e. what is distinctive of humans as a species (human University, Singapore, The Chinese University of Hong uniqueness, HU)and what is core and fundamental to humans Kong, Hong Kong) (human nature, HN). Beliefs about these senses of humanness Given the globalized business economy and the proliferation were examined in Australian and Chinese samples (N = 222). of international trade agreements, understanding cross-cultural Participants generated human characteristics and rated them on differences in confl ict management style is essential. Integrative HU and HN and rated characteristics like emotions, traits, values, bargaining is a strategy that allows parties to go beyond compromise and mental states. Results showed greater cultural difference than to consider joint benefi ts. The study focuses on integrative similarity in the characteristics considered human, the emphasis bargaining, the confl ict resolution strategy preferred by Westerners placed on HU and HN, and ratings of the same characteristics on in most negotiation contexts that fi ts with Chinese culture. Inherent HU and HN. Australians perceived humanness mostly in terms of confl ict issues were identifi ed and predominant paradigm of emotions, personality and HN, and Chinese placed more emphasis individualism-collectivism in cross-cultural psychology to set on culture and language and HU. forth a relational perspective of Chinese confl ict resolution based on Chinese indigenous psychological concepts such as guanxi B-96 Striding Through Cultures: Gulzar's (interpersonal relationships), mianzi (face), and renqing (favors) Experiments with Language in Poetry and Cinema was studied with respect to Chinese cultural characteristics. Analysis suggested integrative bargaining is appropriate in some Saba M. Bashir (IIT Delhi, India) contexts, particularly among in-group members. Use of mediators, Gulzar's creative world manifests itself in his poetry and cinema, and consideration of renqing and mianzi, central resources in refl ecting his involvement with different cultures and issues of Chinese interpersonal interactions, is likely to contribute to an language. He effectively represents the multicultural fabric of the integrative confl ict solution. country through different genres. This is achieved with the help of a number of factors, one being language. This paper focuses A-27 Transnational Filial Practices of Vietnamese on the manner in which the poet gives richness and depth to Marriage Migrants in Taiwan his poetry borrowing words from various languages - Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi and English. Without any qualms, he even throws Heidi Fung, Chi Han Liang and Trần Thị Hoàng in colloquial words, giving the poem a local fl avor and has combed Phượng (Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan) societies, attractively blending them with his use of language. Joining the trend of intra-Asian cross-border marriages, Taiwan Taking examples from his poetry and a few select fi lms, this paper has received an infl ux of female marriage migrants from Southeast attempts to establish the literary unity that Gulzar achieves thereby Asia. By adopting a transnational intersectionality perspective establishing a new poetic norm to the multicultural milieu of (Mahalingam, 2006, 2009), the study examines how these women Indian society. continue to fulfi ll fi lial obligations as idealized Vietnamese daughters from afar. The fi eldwork in Taipei, Taiwan and the B-34 Capitalism as a Framework for Cultural Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam reveals that, since they married Meaning with a purpose—to better their natal families’ lives—in addition to quickly acquiring the new language, culture and roles, their David Berry (Southampton Solent University, UK) affective ties to and care for their parents have never ceased. Due Theodor Adorno argued that the culture industry as a product to fi nancial strain and confl ict of interests, they have to strategically of capitalism framed the meaning of life in terms of social make and save money and secretly send sizable remittances back psychological processes and Herbert Marcuse argued that capitalism home. Also unbeknownst to their in-laws and husbands, they often limits the horizons of humans reducing them to consumers of tell their parents that these fi lial thoughts and deeds are from their products shaping culture and identity. The Marxist writer Georg husbands. Lukács argued along similar lines whereby false consciousness is indeed a product of such limitations. David Giles in his book B-75 The Semiological Meanings of Coffee Fortune Media Psychology details the issue of 'media effects' and in that in Turkey context this paper critically evaluates these perspectives and assess whether they still hold today in the context of a larger integration Kazim Tolga Gurel (Seluk University, Turkey) of societies into a capitalist based world-system, furthered by the Fortunetellers and fortune-telling by looking a glass of coffee collapse of communism in Russia, Eastern/Central Europe in 1989 are very important sociological concept in Turkey. It has lots and the economic turn to market conditions in China. The paper of semiological meanings about sociological changes, local will also discuss alternative views with respect to consumption, anthropological fi ndings and the psychology of person who is told Psychological Studies (December 2009) 275 fortunes. In this study, the history of fortune and a most popular has become less warm and more competent now than in the Turkish cultural style about fortune are stated. It will be showed past, and it has been shown to affect people's stereotypes about coffee fortune's symbols and sociological meanings of them. various countries as a function of their perceptions of economic Lastly the reasons for changes of capitalism and modernism on development and their preferences for social policies. A cross- their meanings and these changes and their functions of society national study of FTSC in Australia, China and Japan showed are discussed. that Australians and Japanese showed a similar belief about their country's developmental trajectories, replicating the earlier B-513 Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Diversity Australian study. However, China showed a somewhat different and Multiculturalism in Australia: A Community pattern. Chinese believe that, although their society has become Perspective less warm and more competent from the past to the present, it will retain the current level of warmth in the future while its Mir R Islam (Charles Sturt University, Australia) competence level will continue to rise. Chinese also believed that The present study argues the success of an integrated Australia their society has greater vitality than their Australian and Japanese and its dependence on the broad community’s genuine, mutual counterparts. understanding rather than simply a tokenistic appreciation of diversity and multiculturalism. This research reports on the views B-43 Folk-Conceptual Analysis of Death with and beliefs of a cross-section of the general public, with respect Sample of Chinese University Students before and after to “ethnic diversity” and “multiculturalism” in contemporary the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake Australia. The research employed a structured questionnaire survey involving over 300 respondents from the state of New South Wales, Zhao Xu Li and Bin-Xue Gao (Qufu Normal University, focusing on their understanding of, attitudes towards and beliefs China) about multicultural ideology, their attitudes towards government The present study was partly conducted before the 2008 Sichuan sponsored multicultural programs, perceptions of intergroup threat, Earthquake, employing a method of word-association to fi nd out tolerance and perceived economic competitions were also examined, the folk concept of death. Based on Spreading Activation Model, along with the perceived consequences of multiculturalism and the word of "Si" (the Chinese word which equals death/die in views on assimilation, acculturation and adaptation strategies are English) was presented as a stimulus to which 548 participants examined. The fi ndings suggest that cultural diversity brought were asked to respond with at least 15 words/phrases that came to about by emerging ethnic migrant communities needs careful mind. These data were collected pre-earthquake. Post earthquake a balancing with existing Australian cultures. sample of 561participant were collected in May for the purpose of comparison. The words/phrases totaled 19 268, with 9 497 before B-49 Cultural Scripts of Death: A Study in Iran the earthquake and 9 771 after the earthquake. Results indicated that Chinese college students' folk concepts of death are strongly Morteza Karimi1 and Mohammad Amin Ghanei Rad2 infl uenced by the cultural backgrounds, especially shaped by (1Art and Culture Research Center, Iran, 2Scientifi c Policy folk tales of Chinese Funeral Culture, Chinese Hell Culture, and Research Center, Iran) Chinese Ghost Culture. The aim of this study is to study how the suffering malignant patient’s live with their religiosity and making their dying more B-413 Culture, Gender and Science meaningful for themselves. Grounded theory was used and the method of observational and interviewing technique was performed Neelam Kumar (NISTADS, India) with patients, physicians, nurses and social workers. 32 patients Gender bias in science is observed all over the world including were interviewed. Results indicate that having a '' high attitude '' Asia. This paper tries to explore whether the similarities and and "moral belief" are important factors for making the processes differences in the scientifi c careers of female scientists can be of death more meaningful. Low hospital facilities, lack of moral explained in terms of certain socio-psychological factors. The belief in physicians and lack of a near relationship between doctors paper is based on empirical data on women scientists in India and patients, and also the destructive nature of cancer, can cause and other Asian countries. The move from early research on a kind of ''low attitude'', and consequently, may cause patients gender differences in scientifi c abilities to gender as process and discontinue struggling with their disease. Thus the meaning of interaction, as a situational variable has important implications death is different for people in various parts of the world, and even for the cross-cultural psychology of gender differences. Another in different conditions. important reason for a cultural comparison stems from the fact that gender discrimination in science has been found to be universal. B-59 Comparing Folk Theories of Social Change in Australia B-288 The Slogan of Globalization and its Yoshihisa Kashima1, Junqi Shi2, Koji Tsuchiya3 and Challenges: A Concept of Multi Cultural Management Simon Laham1 (1The University of Melbourne, Australia, Sabiha Majeed1 and Tariq Ali Sed2 (1University of 2Beijing University, China, 3Nagoya University, Japan) Punjab, Pakistan, 2Bahuddin University, Pakistan) Past research in Australia found that people believe their country The world has become a Global Village but it is true that we just 276 Psychological Studies (December 2009) not have to visit this Village by roaming here and there ,instead indigenous psychological approach. Open ended questionnaires of that we have to move around to learn and compete for the were distributed to 591 respondents comprising of senior high sack of our own identity and individuality.One pays against this school and university students in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, to learn acceptability either in the shape of, less marks, excessive exercise the understanding and the concept of happiness according to the of mouth articulators or even psychological problems. The feelings local perspective. Results of the study demonstrated that Indonesian alone in multicultural and interpersonal variation that can only students viewed living together in a family, achievement and be felt when one faces the actual situation. No doubt its need of elements of spirituality as important factors of their happiness. modern age and stack holders from all aspects of life must do their efforts to facilitate them by meeting these challenges with good B-240 Decoding the Meaning of Multiculturalism: A Multicultural Management. Study of Malaysia Vijayan P. Munusamy1 and Bhawuk P.S. Dharm2 B-70 Experience of Gender Awareness and Practices (1Center for Creative Leadership, Malaysia and of Kalahi-Cidss Stakeholders of IP Communities in 2University of Hawaii, Hawaii) Talaingod The study through multiple methods (focus group, grounded theory, Teresita C. Mirafuentes (Holy Cross of Davao College, historical analyses) and multiple data sources (letters to the editor, Philippines) historical documents and interdisciplinary perspectives from cross- The present study was conducted in 12 clusters of Indigenous cultural researchers) examined the meaning, the antecedents and Peoples (IP) communities in Talaingod, Davao del Norte on gender the consequences of the construct 'multiculturalism' in Malaysia. awareness and practices of the KALAHI-CIDSS stakeholders This study shows that ecological factors are distal antecedents for revealed that stakeholders of the KALAHI-CIDSS communities in multiculturalism in Malaysia, which contributed to colonialization, Talaingod responded to the challenges of gender equality. Gender- which led to the rise of nationalism in the 1950s, when people sensitive indicators like the general profi le on gender awareness and regardless of their ethnic affi liations were united. The spirit of the moderate level of gender awareness and gender-fair practice nationalism however, faded away gradually after independence were obtained. Results showed that females were more aware and and regressed quickly to narrow nationalism. Result shows that by those who are more gender-fair are middle and late adults, females, cultivating a sense of community, this situation can be reversed and Roman Catholics, elementary level of education and those who this reversal is needed for having meaningful dialogues. In contrary are affi liated with religious organizations. Stakeholders expressed to the conventional belief, openness, respectfulness, cultural their needs to intensify advocacy programs on gender concerns. sensitivity, reciprocity and tolerance serve as facilitators but they The study fi nds out that stakeholders are eager to advance gender themselves do not result in having meaningful dialogues. awareness and gender-fair practice which will be a step forward to the vision of gender equality. B-447 Attribution Meaning of 'Ibu' ( Mother ) in Indonesia's Women's Life B 491 Cultural Change and Identity of the Kharwar Nani Nurrachman, and Unika Atmajaya (Indonesia) R. C. Mishra (Banaras Hindu University, India) The practices and cultural representation of the attribution of Like native, indigenous or aboriginal people living in other parts 'Ibu' (Mother) in Indonesia's women's life are strongly affected, of the world, the tribal people represent about 8 per cent of the and often taken to epitomize, prevailing norms of feminity. As total Indian population. A number of programs of change and mothers, women are regarded as the centre of family life through development in the life of these people have been initiated by the concept of matrifocal. This may direct to overinvest on their Central and state governments in order to integration them with the role as mothers. In the social domain, the authority and symbolic main-stream society. The present paper reports a study of cultural value based on their attribution as 'Ibu' may lead women adopting identity of the “Kharwar” tribal group. The analysis attempted at its dual meaning. First, 'ibuism' has a social meaning in elevating the symbolic and behavioral levels of identity revealed cultural their status in society. Secondly, 'state ibuism' ideology where identity to be stronger among adults than adolescents. Some the attribution of 'Ibu' is a media of the existing power holder positive and negative predictors of identity are examined and .The attribution of 'Ibu' should be given a realistic meaning. If discussed in the paper. mothering is inseparable from the condition of being female, it is only one dimension aside from being a wife, owning a profession B-327 Indigenous Perspective of Happiness in and a citizen. Indonesia Moordiningsih, Haidar Buldan, Mohammad Abdul B-66 Chinese Culture and Foreign Students Hakim and Kwartarini Yuniarti (Gadjah Mada Francois Patrick Nze and Bin Zuo (Huazhong Normal University, Indonesia) University, China) Happiness is a concept of which is differently defi ned according The present study focused on the social Representation of Foreign to various cultures. The objective of the study was to understand Students on Chinese Culture in Wuhan. Various studies were how Indonesians perceived the concept of happiness by using an done. In the fi rst study15 students from Africa, Asia and Europe Psychological Studies (December 2009) 277 described the objects that might represent Chinese Culture in which B-468 Implication of Culture for self Concept, Chinese language emerged prominently. In the second study 360 Academic Achievement Goals and Intrinsic Motivation foreign students verifi ed the results of fi rst study. The third study K. N. Tripathi (Barkatullah University, India) explored psychosocial factors are important in social adaptation. The population consisted of 120 per group and showed that the Present study explored the variations in self- conception, goal group of European students (male and female) adapted rapidly in orientation, ethnic identifi cation and academic motivation through Chinese culture and indicated that girls face greater diffi culties self report measures in comparable samples of under graduate with regard to their adaptation in Chinese society. The fourth asked students representing three cultural groups namely British White 20 students from Language Institute of Central China Normal (N = 50), British Indian (N = 35), and Indian Young (N = 100) University to assess the Chinese language and result showed that adults. The male and female participants participated in the study. chinese language is developing and becoming one of the leading The British white group displayed signifi cantly stronger relational language in the world. self than Indian and British Indian counterparts. Similarly British white group showed higher preference towards mastery goal than the other groups and Indian participants displayed signifi cantly B-356 A Valence-Based Taxonomy of Hiniku in stronger performance goal, ethnic orientation toward group and Japan: A Difference between Hiniku and Irony higher intrinsic and extrinsic motivation than the other groups. The Takafumi Sawaumi and Joo Lee (The University of British Indian selectively overlapped with its Indian and British Tokyo, Japan) counterparts. In the Japanese lexicon, hiniku has frequently been considered a Japanese counterpart of irony in linguistics. In hiniku, however, B-172 Manufacturers of Traditional Toys and Play people can express their negative attitude directly. Proposed Materials in Rajasthan: A Study on Continuity and hypothesis suggest two requisites for verbal hiniku: the utterer's Change negative attitude toward the addressee and expressions verbally Veenu Wadhwa, Kumud Khanna and Geeta Chopra opposite to the actual valence. Based upon the hypothesis, two (Delhi University, India) ways to make an utterance verbally opposite to the actual valence: to mention a positive matter in a negative tone (insulting hiniku) The objective was to assess the working and demographic and vice versa (fl attering hiniku). In insulting hiniku, the utterer conditions of manufacturers of Traditional Toys and Play can express his or her negative attitude directly. Eighty Japanese Materials in Rajasthan. For this, 76 manufacturers from 9 districts college students at the University of Tokyo participated in the of Rajasthan were approached. Methods and materials were studied and 100 toys were collected, compiled and documented. present research. Expectedly, the result identifi ed the two kinds The possibility of continuity/saving this art from extinction was of hiniku. The usefulness of valence in organizing hiniku is in focus. Results indicated that though the manufacturers did not discussed. want this traditional art to face extinction, they wanted to move on to more lucrative jobs. Unavailability of raw material, low profi ts B-326 The Cultural Construction of non Epileptic and a discrepancy in the effort involved in toy manufacture in Attack Disorder in India: Conversational Analysis as a comparison to the returns received were problems. Traditional toys Qualitative Assessment Tool had ceased to be toys and were now being projected as decorative Shweta Sharma and Rukmini Bhaya Nair (IIT Delhi, items so that artisans could sustain their livelihood. However India) positive change was documented in cases where manufacturers received NGO intervention. Dissociative convulsion, or non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD) remains the most diffi cult of psychiatric cases to diagnose. True epileptic seizure is relatively easy to diagnose but the concept of B-322 Acculturation, Mental Health, and Well being: 'alteration of consciousness levels' is often misapplied by clinicians The Experience of Indonesian Students in Germany when it comes to assessing NEAD, commonly known as 'pseudo- Kwartarini Yuniarti (Gadjah Mada University, seizure'. This study highlights the manner in which qualitative Indonesia) analysis can help resolve this problem. Detailed conversational Being sojourners in Germany may cause Indonesian students stress analytic (CA) techniques which focused on the language cues due to acculturation. The study identifi ed symptoms of general offered in patients' description of their symptoms, allowing us mental health status related to acculturation. The acculturation to clearly identify speech patterns unique to this class of patients orientation and the general mental health status were measured using were studied. Results, showing marked language differences in standardized psychometric instruments. A survey of 201 Indonesian patterns of speech between epileptic and NEAD patients, indicate students in Germany was conducted. Results were then compared that CA may be a powerful assessment tool with great potential to Indonesian students in Indonesia. It shows that more than a half to illuminate differences between types of psychological disorder. of the sojourners kept their Asian values and behaviors. Signifi cant Another important fi nding of this research was that a specifi c different was observed on some aspects of psychological well-being, socio-demographic profi le relating to the gender, class and cultural partly moderated by length of sojourning. "Hostility" was maximal background of these patients also emerged. in the fi rst 2 months of sojourning and declining thereafter. 278 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

Life Span Development in Social also reveal that for boys age is positively correlated with body image and perceived physical self-effi cacy. However, for girls, no Context correlation was found between age and body image and perceived physical self-effi cacy. B-331 Non-Verbal Communication in Indian Culture: Tactile Expressions of Emotion in Early Childhood B-83 Parenting Adolescents of Divorce: An Priyanka Agarwal and Rukmini Bhaya Nair (IIT Delhi, Intervention Programme India W. J. Basson (University of Limpopo, South Africa) Non-verbal expression fulfi ls basic physical and emotional The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a group needs in infancy, playing a particularly salient role before the intervention programme on parenting adolescents after parental emergence of language. Tactile communication, one of the non- divorce. Participants included six divorced custodial parents of verbal communication modes, serves as the primary mode of adolescents. The parents attended a four-week programme. Themes communication between the child and the mother straight after birth. that emerged from the qualitative analysis of data were; 1. Group Recent studies underline the importance of tactile communication experience: Participants indicated that the group helped them to in infancy in the West. Our research follows this emergent trend normalise their children's behavior; 2. Co-parenting: Participants in the context of South Asia. It reports on changes in the affective did not seem to relate to the guidelines provided to resolve parental role of touch from the central position it occupies in infancy to the confl ict; 3. Former spouses: Parents expressed continuous negative supporting role it plays once language becomes the primary means attitudes towards their former spouses: 4. Adolescent behaviour: of expression. Our data-base consisted of longitudinal video-tapes Parents reported more open communication regarding divorce of 20 Indian mother-child dyads. Based on these, a detailed coding related issues and improved stress handling by their children; system for touch behaviour was developed. Our preliminary 5. General evaluation: Participants assessed the programme as fi ndings indicate remarkable continuities as well as changes in helpful and indicated that their expectations were met. the way mother-child dyads in specialised cultural environments engage in tactile behaviour across age-groups. B-460 Happiness: A Lifespan Perspective from India Nivedita Bansal, Girishwar Misra and Preeti Kapur B-26 Effect of Stressful Experiences upon Elderly (University of Delhi, India) Behavior and Adjustment The present study discusses the meaning of happiness of successful Renu Agarwal (India) male professionals at different stages of life. Data set was analyzed The objectives of the study were to fi nd the causes, signs and using grounded theory method. The emergent themes are happiness symptoms of stress and coping strategies used by elders. For this of form, happiness of function and happiness across life span. purpose, the normative survey method (400 samples) was used for Happiness of form describes happiness as a “state of the moment” collect information regarding sex, age, living area and different and happiness of function describes happiness as a “state of mind”. areas of adjustment e.g. social, emotional, health etc. The study These themes indicate that the sources of happiness may be located revealed that women have better overall adjustment in stressed in the external world or located within an individual. Further, condition as compared to men. There were no major differences the meaning and sources of happiness are transient and change in causes of stress among elder men and women. Women exhibit across life span in an observable pattern. Models describing the behavior symptoms while men show mental, physical and emotional evolution of happiness at the three life stages have been proposed symptoms in stressful situations. Hence, men use problem-focused revealing the developmental patterns of happiness. Finally, a coping strategies and other side women use emotional-focused model of happiness for professionally successful males not coping response to face stress. contingent upon age.

B-36 Perceived Self-Effi cacy and Body Image of B-161 Predictors of Childbearing Behaviour in Children OECD Countries and Chinese Polities Abdulqawi Salim Alzubaidi and Ali Mehdi Kazem Mandy Boehnke (University of Bremen, Germany) (Sultan Qaboos University, Oman) Utilizing a multi-level analytic approach (HLM), the present study The present research tried out to identify the variables that were analyzed reasons for variations in the number of children among associated with children's physical activity including age, grade, 25- to 34-year-old women in OECD countries as compared to perceived physical effi cacy and body image. The sample was PRC, Taiwan, and Singapore, surveyed in the World Value Survey. consisted of 362 (169 males and 193 females of Ages 13-16 Educational attainment, household income, age, and pro-child years), were selected randomly from two basic schools in Muscat attitudes were included as individual-level predictors, whereas Educational District in Muscat. Body image and the perceived self- on the society-level, individualism and masculinity, GDP, median effi cacy questionnaire were applied. Results show that there were age of society, marriages rates, female employment rates, and pre- no gender differences in the body image but there was a difference primary education enrolment were included. For the individual- in the perceived physical effi cacy in favor of boys. The fi ndings level predictors hypotheses were confi rmed for all variables Psychological Studies (December 2009) 279 but household income. In addition to being an overall negative B-463 Patterns of Delinquency and Personality Traits predictor of fertility, the impact of education on fertility varied of Adolescents in Child Labor signifi cantly between polities. Of the macro-level indicators, the Anila Kamal and Irum Naqvi (Quaid-i-Azam University, degree of cultural masculinity covaried positively with number of Pakistan) children, whereas a polity's median age covaried negatively. The infl uence mode of predictors in dominantly Chinese polities did The present research was aimed to fi nd out the relationship between not emerge as following a distinctly different pattern. self-reported delinquency, informant reported delinquency, and personality traits of adolescents in child labor and to see whether individuals with different demographic variables are differing B-515 Emerging Self and Identity in an Evolving on the self-reported delinquency (SRD) and Informant-reported Social Matrix: Perceptions of Teenagers in the Urban delinquency (IRD) scales (Naqvi and Kamal, 2008) and Eysenck Indian Context Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-Junior) (Naqvi, 2008). The study Neerja Chadha1 and Girishwar Misra2 (1Indira Gandhi was carried out on a sample of 250 laborer adolescents. The National Open University, India, 2University of Delhi, adolescents were working in workshops, general stores, restaurants, India) beggars and trash collectors. Findings revealed signifi cant positive This paper focuses on the twin concepts of autonomy and correlation between self-reported delinquency and informant- relatedness from the vantage point of teenagers in the reported delinquency, and personality traits. Multiple Linear contemporary urban Indian context. From an individualistic Regression analysis results revealed high predictability of personality traits i.e., extraversion, psychoticism, and neuroticism perspective, “emotional autonomy” from parents constitutes an traits with self-reported delinquency. important aspect of individuation, which in turn, is deemed to be a signifi cant phase of healthy development. Extrapolation of this perspective to the Indian context, however, is fraught B-244 Adolescent is a Time of Turmoil and with errors; as borne out by the present study. 218 teenagers Understanding and Development of Ones Self Identity from metropolitan urban India participated in this endeavour to Renu Malaviya (University of Delhi, India) explore facets of emerging self and identity during adolescence. The changes in the societal structures as well as the infl uence of Through their responses to open ended probes and scenarios, the technology have infl uenced the life styles, values and belief system factors and processes infl uencing particularly the independence- of the Indian adolescent. The inability of the 'adult experts' such as interdependence dimension and the aspects thereof, including the the parents, teachers, counselors and education administrators to manifestations of autonomy and relatedness, have been analyzed visualize the difference in the adolescents’ perspective to life poses with reference to socialization and the prevailing processes of a challenge to the Indian society. It would be expected that they social change. It is argued that perceptions and perspectives would have an, 'with-in-ness' with reference to the changing needs enunciated by adolescents with reference to their self construal and perception of the adolescent. This paper attempts to highlight and identity are informed by the dynamics of their socio-cultural with narrations how at times we the expert adults have a limiting milieu, with relatedness and interdependence as well as close perception into the life of the adolescent. ties with parents continuing to be salient even in the midst of growing agency and autonomy. B-454 Parenting and the Shaping of Self Concept: A Cultural - Developmental Perspective B-484 Ego Identiy Status in Different Groups of Late Adolescents Aradhana Shukla (Kumaun University, India) Recent years have shown increasingly greater interest in examining Anjali Ghosh (Indian Statistical Institute, India) the role of culture in the structuring of the notion of self. This Adolescence is a critical period in the life of an individual to study explored the developmental changes in the notion of self in construct a unique sense of self with respect to ideological belief different culture of tribal (Bhotia from Kumaun Hills), scheduled and interpersonal relations. The present study explores the pattern caste (SC) and non-tribal group in relation to perceived parenting. of ego- identity statuses and its relation with one’s personal values The study involved children (n=300) from three age groups (10- and self-esteem in different groups of late adolescents selected 11, 12-13 and 14-15 yrs). Initially the perceived parenting was from two different regions of India. Findings of the study indicate assessed and children with predominantly authoritarian and that identity achievement status has positive and signifi cant democratic parenting were identifi ed. These children were asked relationship with self-transcendence and openness to change values to complete a measure of self concept. The analysis revealed that and also with self-esteem. MANOVA results depict the signifi cant conceptualization of self became more positive with growing effect of region, location and gender on different types of identity age. The non-tribal group displayed more positive self concept, achievement statuses. Overall, the fi ndings indicate the impact of followed by SC and tribal groups, respectively. Finally, the values and self –esteem in determining identity achievement status democratic perception of parenting was found to contribute to of late adolescents. positive self concept in children. 280 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

A-98 Multiple Risks and Early Language personal lives. Information about dealing with the development of Development in Indian Children their children was the most important investment for the future. Manjit Sidhu, Prahbhjot Malhi and Jagat Jerath Images from radio and television were powerful infl uences and (Panjab University, India) when amalgamated with socio-economic changes impacted the knowledge, attitudes and practices in early childcare. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between multiple risks and early language development in Indian children. Twelve risk factors, 4 biological and 8 environmental, B-2 Teenagers' Perception about Parental Care, were studied in 253 children (2 to 35 months). The main outcome Control, Rejection and Autonomy measure was the language quotient (LQ) of the child was measured Bino Thomas (National Institute of Mental Health and by the Clinical Linguistic Auditory Milestone Scale. Results show Neuro Sciences, India) there was a signifi cant general downward linear trend in the LQ, As part of development of package for parenting skills in families as the number of risk factors increased. Each risk factor reduced of adolescents, it was planned to focus on the teenagers' perceptions the LQ of the children by 2.77 points. Regression analysis revealed about their parents. A total of 60 teenagers were interviewed using that 10% of the variance in the LQ of the child was explained by Parent Bonding Instrument. These teenagers were studying in their the cumulative risk score and this was higher than the variance 7th, 8th and 9th standards in different schools in Bangalore city, explained by any other risk factor. India. The researcher participated in the PTA meetings in the schools as a resource person. Through these parents, the 60 adolescents B-388 Parent-Child Relationship and Self-Defi nitions were contacted. It is found that, from teenagers perception point of in Rural and Urban Indian Settings view, fathers' means score is higher than the mothers’ mean score in respect of autonomy and rejection, whereas the reverse is true in Shubhra Sinha and Ramesh Chandra Mishra (Banaras case of care and control. The fi ndings are used to develop package Hindu University, India) for effective parenting programmes. Besides ethnic, religious, linguistic and other diversities of the groups that contribute to cultural mosaic of the Indian society, B-284 Parent-Child Confl ict, Adolescent's Negative rural/urban features of the groups are also equally important. Emotional Arousal and Internalizing/Externalizing The economic, cultural and social aspects of village life are so Problem behaviours: Mediating Mechanisms different from that of the city that they often present us with a sharp contrast. The problems of relationship between parents and Kuang Hui Yeh (Academia Sinica, Taiwan) children, especially adolescents, in these settings have appeared as Although research has shown that parent-child confl ict is positively matters of serious concerns. This study examines the expectations related to poor adjustment in adolescents, the underlying processes and values of adolescents living in rural (n=60) and urban (n=60). have been little examined. This study probes some possible Perception of parenting style of mothers and fathers by adolescents, mediators (perceive threat, self-blame, rage, and resentment) to including the quality of their relationship, has also been analyzed. clarify how parent-child confl ict impacts adolescent psychological Boys and girls of adolescent age were given scales of parental maladjustment. A total of 1,107 high school students completed expectations, parenting goals, parenting style, and quality of a battery of questionnaires that separated Father from Mother as parent-child relationship. Analyses reveal that urban adolescents the focal interaction target. The results showed that (1) the result subscribe to the parental expectations and goals more than rural patterns for Father and Mother targets were similar; (2) parent- adolescents; they also report receiving greater admiration from child confl ict positively related to adolescents' internalizing their parents as compared to rural participants. (psychosomatic complaints and withdrawal) and externalizing (violent aggression and deviant behaviour) problem behaviours; A-88 A Society in Transition: Parental beliefs and (3) children's resentment over the confl ict was the main mediator of Child Development in the Republic of Maldives the relationships between parent-child confl ict and psychosomatic complaint, withdrawal behaviours, or deviant behaviours; (4) S. Srinivasan1 and Vinita Bhargava2 (Apollo Medical children's wrath from the confl ict was the main mediator of the Centre, India1, University of Delhi, India2) relationship between parent-child confl ict and violent aggression. Research on parental beliefs in different cultures has found that prominent cultural ideologies appear to direct the ways parents within that culture think about their children’s development. This paper attempts to investigate parenting issues in a culture Learning and Education in School caught between an onslaught of western infl uences and increasing prosperity. Total 44 families were selected from all over the Setting Maldives. All families had children less than 3 years. The mothers and grandmothers were also interviewed. Inter-generational B-401 Implicit Theories of Intelligence are differences were also addressed with mothers and grandparents in Expressed in Linguistic Practices: objectifying and their homes. It was apparent that for a society in transition, people Contextualizing Practices in Descriptions of Good needed information to favourably infl uence the direction of their Learners Psychological Studies (December 2009) 281

Allan B I Bernardo (De La Salle University, Philippines) composition? Are these experiences different for men and women The study proposes that people express their implicit theories as gender minority in their departments? And how such college through linguistic practices. Based on the linguistic categories experience may affect students' self as well as social identities and model (Semin and Fiedler, 1988) the study hypothesized that entity their learning outcome? The study analyzes data of the 2005 junior theorists would describe the characteristics of learners as fi xed sample from the Taiwan Higher Education Data System to gain qualities independent of the context, and thus use more nouns and partial answer to these questions. adjectives but fewer contextual references. Incremental theorists focus on specifi c actions of the learner in particular contexts, and B-76 Unwrapping Middle-School Teachers' thus use more verbs and contextual references. 100 descriptions Socialization Process of learners written by Filipino students were categorized as Ma Huawei1 and Yuan Xue2 (1Tianjin Normal University, exemplifying either incremental or entity theories by two raters. China, 2Imperial College, London, UK) Consistent with the hypothesis, entity theorists used a higher This study of 345 teachers from 6 middle schools demonstrated the proportion of nouns and adjectives in their descriptions, whereas process of teacher socialization. Putting contextual and personal incremental theorists used a higher proportion of verbs. There was factors into the same model and integrating three analytical levels no signifi cant difference in their use of contextualized statements, (task, group and organization), this study explored how antecedents although incremental theorists had lower objectifi cation index of teacher socialization (organizational tactics, proactive tactics, scores. coworkers and parents), proximal socialization outcomes (role clarity, school understanding, task mastery, and school politics) and B-402 The Relationship between Perceptions of distal socialization outcomes (job satisfaction, work performance, Legitimacy of Parental Control over Academics and the and organizational commitment) work in tandem. Results showed Academic Wellbeing of Filipino Adolescents that organizational tactics had positive infl uences on distal Allan B I Bernardo (De La Salle University, Philippines) organizational outcomes directly and indirectly through school Perceptions regarding the legitimacy of parental control over understanding, task mastery, and school politics; the effects of adolescents' academic life were investigated by asking 1088 Filipino teachers' proactive tactics on distal socialization outcomes totally adolescents to indicate who they thought should decide on a range through the mediations of proximal outcomes; school understanding of academic issues. Exploratory factor analysis suggested three mediated the relations between help and support from coworkers factors: learning activities, academic participation, and academic and distal socialization outcomes; cooperation from students' options. The respondents generally rejected parental authority parents had direct positive effect on work performance, and role on issues related to learning activities, but indicated that issues clarity mediated the relations between cooperation from students' related to academic participation and options should be decided parents and distal outcomes. jointly with their parents. On all domains, older adolescents more strongly rejected parental authority compared to their younger B-384 Contextual Infl uences on Academic Emotions: counterparts. The pattern of responses suggest that issues in all A Study of Indian Adolescents domains of academic behaviors are being treated as personal Anjum Sibia (NCERT, India) issues, but those in the last two domains may also have overlapping features with prudential/conventional issues. There were also Adopting a qualitative mode of inquiry, the present research distinct relationships between legitimacy perceptions and student examined the emotions experienced by students on diverse wellbeing: wellbeing was positively associated with rejection of occasions i.e. class room, examination, evaluations, interaction parental authority over learning activities, but negatively associated with teachers/ principal and other students. Using critical incident with rejection of parental authority over academic participation. technique and open-ended questions, the emotional experiences of school students (N= 1061) in Delhi were analyzed. It was noted B-132 Gender, Subject and Identity: The Gender that students' experiences with teachers are a major source of Aspect of College Student Learning in Taiwan their emotions, both positive and negative. Negative emotions experienced were voiced more than positive emotions in context Hsieh Hsiao Chin (National Tsing Hua University, of behavior of teachers. Also their relationship with peers and Taiwan) academic (Success/failure) were prominent in students' narratives. The phenomenon of gender segregation by fi elds of study, Positive emotions were reported more often than the negative ones. i.e. women concentrate in humanities and men in science and The process of learning was also related to positive experiences. technology, however, remains unchanged. The gender gap in Anger was the most frequently expressed negative emotion besides humanities becomes closer from undergraduate to doctoral level, other feelings associating unpleasant emotions. whereas low representation of woman in science and technology exists. The higher education process might operate differentially B-157 Locating Childhood Identities: Addressing for men and women due to college experiences functioning in Challenges within the Paradigm of Schooling for all opposite directions for the gender minorities in departments of unbalanced gender composition. What are the college experiences Asha Singh (University of Delhi, India) of these gender minorities in departments of unbalanced gender This paper will explore the ways in which the challenges of forging 282 Psychological Studies (December 2009) local identity despite multiplicity and coexisting pluralities can be A-92 Developing Wisdom through Learning confronted as a central issue in the care and education of young Acquired from Leadership Experiences children. It provides examples of ways in which the homogenized Shih Ying Yang (National Chi Nan University, Taiwan) world of universal education can be energized through artistic traditions, modern media for children to be socialized. While it This study adopts a mixed methodology to explore whether learning may be an important goal to strive towards academic excellence acquired from educational leadership experience can facilitate the and dream, it is not to merely aspire for “smart occupations development of wisdom. Eight educational leaders were chosen over hard jobs” subtly negating dignity of labour and regard for through a nomination process and a series of interviews were communities. Young minds are either unable to comprehend social held over a three year period. The results of analyses were then disjuncture or they accept it as social reality. Social realities tend submitted to groups of raters. The results show that leaders in to infl uence childhood thinking in forming attitudes of, empathy higher education can gain rich and unique learning. They expand or indifference, regard or apathy for social differences. Folk and their knowledge, acquire skill needed to create cohesive teams, modern media may well have answers for peace education and learn to take more responsibilities, refl ect and examine themselves value education. more deeply, and form clearer visions and life-plans for the future. Learning processes that involve integration, embodiment, and positive effects were found to be related to wisdom. B-32 Learning about Learning through Interactive Participation Tipawan Sutin (Walialak University, Thailand) The study identifi es teaching methods that incorporates learning Emotions and Social Behaviour management, teaching and curriculum management to promote students' thinking skills, developing 46 teachers, 9 school directors B-35 Who and how Can Manage a Confl ict for better understanding of the principle and the process of a student- Positively centered curriculum and encouraging these schools to develop Rachel Ben-ari and Hadar Behrendt (Bar-Ilan PBL curricula. Data was collected using in-depth interviews, focus groups, participatory observations and survey questionnaires. University, Israel) The activities for the target groups consisted of PBL workshops, The study examines the contribution of emotions to the confl ict learning from best practices, learning by doing, coaching and process, with particular attention to emotions of guilt and shame. knowledge sharing through networking. Variables studied were The study also assessed the contribution of two personality teachers' knowledge and understanding of PBL, ability for PBL resources, sense of coherence and attachment style, which have curriculum design, classroom management, attitude and behaviour been related to peoples' ability to cope with stress and change. of the teachers and students. Findings revealed that the teachers Investigation of the effects of two situational variables in eliciting could produce the Facilitator Guide, the Student Guide and PBL guilt and shame and in determining the choice of confl ict coping problems. The teachers believed that PBL stimulated analytical style: closeness of the relationship between the two sides in thinking skills and reported change in the students' behaviour and the confl ict, and response of the other party to the confl ict was attitude. done. Additionally the extent to which the feelings of guilt and shame intermediate the relationship between these variables and A-24 Perceived Parenting Styles as Predictors of confl ict coping styles was done. Clarifying the function of these emotions in choosing a confl ict coping style will allow for a better Self-Esteem and Academic Strategies among high understanding of the conditions that enable more constructive School Adolescents confl ict management. John Hermes C. Untalan (De La Salle Araneta University, Philippines) B-225 Cognitive Emotional Regulation Strategies Recent studies indicate the signifi cant effect of perceived parenting as Moderator of the Relationship between Emotional style on children and adolescents. This study investigated Darling’s Labour and Stress (Darling and Steinberg, 1993) and Baumrind’s (1971) model Kanika T. Bhal and Tuheena Mukherjee (IIT Delhi, of parenting styles as predictors of self-esteem and academic strategies. Three hundred high school adolescents from a private India) and public academic institution participated in this study answering Service organisations like call centres have recently raised the the Parental Authority Questionnaire, Parenting Style Inventory, issue of emotional labour (EL) and its consequent stress on the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Inventory, and the Goal Orientation and employees. Despite its signifi cance research on the issue is sparse Learning Strategy Survey. Using path analysis, results reveal that and the cognitive mechanisms involved in this process are relatively authoritative and autonomy-granting mothers have an effect on their less explored. The present study attempts to explore moderating child’s self-esteem. Adolescents with positive self-esteem increase role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) on the mastery and performance academic goals. Findings support the relationship of emotional labour and employee stress. Positive mother-child relationship hypothesis in terms of personal and CERS would lower stress levels caused by EL and negative CERS academic aspects while father-child relationship is not. would increase the stress level was hypothesized. 2 X 2 within- Psychological Studies (December 2009) 283 subjects experimental study using 102 technology students was infl uenced by one’s own culture. Thus, we may say that culture done. Results showed that positive CERS signifi cantly lowered and emotional intelligence both play a crucial role in shaping the stress level whereas use of negative regulation strategies personality of an individual. In other words, emotional intelligence signifi cantly increased stress levels thus revealing theoretical is a learned ability that can be nurtured through enculturation. underpinnings of EL. The more an individual learns from one’s own experiences of life and the culture of one’s community the more the person will be B-45 Emotional Intelligence of Fathers and Fathers' emotional intelligent and successful in life. Affective Response to Children's Behaviors Mojgan Mirza and Rohani Abdullah (University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia) Environment and social behaviour The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between fathers' emotional intelligence (EI) and their pleasure- B-33 Road Rage: Implementation Plan for anger responses to children's behaviors. The present study was Mitigation measures in an Indian Scenario carried out in the Iranian primary school in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia. 107 Students were clustered in three age groups Neelima Chakrabarty and Anuradha Shukla (Transport (8-9, 9-10, 10-11 years). Data was collected using the emotional Planning and Environment Division Central Road quotient inventory (EQ-i) adult version (Bar- on EQ-i -1997) and Research Institute, India) Parent Affect Test (Linehan and Egen, 1983). Pearson's correlation Road rage is a phenomenon which indicates that society is on indicated that fathers with high EI displayed more positive edge. Increasingly, aggression and violence has appeared to drift responses to children's behaviors, compared to fathers with low EI. further into mainstream Indian society. Road rage has recently In addition, fathers with low EI displayed more anger responses to been cited as equalling alcohol-impaired driving in the number children's behaviors, compared to fathers with high EI. of resultant motor vehicle accident related injuries and fatalities. In the last three years in the capital of India sudden provocation B-173 Mothers' Construal of Self and their Goals prompted people to kill or physically assault each other. In 2005- Related to Children's Emotional Competence 2006 it topped the list of murder motives, in 2007 it was the second highest cause in murder list. This paper discusses results of opinion Chan Siu Mui (Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong survey of experts as well as of the drivers/ commuters, detailed Kong) analyses of the causes and time-wise, vehicle-wise, location-wise This study postulated that in a society in which interdependent aggressive behavior among drivers. construal of self is nurtured, parents would value emotional interdependency and aim to teach children emotion display rules B-505 Individualism- Collectivism and Self- which nurture harmonious interpersonal relationship while in a Construals as Predictors of Environmental Concern society in which independent construal of self is dominant, parents would value emotion independency and set emotion understanding Taciano L. Milfont (Victoria University of Wellington, and emotion expression as their parental goals. Based on the New Zealand) relations between construal of self and emotion as suggested by Few studies have assessed whether individualistic/collectivistic Markus and Kitayama (1991), a scale was developed to measure orientations and independent/interdependent self-construals are parents' goals of their children's emotional competence, A study related to people’s environmental concerns. In line with recent was conducted with 189 Hong Kong-Chinese mothers. It was found developments in the area, the present study uses a fourfold that mothers' independent construal of self predicted the adoption typology of individualism/collectivism and a six fold typology of individualistic emotional competence goals but not the adoption of self-construals to assess whether these variables would predict of relational emotional competence goals. Mothers' interdependent environmental concern measures. A sample of 329 New Zealand- construal of self predicted the adoption of both individualistic born participants (mean age = 21.56; 63.2% female) took part construal of self and relational emotional competence goals. in the study. Regression analyses show that humanity-bond self- construal positively predicted all environmental concern measures B-480 Does Culture Infl uence Emotional Intelligence (environmental identity, pro-environmental attitudes, inclusion 1 2 of nature in self, and being a member of an environmental Vinod K Shanwal , Sudeep K. Ghosh and Shuchi organization). This indicates that those who have a universal 2 1 2 Mathur ( Gautham Buddha University, Institute of representation of self as belonging to the human species are more Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, India) likely to protect the environment. Culture is an integral part of human behavior and as such, people’s emotions are shaped differently across cultures, sub-cultures, B-239 Disaster Mental Health: A Case Study within societies or families. Most people adopt the traditions, rules, manners, and biases of their culture through enculturation. Atasi Mohanty (IIT Kharagpur, India) Studies have ascertained that these factors come from heredity and This study was an attempt to assess the mental health status of social environment. It is usual that an individual’s personality is landslide victims of Darjeeling district of West Bengal in North-east 284 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

India. A sample of 20 families, 10 victims and 10 non-victims were Healing: Insights from Natural Disasters in India taken for an in-depth study. A culture-fair mental health checklist Kumar Ravi Priya (IIT Kanpur, India) and observation and interview schedules were administered This paper highlights the constructions of human-environment on the samples. The fi ndings revealed that the victims and non- relationships in disaster management with the help of two victims didn't differ signifi cantly on physiological symptoms (like qualitative studies conducted among the survivors of an earthquake headache, tiredness etc.). The victims differed signifi cantly from in Kachchh, Gujarat and the fl oods that affected several districts of the non-victims with regard to their psychological symptoms Bihar in 2008. One salient theme that emerges from the narratives such as anxiety, tension, restlessness, nervousness, loneliness, of those survivors who lost their near and dear ones in these hopelessness, anger etc. The analysis of cases showed that the disasters is that nurturing environment or ecology is construed as victims were suffering from this traumatic stress due to many the integral element of their wellbeing. Themes about their socio- socio-economic factors like death of closed ones and children, loss moral self, wellbeing and healing are indicative of transcendental of home and property, loss of jobs, improper rehabilitation and nature of self-environmental relationship and its implications relief, fi nancial as well as emotional insecurities etc. for wellbeing and healing as mentioned in the ancient Indian philosophical traditions. Also, evidence of the existence of such a B-110 Scenario workshop on the Environmental nature of self-environment relationship has important bearing on Development planning or policy making about mitigation or preparedness for Motohiko Nagata (Kyoto University, Japan) environmental disasters in India. The present study is aiming at developing and executing a participatory conference method utilizing expert knowledge, B-181 The Prosocial Behavior in the Wenchuan based on Scenario Workshop method. The workshop was held on Earthquake 13th July, 2008 in Hokkaido. Twelve residents and four experts Li- Lin Rao, Shu Li, Ru Han and Rui Zheng (Chinese participated in the workshop. The workshop consisted of two Academy of Sciences, China) phases; the critical analysis phase in which the participants do a critical analysis of the current situation, and the visionary phase In 2008, an earthquake of 8.0 magnitude on the Richter scale in which the critical analysis is used to create future vision. From occurred in China. The massive earthquake put residents in questionnaires and interviews, most participants felt that experts devastated areas in an inferior position. We conducted three knowledge was helpful to comprehend the present situation of the sequential surveys to assess whether the residential devastation watershed and plausibility of 4 scenarios in the fi rst phase, but not would emit more prosocial behavior in the devastated areas. so useful in the second phase. Experts' knowledge contributed to Residents in non-devastated and devastated areas were asked to create common understanding of the environment and concrete play the dictator game. The results revealed that the amount of image of the future environment, based on which participants money allocated to anonymous counterparts increased associated collectively delineated the future visions of the watershed. with increased residential devastation level; and respondents offered more money in the fi rst survey than in the second and third surveys, with no signifi cant difference between the latter B-19 Displaced Women Disaster Survivors: Survival two surveys. Our fi nding will help to better understand the basic Qualities premise of prosocial behavior. Marylendra A. Penetrante (Divine Word College, Philippines) B-511 People-Environment Relationship in Indian In this study, the researcher investigated the survival qualities that Context: Lessons for Sustaining the Environment aided the one-hundred eighty (180) women survivors of Typhoon Nachiketa Tripathi, (IIT Guwahati, India) Reming (International Code Name: Durian) and their long-term This article is an attempt to analyze some of the contemporary coping strategies. The top ten characteristics that the women models of People-Environment Relationship (PER). Parallel to the survivors perceived as qualities that helped them cope are the core cultural attitudes, economic necessity forces the Indian people following (arranged from highest to lowest): religious, persuasive, too have tried extracting benefi ts from the natural resources, as accepting, cheerful, trusting, giving, wise, patient, ambitious and other cultures. All of these possibilities taken together may give sociable. In terms of the long-term coping mechanisms employed rise to a paradoxical PER view. Therefore an empirical study by the women survivors, within the fi rst two weeks after the is conducted to fi nd issues related to PER in the Indian society. disaster, the respondents resorted to failed coping. From the third Economic necessities of life have forced the people to use the week to around 6 months, the respondents adopted the erosive environment for their benefi ts and survival. Unless economic needs coping strategy. After 6 months, the survivors adopted the non- of people’s life are addressed properly, implementing schemes erosive coping. This study gave way for the conceptualization of related to sustainable environment protection may not be very the Coping Mechanism Diagram: The Albay Experience. successful. However the contributions of Veer Bhadra Mishra on individuals taking both engineering inputs and religious approach B-512 Social Construction of Human-Environment to educate the mass for environmental protection is studied in the Relationship Facilitating Disaster Management and form of case study and lessons derived. Psychological Studies (December 2009) 285

A-65 Tsunami in Kerala: Psychological Men over-reported their height and underreported their weight Consequences and Protective Factors relative to (objective) measured height and weight and masculine, Johanna Sophie Von Lieres und Wilkau (University of gender-related characteristics (Unmitigated Agency, masculine Leipzig, Germany) Occupational Preferences) predicted an over-reporting of height. Results suggest that men higher in some stereotypically masculine In the present study, the long-term psychological consequences gender role characteristics have an elevated need to achieve and protective factors after the 2004 tsunami in Kerala have been socially desirable masculine physical characteristics, and do so to investigated. The sample consists of 407 inhabitants of the fi shing such a degree that they are prone to distorting this important aspect villages along the coastline of Alappad, Kerala (233 affected of their body size. by the tsunami and 174 not affected). The two groups were compared regarding their level of traumatization and their general psychological impairment, with the tsunami group showing A-45 National, Ethnic and Religion Identity for signifi cantly higher levels. In addition, it was assessed to which Multicultural facing Globalization and Changing extent protective factors such as perceived social support, sense of Society in Indonesia coherence, and specifi c coping strategies could have mitigated the Tutut Chusniyah (University of Malang, Indonesia) effect of the disaster. Social support, in particular, decreases the The present study tested a theoretical model to predict for level of traumatization and a strong sense of coherence prevents multiculturalism, in which ethnic identity, religion identity; psychological impairment. national identity served as exogenous variables. 600 subjects from various ethnic and religious groups in Indonesia, from nine universities in three cities participated in this study. Overall, the fi ndings supported the proposed model. Both ethnic and religion Social and Societal changes and identity predicts in-group confi dence and out-group acceptance Identity concerning multiculturalism. The study also revealed interesting fi nding presented in theoretical argument about social identity. The A-38 Identity Construction among Iraya Mangyans argument of in-group favouritism leads to out-group derogation of Baco, Oriental Mindoro (Tajfel and Turner, 1979) versus in-group confi dence leads to out-group acceptance (Moghaddam, 2008) is the prominent Aleli B. Bawagan (University of the Philippines, concern in this multicultural study. Implication of these fi ndings to Philippines) multiculturalism theory and social identity theory were discussed. The Iraya Mangyans are the indigenous people in the uplands of Northern Mindoro, Philippines who have a distinct culture – B-343 Veiled Dentities- Unveiled Multiculturalisms, A language, farming practices, spiritual beliefs, and customary laws. New Paradox for Social Psychology The study looks into the identity construction of three generations of Iraya Mangyans, using both the primordial and transactional Aydan Gulerce (Bogazici University, Turkey) approaches. The Iraya Mangyan identity can be grouped into the Social psychology played an important role in the (social) following layers: 1) fundamental inner core; 2) supplemental constructions of the modern notion of identity as an autonomous, middle layer; and 3) survival outer cover. The fundamental inner self-regulating and compliant citizen in homogeneous society. These core consists of these elements: knowledge of their ancestors; unexamined premises have been confronted by critical scholarship, territory; and emotional ties attached to being an Iraya Mangyan. international migration, politics, business and terrorism. I fi nd three The supplemental middle layer, composed of their indigenous arts, of those wrong assumptions more relevant to this presentation language and traditional practices, remain important elements of as they concern; universalism and homogeneity, public/private their identity. Lastly, the survival outer cover involves adoption dichotomy, and the rupture between the secular/modern and the of survival strategies as they fi ght for their rights, become religious/traditional. The study discusses the coverings of Muslim benefi ciaries in social action programs and adopt certain aspects and South Asian woman in western(ized) societies which poses of lowland culture. strong challenges by knotting these three complex issues on itself. The civility limits of various multiculturalism discourses that have A-89 Masculine Role/Identity and the Self Reporting been put in work together with identity politics in civilized societies of Height have been tested ways out of this new paradox and opportunities have been seeked. Anthony Bogaert (Brock University, Canada) The present study examined the role of masculine gender role/ B-134 Voices of Minorities from Japan identity to predict the distortion of self-reported body size. Canadian university men reported their height and weight, along Tin Tin Htun (Temple University, Japan) with completing scales measuring masculine, gender-related The present study examines the role of individuals from different characteristics (e.g., Agency, Unmitigated Agency, gender- minority groups on perception of their minority identity and typed Occupational Preferences) and the height and weight discrimination in a historical and socio-political context in Japan.13 of the participants were measured using standardized scales. participants were interviewed from the three main minority groups 286 Psychological Studies (December 2009) in Japan - Ainu, Buraku, and Zainichi Koreans. Voice-centered documents the transformation of Taiwan residents’ identifi cation relational method was used developed by Brown and Gilligan as both Taiwanese and Chinese during recent decades, in which (Mauthner and Doucet, 1998) to analyze the interviews. The results the legitimacy of Chinese power over Taiwan was changed. The in the light of discourses which emerged from the interviews, relations between identifi cation and feelings toward Taiwanese the theme of agency in the voices of the participants, patterns and Chinese were also examined. Results suggest that historical of dealing with ascribed minority identity, infl uential factors on memories and the political ascendancy of Taiwanese culture, the development and acceptance of minority identity, and how rather than relative size of groups, increased identifi cation with discrimination works in a society like Japan where minorities are Taiwanese over Chinese. Historical and ethnic differences are physically and linguistically indistinguishable. compared to address ingroup favoritism, outgroup derogation, and other issues in social identity theory. B-459 Who are We? Representation of Indianess amongst the Indian youth B-94 Transnational Identities: Twice Migrated Preeti Kapur and Grishwar Misra (University of Delhi, South Asians in Canada India) Tania Das Gupta (York University, Canada) The study evaluates the importance of collective Indian identity Based on a small sample of in-depth interviews conducted on amongst the Indian youth. The study raises the question of the South Asian diaspora members in Canada who have arrived via existence of a distinct Indian national and cultural identity as Gulf countries, the paper will sociologically explore questions of experienced and described by its youth. Adopting a mixed method identity within the larger economic, political and social context. of approach, Indian participants in the age range of 19-25 years Individual narratives will be examined in the transnational context expressed their beliefs about Indians as a collective. Content between 3 countries, including a South Asian country, a Gulf analysis on the semi-structure sentence stems help identify the country and Canada. The country of current residence - Canada- conceptual and relational themes. The predominant themes were has well entrenched policies of multiculturalism since the 1970's Culture and Religion lying at the core of Indianess, along with which is signifi cant in the analysis as is the current world economy Family Orientation, We-feeling, Pride and Prejudice, Human which is marked by globalization and transnationalism. Issues of Capira. Submission to Givens and Drawbacks. Further, the class, race, gender and generation will be touched on. Preliminary youth are aware that notion of Indianess includes both positive research fi ndings suggest multiple and shifting identities among and negative aspects. The building blocks of Indian entity were these transnational subjects with nuances of age, gender, ethnicity, identifi ed as connection with others, hardworking, resilience, race and class. tolerance, and the strength to adapt to new situations. B-396 Society, Culture, and Self-Identity in Southeast Asia: Traditional, Westernized, or Hybrid? A B-383 Identifi cation of Elements of Workplace Comparison of Values and beliefs among Singaporean, Identity Philippine, and American College Students Manish Kumar and Shailendra Singh (IIM Lucknow, Leslie Minor (Central Oregon Community College, USA) India) Societal promotion of cultural values, behaviors, and beliefs The objective of this paper is to outline a framework for has much to do with internal aspects of self-identity. The study conceptualizing workplace identity. In an attempt to overcome examines the changing values changing along with the spread of still nascent stage of development of organizational identity technology and the shrinking global community and the impact literature for framing our construct, we have borrowed liberally of westernization on young adults. In a comparison survey study, from psychology and social psychology literature. Building from 400 Southeast Asian college students in Singapore and Philippines earlier works on referent selection (Kulik and Ambrose, 1992), were queried as to their views on quality of life (subjective well multidimensionality of identity (Ashmore, Deaux, McLaughlin- being), self-esteem, and religiosity, connection to community, Volpe, 2004)), and social comparison process in organizational ethnic identity, and gender norms. Results were compared with context (Goodman and Haisley, 2007), we have identifi ed the those of 400 college students in the United States. Results indicated antecedents and consequences of workplace identity. Research culturally, the Southeast Asian sample was divergent, but in the implications for both practitioners and academicians are aggregate these students responded as holding more "hybridized discussed. values" or more "co-existent cultural values" - not distinctly "Asian heritage values". American students were also divergent in values A-16 Changing boundaries of Ethnic Identity and and beliefs, but somewhat more individualist as predicted. feelings toward Ingroup/Outgroup: Examining Taiwan Residents from a Psycho-Historical Perspective B-94 Transnational Identities: Twice Migrated I Ching Lee and Felicia Pratto (Taiwan) South Asians in Canada Subjective group identifi cation may not always be based on Tania Das Gupta (York University, Canada) common biological origins or group salience, but rather, due to Based on a small sample of in-depth interviews conducted on changes in group power. The present cross-temporal meta-analysis South Asian diaspora members in Canada who have arrived via Psychological Studies (December 2009) 287

Gulf countries, the paper will sociologically explore questions of ethnic minority groups living in Scotland, Indian and Pakistani identity within the larger economic, political and social context adolescents were targeted. The outcome variables were defi ned Individual narratives will be examined in the transnational context as: socio-cultural adaptation and psychological adaptation. Results between 3 countries, including a South Asian country, a Gulf showed that self-esteem, life satisfaction and mastery among the country and Canada. The country of current residence - Canada Indian adolescents was fairly high. Pakistani youth had signifi cantly has well entrenched policies of multiculturalism since the 1970's lower self-esteem scores than the Indian youth. The Indian youth which is signifi cant in the analysis as is the current world economy were signifi cantly more satisfi ed with life than the Pakistani which is marked by globalization and transnationalism. Issues of youth. The Pakistani youth had signifi cantly more psychological class, race, gender and generation will be touched on. Preliminary problems than the Indian youth. Personal factors including research fi ndings suggest multiple and shifting identities among identity, acculturation attitudes and perceived discrimination these transnational subjects with nuances of age, gender, ethnicity, differed signifi cantly between the groups. Ethnic identity was more race and class. important than national identity for Pakistani adolescents, who also perceived more discrimination than Indian youth. B-262 Identity Construction and Adaptation of Indian Migrants in New Zealand B-464 Re-assessing Identity and Multiculturalism in Shachi Phadke (Victoria University of Wellington, New the Wake of Globalization: A Philosophical Perspective Zealand) Alka Saharan (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India) The present study intended to understand whether the subgroups Identity assumes signifi cance in the process of globalization feel similar to each other, inherently 'Indian'; or if they have because it impacts upon social, cultural and economic life of moulded their identities differently in order to move upwards in people in different societies. The present agony about identity and social hierarchies. The present study attempts to juxtapose the wish deployment of identity are not the innovations of multiculturalism. for a status change and the wish of cultural continuity within Indian It has an extensive philosophical history. It acquired the centre of subculture in New Zealand. In-depth interviews have been used concern since 1960’s. My article discusses, Philosophical analysis and the analysis uses Grounded Theory inclusive of demographic of Identity, with regard to the basic questions about identities information. Preliminary trends contribute to the literature on long- which are of major concern that is, what identities are? How are term immigrants, by understanding the importance of 'Indian-ness' they formed? How can they be transformed? Are they imposed on and effect of encountering other cultures on various levels of social individual from external forces? What is Multiculturalism? What status, along with preference-change linked to status enjoyed in is Globalization? How has the era of Globalization affected these previous Indian subculture. link and what are the possible aspects to strengthen the identity and cultural pluralism in the era of globalization? A-40 Comparing Social Identity Content across four Asian Countries B-44 Identity, Multiculturalism and Changing Malini Ratnsingam (University of Malaya, Malaysia) societies: Challenges for Social Psychology in and about This paper presents the results of a study designed to identify the Asia contents of social identity among youth in four Asian countries. Kwanchit Sasiwongsaroj (Mahidol University, Thailand) The objectives of this study were to identify the categories and The current study investigated levels of assimilation in terms of contents used to describe social identity, to identify salience in economic, cultural and civic assimilation among 5 ethnic minorities terms of how the elicited categories were ranked in importance in Thailand using the 2000 national census. Principal component and to determine the effect of media exposure on social identity. analysis was employed to construct an index of assimilation. The sample consisted of approximately equal male and female The analysis reveals great variety in the degree of assimilation university students from Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and Korea. among minority groups. Khmers were almost indistinguishable Results indicate that Malaysian students gave the highest value of from mainstream Thais. They presented themselves as the importance to the category of religion, Singaporean and Japanese to most culturally assimilated with a high degree of economic and gender while Korean students ranked citizenship most highly. Only civic assimilation. The Chinese displayed the highest degree of Japanese and Korean students ranked small group activity highly assimilation into the economic fabric of Thailand but ranked lower while only Japanese students mentioned blood type as a defi ning in civic assimilation, while the hill tribes and Burmese showed social characteristic. Early analysis indicates that media exposure low degrees of assimilation in all dimensions. It is unsurprisingly, did not have signifi cant infl uence on the content of social identity. despite relatively high levels of economic and civic assimilation, ethnic Malay were the least culturally assimilated of any groups. B-379 The Integration and Adaptation of South Asian second Generation Youth in Scotland A-35 Being Muslim: A Study of Muslim Youth in Lena Robinson (University of the West of Scotland, UK) Delhi The study explored the integration and adaptation of second Sujata Sriram and Smriti Vaid (Tata Institute of Social generation South Asian youth into the host society. Two of the major Sciences, India) 288 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

This paper is drawn from a study on identity of Muslim youth in Irene Tarakanita and Ka Yan, (Maranatha Christian the age group of 18-25 years, residing in Delhi. In depth interviews University, Indonesia) of 29 Muslim youth was conducted to explore what it meant to This study examined ethnic identity and self-esteem among be Muslim, the role of religion in shaping identity, the infl uence Sundaness, Javaness and Batakness adolescents at West-Java. of family and wider community networks, and perceptions of the Sundaness, Javaness and Batakness college students were majority community. The fi ndings revealed the integral role of compared on ethnic identity (measured by the Multigroup Ethnic religion in the shaping of identity; being Muslim was the primary Identity Measure) and self-esteem (measured by Culture Free Self defi nition for the youth. Religion was more than just a faith; it Esteem Inventory). Signifi cant differences emerged between the was a way of life, and the focal point around which life revolved.. three culture-group adolescents on both measure of self-esteem The role of the family in defi ning identity was very important, and a measure of ethnic identity. Specifi cally, Javaness adolescent especially in the case of girls who observed purdah. The family, showed signifi cantly higher levels of self-esteem than Sundaness the peer group and the educational institutions all reinforced the and Batakness adolescents. religious values and beliefs among the youth. A-56 Chinese National Identity: Through the Prism B-287 Rethinking Colonial Identity: A Psychological of Olympic Games Perspective on William Dalrymple’s “The White Mughals” Yinyin Yang, Manqi Chen, Wuqing Chen, Xiaoping Ying, Bing Wang, Junxiu Wang and Kastade Arnulf Suman and Vandana Saxena (IIT Delhi, India) (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China) This paper explores such identity formation through a detailed The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship among study of William Dalrymple's "The White Mughals", taking into participation in Beijing Olympic Games (BOG) and national account the concepts of race, class, gender, stereotyping and identity. 962 participants (409 males and 972 females) were nationalism. This paper looks at the way identity of the erstwhile recruited before the BOG and 972 participants (402 males and colonizer is forged by the colonial experience, and the way it 557 females) were recruited after BOG. The results indicated continues to inform his/her interactions decades after the empire that BOG enhanced the national identity. Regression analysis ended offi cially. The fi xation on the past has a direct bearing on his revealed signifi cant national identity × confusion between public attempt at being an objective author/historian, and the text refl ects and private on BOG national focus and BOG participation. these confl icts. Dalrymple's fi xation can be read as a response to Further the participants with high confusion between public and the anxieties of identity faced by an erstwhile colonizer in the private identity, their BOG national focus and BOG participation world changing power relations and earlier racial equations. The became more positive as national identifi cation increased; for return to imperial history therefore seems to provide a sense of participants with low confusion between public and private, security and comfort and instates an anachronistic sense of self in their BOG national focus became more positive as national the contemporary post-empire, globalized world order. identifi cation increased. Discussion is concerned about Chinese public-private construal and self-construal, public participation B-125 The Infl uence of Negative Auto-Stereotype on and civic participation. the Collective Identity of the Individual Bagus Takwin, and Alfi ndra Primadhi (University of A-44 Exploring the Chinese-Filipino Social Identity: Indonesia, Indonesia) A Social Representational Framework The present study looks at the infl uence of negative auto stereotype Angela A. Yu, (University of the Philippines, Philippines) on the collective identity of the individual. With stereotype threat The research explores self-perceptions and social identity stemming from negative aspect of group identity as mediator, representations of the Chinese in the Philippines using the negative auto stereotype can lead people to a confusion of their social representations framework. It investigates the infl uence of collective identity, as well as their individual identity. There are various communication processes (education, linguistic ability, three possible responses to the confusion of identity: (1) explore social interactions and adherence to customs and traditions) as other collective identities, (2) ignore their collective identity; and well as individual (age and gender) and environmental attributes (3) maintain the collective identity by adding new elements. A (migration status and parents’ cultural background) in self- and total of 210 university student participated in this study. A series social identity development. It will likewise explore subgroup of vignettes were used to prime stereotype threat and the resulting social representations of the Chinese in the Philippines. In-depth infl uence on negative auto stereotype, and collective identity was interviews of ethnic Chinese respondents was done in Study measured. Further, the infl uence of stereotype threat to the efforts 1 to elicit social representations of the social identity as well as by individuals to overcome identity confusion was also measured. sub-group classifi cations; survey questionnaires was fi elded in Study 2 with the aim of understanding the variances in the social A-85 Examining Ethnic Identity and Self-Esteem representations of the subgroups, as well as the attitudinal link Among Sundaness, Javaness and Batakness Adolescents between self- and social identity. Psychological Studies (December 2009) 289

Intergroup Relations defi nes two fundamental dimensions of social perception, warmth and competence, predicted respectively by perceived competition B-498 Relational Orientations of Muslim and Hindu and status. Study 3 (N=121) tested behaviors from inter-group Adolescents in Traditional and Modern Schools affect and stereotype. From various inter-groups the behavior from inter-group affect and stereotypes map predicts distinct behaviors: 1 2 1 Shabana Bano and R. C. Mishra ( Government P.G. active and passive, facilitative and harmful in the fi eld of Chinese 2 College Gyanpur, India, Banaras Hindu University, India) groups. All studies showed rural-to-urban migrants stereotypes This study examines the relational orientations of Muslim and differentiating two dimensions: competence and sociability. Study Hindu adolescents attending Traditional Urdu, Traditional 4 showed when the subjects were involvement; two models of Sanskrit, and Modern schools adolescents in Varanasi. Using inter-group bias, SCM and BIAS map are changed. And rural-to- a scale of relational orientations the analyses revealed that urban migrants are changed a contemptible out-group. Co-existence was the strongest relational orientation of the groups, followed by Integration and Separation. Marginalization B-90 Positioning Theory in Understanding orientation was very weakly represented. While Assimilation Intergroup Confl ict was emphasized mainly by the Muslim boys, Coexistence and Integration were emphasized mainly by boys attending a modern Judith M. de Guzman (Ateneo de Manila University, school. Separation and Assimilation were the dominant relational Philippines) orientations of Muslim adolescents, especially in the Traditional Given the interactional nature of confl ict based on incompatible Urdu schools. positions, this paper proposes the use of Positioning Theory as an alternative approach for the study of intergroup confl ict. Using B-112 Is Ethnocentrism Conceptually Distinct from positioning analysis in examining public documents in a local case Outgroup Negativity and Ingroup Positivity? of intergroup confl ict between a group of indigenous farmers and a multinational company, two contested storylines were established. Boris Bizumic (The Australian National University, Within each major storyline, the positions of the confl icting Australia) groups were analyzed. The results were discussed in light of the This presentation argues that ethnocentrism is conceptually distinct two important characteristics of positioning in intergroup confl ict, from as outgroup negativity and ingroup positivity. Following namely temporal situatedness and active contestation of positions Sumner (1911), ethnocentrism should be seen as ethnic group and storylines. Implications on the role of power in intergroup self-centredness, involving the beliefs that one's ethnic group is confl ict and the use of positioning theory for confl ict resolution more important than other groups and other ingroup members. Our and social change are also discussed. fi ndings from New Zealand, USA, Serbia and France (N = 1049) showed that ethnocentrism consisted of the four facets indicating B-168 Group Justice Dilemma and Intergroup that one's group is more important than others (intergroup Confl ict: Does Intragroup Justice Engender Third ethnocentrism: preference, superiority, exploitativeness and purity) Party Aggression? and two facets indicating that one's group is more important than ingroup members (intragroup ethnocentrism: group cohesion and Tomohiro Kumagai (Tohoku University, Japan) devotion). Confi rmatory factor analyses showed that intragroup This study examined the relationship between the intragroup and intergroup ethnocentrism are distinct from outgroup negativity justice and intergroup aggression. Half of the participants were and ingroup positivity, and regression analyses indicated that equally allocated lottery tickets by a fellow ingroup member, while ethnocentrism could predict related criteria over and above the others were unequally allocated them. Then they observed that outgroup negativity and ingroup positivity, further confi rming a fellow ingroup member or an outgroup member are made unfair conceptual distinctiveness. distribution by another outgroup member. After that participants were given a chance to retaliate against the unfair allocator. The A-20 Stereotype Content Model Explains Prejudice results was that among the participants who were fairly treated, for A Pitied Outgroup: Rural to Urban Migrants in P.R. those who observed a fellow ingroup member being unfairly China treated from an outgroup were more aggressive than those who observed the other outgroup member being unfairly treated. These Jian Guan (Nankai University, China) results suggest that intragroup justice and intergroup justice are in The present research, consisting of four correlational studies offering a dilemma about which we should take into account. convergent support for the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Map framework. Study 1 (N=81) and study 2 (N=121) A-21 Social Comparison in Inter Ethnic and Co- began with model of stereotype content (SCM) questionnaire to Ethnic Friendship explore Chinese participants. The results indicated that two primary dimensions of SCM are competence and warmth which combined Barry Schneider (University of Ottawa, Canada) high warmth with low competence or high competence with low Earlier research suggested that inter-ethnic friendships were not as warmth; status predicts high competence, and competition failed frequent or as close as friendships within one own ethnic group. We to predict low warmth. Thus the stereotype content model in China explored this phenomenon in very multicultural neighbourhoods 290 Psychological Studies (December 2009) of Toronto and Montreal, where Anglo-Canadian students come again showed that positive contact of Israeli Arabs with Jews into regular contact with classmates from East Asia and South was associated with increased expectations for fair treatment and Asia. Participants were 390 adolescents. Friendship dyads were greater perceived legitimacy of intergroup inequality, which, in identifi ed on the basis of reciprocal nomination. We conducted turn, predict decreased support for measures that would promote direct observation of the interactions of friends and administered egalitarian social change questionnaires. Co-ethnic friendships were characterized by greater closeness and more confl ict than interethnic friendships. Co-ethnic B-330 Is "Japanese" A Natural Category?: The friendships were more likely than inter-ethnic friendships to survive Infl uence of Essentialist beliefs on Perceptions of after 6 months. Inter-ethnic friendships that survived after 6 months Intergroup Differences tended to increase in confl ict. Regardless of sex composition, friendships characterized by confl ict and lacking in overall positive Saori Tsukamoto and Minoru Karasawa (Nagoya quality were more likely than others to dissolve later in the school University, Japan) year. During a structured observation task, there was greater The present study examined the role that essentialist beliefs play observation of friends’ work within co-ethnic friendships. when estimating prevalence of perceptual style. Past research revealed a tendency among lay people to perceive natural entities in B-162 Ethnic Confl ict and National Identity in India social categories. We investigated whether beliefs in core essence of “Japanese” have an impact on perceived ethnic differences. Sushma Suri (Jamia Millia Islamia University, India) The results revealed participants’ tendency to understand The research highlighted the different trends of internal confl icts “Japanese” through natural entities when they were paired with in India using large sample data which depicted that the real root an international student. Especially, the strength of the belief in causes of maladjusted behavior such as communalism, casteism, exclusive characteristic of “Japanese” signifi cantly correlated with terrorism, regionalism and ethnic uprising are the tranquility of the estimated perceptual discrepancy between ethnic groups. The role society. The rises in aspiration and political consciousness among of lay essentialist beliefs in perceiving intergroup differences and the politically disadvantage group, economic equality, demand for its implications for the study of stereotype are discussed. social justice etc. are the important contributing factors for social tensions in India. The demand of state autonomy and the linguistic B-160 Conforming to the Group Norm: The Effects reorganization of states accentuated and made permanent the of Group Identity and In-group Audiences regional factor in the Indian states. Analyzing the role of economic, geographic and demographic factors, I fi nd that poorer areas have Lan Yujuan, Bin Zuo, Junwei Liu and Hongjian Xu signifi cantly higher levels of confl ict intensity. However, the (Huazhong Normal University, China) causes of national identity and integration would be better served The present study examined the effects of group identity and in- if we recognize and nourish the environment of socio-cultural and group audiences on people’s conformity to the group norm. The political pluralism. experiment adopted the minimal group paradigm and 74 subjects were invited to complete two logical reasoning tasks which B-88 The Irony of Harmony: Intergroup Contact concealed the real purpose of the study. After the tasks, their and Social Change behavioral willing to conform to the group norm was tested as the indicator of the dependent variable. The results revealed that Nicole Tausch1, Tamar Saguy2, John F Dovidio2, Felicia high identifi ers showed more conformity to the group norm under 3 4 1 Pratto and Purnima Singh ( Cardiff University, UK, anonymity conditions than under in-group accountable conditions. 2 3 4 Yale University, USA, University of Connecticut, USA, IIT However, low identifi ers conformed to the group norm in both Delhi, India) anonymity and in-group accountable conditions. The results were Intergroup contact improves out-group attitudes and increases in accordance with the hypothesis derived from Social Identity perceptions of cross-group commonalities. We propose that model of Deindividuation Effect. these outcomes could undermine recognition of inequality and support for actions promoting egalitarian social change among socially disadvantaged groups. Study 1 (N = 210) demonstrates experimentally that commonality-focused contact results in Interpersonal Relations unrealistic expectations for equal treatment among disadvantaged groups and that this is due to improved out-group attitudes and B-348 Pinpoint Decoding Accuracy in the Same-Sex decreased attention to inequality. Study 2 (N = 169) replicates this Dyadic Interaction: Can You Really Guess what I'm fi nding conceptually in the context of Indian Muslims' contact Thinking and Feeling? with Hindus. Results indicate that positive out-group contact was associated not just with positive outgroup attitudes but also Ayane Kikuchi and Ikuo Daibo (Osaka University, reduced awareness of inequality and increased expectations that Japan) the out-group would treat the ingroup fairly. These variables In present study empathic accuracy paradigm was adopted with were related to reduced tendencies to act collectively to improve some modifi cations in order to investigate whether people would ingroup status. Study 3 (N = 175) was conducted in Israel and be able to accurately infer others' random thoughts and feelings Psychological Studies (December 2009) 291

(Pinpoint Decoding Accuracy: PPDA). During the experiment, The study attempts to explore interpersonal variations in terms of a participants were to engage in a dyadic interaction. Then they single circular array with two dimensions that form this interpersonal reported their own thoughts and feelings as well as those of their space are generally dominance and love and similarity matching dyadic partners at the specifi c timing as the index for PPDA while and complementarity matching jointly infl uences interpersonal they watched their videotaped interaction individually. The results interactive harmony. Three relationship types are designed for indicated that there was no gender difference in PPDA. Further, examining its effects in different relationship types, that is, long- participants were divided into high and low PPDA groups, and the time intimate relation as husband and wife, love affair as lovers, comparison between the two showed that those with high PPDA and same-gender friendship relationship by the way of self-value scored higher on emotional intelligence scale than those with low and self-valuing-other to check theory hypothesis. Result showed PPDA and that the former reported they felt more anxious before that complementarity on the dominant and affi liation can forecast the interaction than the latter. the interactive harmony. Moreover, interpersonal traits intensity can notably forecast interactive harmony, and interpersonal B-456 Interpersonal Relationships of Adolescents directions can forecast interactive harmony indirectly in mediation from Intact and non -Intact Families of interpersonal traits intensity. Nalini Malhotra (Punjabi University, India) Present study examined the dimensions of interpersonal relationships of adolescents from intact and non- intact families. Belief, Norms and Values Adolescents’ social network with three domains were studied- social, academic and family with focus on patterns showing a B-77 Do We Need Different Value Structures at relationship orientation with parents(mother relation and father Individual and Cultural Levels? relation) and extra-familial relationships (male peer relation, female Ronald Fischer1, Melanie C. Vauclair1 and Johnny peer relation and teacher relation). The sample comprised 120 (60 R.J. Fontaine2 (1Victoria University of Wellington, New males and 60 females) adolescents, of which 60 were from intact Zealand, 2Gent University, Belgium) families and 60 from non intact families. A 2x2 factorial designed Are individual and cultural value structures empirically distinct? was used to observe the two levels each of family structure (intact However, the proposed differences between levels remains a and non-intact) and gender (males and females) on the scores of source of confusion. We present two studies that examine the interpersonal relationships for each of the fi ve dimensions. The degree of similarity or isomorphism of values in individual and results suggest that family structure and gender has signifi cant country-level analyses, using Multidimensional Scaling followed effect on interpersonal relationships. by Generalized Procrustes Analysis. In study 1, using data from the Schwartz Value Survey from 53 and 66 countries, we fi nd B-215 Understanding Relationship Building substantial similarity in structure across levels, but indices fall V. Vijaya and Prof Ajit Chakravarty (T A Pai. somewhat short of structural isomorphism. Number of countries Management Institute, India) (sample size at country-level) and structural shifts in individual Social relationship is an important area of applied research in social items account for some of the lack of isomorphism. Study 2 psychology. There are many associated dimensions of relationships examines to what extent ratings of the social values of others can like expectations and obligations, norms, communication fl ow, serve as an intermediate structure that helps to determine the degree intended outcomes etc. This paper tries to examine the various of isomorphism between individual and culture-level structures. dimensions of relationship building in the health sector gathering The fi ndings indicate that a single value structure across levels is inferences based on a case study of a successful hospital. most parsimonious. The framework used to understand relationship building is expectations and obligations, communication/information fl ow, A-19 Does being Modest Oppose to Self-Enhancing? norms or expected codes of conduct and the intended and actual You should Read it from the Perspective of Social outcomes of the parties involved. Insights are also shared on the Script. operationalisation of the construct of relationship building. The Kuei-Hsiang Han (China) paper concludes with a synthesis of some insights from established frameworks of social capital and the inferences from this study. By asking participants to write down the conversations between admirers and achievers when one has a success, study 1 constructed the contents of Chinese modest script and got the major conclusion: B-158 Harmony but not Sameness: The Impact When an achiever faced an admirer’s compliments, the dominant Mechanism about Interpersonal Complementarity response for the achiever was to modestly deny his success. On Versus Similarity on the Interpersonal Interactive the other hand, when an admirer faced an achiever’s modesty, the Harmony dominant response for the admirer was to express compliments Zuobin1 and Zhao Ju2 (1Psychology School in Centrol more intensively and deny the achiever’s modesty. Study 2 adopted China of Norma University, China, 2Hubei University of scenario method to examine if modest script did have the function to Economics, China) restrain Chinese behaviors in complimentary situations. The results 292 Psychological Studies (December 2009) supported the hypotheses that the best reaction for the achiever ‘s Hiromi Ikeuchi (Kansai University, Japan) response for the admirer’s compliments is to be modest, and the Many temples and shrines in Japan hold the memorial services to most suitable response for the admirer to respond to achiever’s express gratitude for used physical items (chopsticks, rice bowls, modesty is to express compliments more intensively. Thus if the needles, glasses, computers, etc.). The most traditional and famous achiever would modestly deny his success, he could enhance his ceremony of them is "a memorial service for dolls," that is, the self-worth by the compliments expressed by the admirer according ceremony for honoring dolls or stuffed animals which we have to norms of modesty in Confucian societies. used for a long time, and can't throw away. The purposes of this study were to develop the animism A-83 A Study of the Self-Sustaining Mechanism scale for adults, to investigate the relationship between Japanese Behind Japanese Interdependence: The Distinction animistic thinking and the psychology of such memorial services between Cultural beliefs and Preferences for dolls, and to examine some determinants of animistic thinking. Hirofumi Hashimoto and Toshio Yamagishi (Hokkaido 395 people who had dedicated their dolls and 204 people who University, Japan) had never dedicated them were examined. The results of the Previous research in cultural psychology has consistently factor analysis indicated that this animism scale consisted of three demonstrated that beliefs and behaviors vary dramatically from factors: the apotheosis of natural products, the parts of possessors, culture to culture. In this study, we attempted to shed light on and the anthropomorphication of possessions. The participants the process through which the interdependent view of the self who dedicated their dolls showed signifi cantly higher rates in and others is shared and maintained in East Asian societies. To all 3 factors than the participants who had never dedicated them. do so, we use the institutional approach, which views culture as Furthermore, the results of analysis indicated that the female had self-sustaining equilibria of adaptive behaviors and incentives more animistic thinking than the male, and that animistic thinking (Yamagishi, Hashimoto and Schug, 2008). Through a series of positively related to "the religious view" and "intuitive information studies, we demonstrate that shared beliefs (i.e., beliefs that those processing style. who behave independently will be disliked by others, and that behaving interdependently is a smart strategy) create incentives A-77 Filial Piety: Why do We Follow it? for Japanese to behave independently, regardless of their personal I-Ching Lee, Wei-Ju Chang and Yi-Chi Huang preferences. These beliefs are reinforced through a self-sustaining (National Chengchi University, Taiwan) mechanism, whereby individuals’ incentive-driven behavior Filial piety describes specifi c rules governing interactions between further strengthens shared beliefs. In this sense, beliefs common in parents and children. The study examined the differences between Japanese society which promote interdependence are propelled by the two types of fi lial piety: Fading fi lial piety and signifi cant a type of self-fulfi lling prophecy. fi lial piety. Two studies were conducted to test participants’ B 293 Place Attachment at the Magh Mela: The evaluations of vignette stories on personality traits and parent- Effects of Role and Religious Belief child relationship. Results based in mixed models showed that targets were rated more favorably when they behaved according to Neena Kohli1, R. Barry Ruback2 and Janak Pandey3 fi lial piety, even fading ones, than those who did not. Participants (1University of Allahabad, India, 2Pennsylvania State also inferred quality of parent-child relationship from all examined University, USA, 3Central University of Bihar, India) fi lial piety. Our results suggested that individuals may follow fi lial The study examined how role and religious beliefs affect perceptions piety because of evaluations perceived by others. To be viewed of the environment at the Magh Mela, an annual religious festival favorably, individuals may be under the pressure of behaving at the confl uence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in North India. according to the fi lial piety teaching, even when the fi lial piety We interviewed 311 religious leaders at the Magh Mela. The survey rules are no longer considered signifi cant. instrument included items relating to evaluation of the mela (place attachment), satisfaction with facilities and supply of foods and religious motivation covering intrinsic religious beliefs, extrinsic B-101 Spiritualism: Meeting the Challenges of religious beliefs and religious social support. Correlational analysis Multiculturalism showed that the Overall Mela Evaluation was signifi cantly related Bhaswati Patnaik (National Institute of Technology to all three measures of religious motivation. Mela facilities were Rourkela, India) signifi cantly correlated with Intrinsic Religious belief and Extrinsic With time advancing towards so called modernity, human life, Religious Belief and that Mela supplies was signifi cantly correlated specifi cally the concept of human identity, has evoked a question with Intrinsic Religious Belief. Multiple linear regression showed mark in all thinking minds. The confl ict between self and the that religious social support, mela facilities and mela supplies were cultural self is causing a sort of identity crisis in many when due signifi cant predictors of overall mela evaluation. justice cannot be given to both the selves due to inner struggle involving what one wants and what is expected by others. The B-204 Psychology of the Memorial Service for Dolls: dominant culture that is having an impact universally today is a An Analysis from the Viewpoint of Animistic Thinking global culture, which so called unites people around the globe. The in Japanese Adults consumerism wave is taking a toll at the level of individual as well Psychological Studies (December 2009) 293 as collective consciousness in developed as well as developing B-492 Patterns of Value Preferences Under Cultural societies. Ironically, individuals today live in a state of perpetual Transformation: The Indian Experience darkness rather than enlightenment being oblivious of the need Sujit R. Tripathi and Girishwar Misra (University of for self-actualization. In this context, spiritualism seems to be the Delhi, India) only answer for freedom from darkness. It's not about renunciation or overt religious rituals, but spiritualism has to be a way of life In recent years interest in values has increased in terms of among people whereby there is an insight to the rationale of every motivational dispositions that direct behavior in various settings. act and thought undertaken with self and others. This may pave the Also, value-conceptualizations are frequently deployed to make way for a safe and sound world-order by easing out the issues and sense of cultural diversities. In the pre contextual analysis of backlashes against multiculturalism. value preferences was examined using Schwartz’s value survey. The sample (n= 200) was equally drawn from different ecologies (predominantly rural Gorakhpur city and metropolitan Delhi), A-71 The Research on Psychological Harmony of developmental stages (young adults and adults), and gender groups Chinese Common People (male and female). The results showed that the most sought after Xiao-peng Ren, Rui Zheng and Xin-wen Bai (Chinese single values included success, self respect, and ambition, choosing Academy of Sciences, China) one’s goal, freedom, politeness, honest, honoring parents, national Psychological harmony is one of the key components of security, obedient, and social justice. The females emphasized constructing a harmonious society. The current study has conformity, tradition, benevolence and security more than males employed the method of combining qualitative research and and males stressed on universalism, self direction, achievement and quantitative research in order to make clear the connotation and power more than females. The participants from the rural region structure of psychological harmony and to independently develop emphasized conformity, tradition, benevolence, universalism, the measuring tool satisfying the demands of psychometrics. The and security and Delhi participants emphasized self direction, results show that psychological harmony could be divided into 4 achievement and power. The adults preferred conformity, tradition, parts: self- harmony, family- harmony, interpersonal- harmony and benevolence and universalism and young adults emphasized self social- harmony. direction, stimulation, hedonism, power and security. Gender also interacted with developmental stage and ecological setting. The Furthermore, this study has conducted a large-scale sampling fi ndings are interpreted and implications have been indicated for survey (4,795 participants in 2007 and 9, 280 participants in 2008) a better understanding of relationship between culture and social in P. R. China which has preliminarily revealed the current state processes. of psychological harmony of the Chinese common people. Some suggestions have been proposed based on the study results. A-42 Values as Force Behind development B-22 Cultural and Developmental Differences in Jyoti Verma (Patna University, India) Norm and Meta-Norm Enforcement: Does Collective Social scientists agree that values act as a force behind the various Blame Compensate for Individual blame? forms of manifestation of development. For the present purpose development has been treated as an overarching expression. It Ramadhar Singh1, William T. Self2, Philip E. Tetlock2, 3 1 1 is contended that self interest based individualist values often Paul A. Bell , Joseph J. P. Simons , Pamela Ong , show disregard for ‘moral quality’ in human activity and are not a 1 1 and Susheel Kaur ( National University of Singapore, guarantee for economic development and human welfare. The point 2 3 Singapore, University of California,USA, Colorado State is made by referring to values for human development proposed by University, USA) some Indian personalities such as welfare economist, philosopher The authors tested the hypothesis that intuitive prosecutors and social scientists. It is added that India has examples of saints, pressure people to behave normatively (norm enforcement) and monks who became selfl ess social workers, reformers and and also pressure groups to make members behave normatively change agents showing how spiritual and humanitarian values can (meta-norm enforcement). In two studies, one with American and convert religious and spiritual sects into full fl edged institutions Singaporean adults and the other with Singaporean children aged of social service and development. Contributions of psychologists 8 through 16, participants assigned blame to an offender and to who tried to relate the dimensions of cultural variation (i.e., his family, friends, school, organization, and country. As predicted, individualism and collectivism) with development are recalled participants assigned more blame to the offender than to associated and collectivist value of ‘familism’ is examined with the note that groups; Americans, relative to Singaporeans, blamed the offender the need is to understand how familism values may get extended more but associated groups less; and family and friends were beyond the boundaries of the family. Furthermore, indigenous blamed more by older than by younger Singaporeans. Cultural values like austerity, simplicity, satisfaction, and humility are and developmental differences in collective blame did not mediate brought into focus with the argument that these have the potential corresponding differences in individual blame, suggesting that and integrity to stand against the market driven consumerist values norm and meta-norm enforcement are independent strategies for with the explanation as to why they are likely to be effective. It is upholding social order. brought to notice that when the business world is impressed by the 294 Psychological Studies (December 2009) indigenous values of duty, obligation and paying back of debt to Priyanka Banerjee and Vineeta Sirohi (National the society, it practices ‘corporate social responsibility’ and at the University of Educational Planning and Administration, leadership front there is conceptualization of enlightened leader India) which is self evolving and empowering. The present study examines the organisational culture and team effectiveness of a central and a state university in Delhi. The B-130 A Cultural Psychological Perspective on study was conducted on a sample of 100 university teachers by Covert Rules employing purposive sampling method. Results revealed that there Lu Xiaokang and Xinjian Wang (Nankai University was a signifi cant difference between organisational culture of China) central and state university. The bureaucratic and autocratic culture was prevalent in central university as compared to the technocratic Covert rules refer to the undiscovered or illegitimate rules or and entrepreneurial culture in state university. There was also behavior patterns. It is a newly coined word which has gained evidence of positive relationship between organisational culture its popularity among Chinese society since the late 20th century. and team effectiveness in both the universities. The fi ndings of The prevailing of covert rules creates the discrepancy between the study have implications for policy makers, educationists and the name and the reality that becomes a normal status of social practitioners. order in Chinese society. This problem derives from the cultural psychological structure of Chinese nation. This deep structure confi gures the habitus of traditional Chinese that would never B-467 An Assessment of the Multiple Dimensions of encourage a strictly logical manner of actions. Besides, on the Stress and its Management in Women Professionals for specifi c way of constructing social order, the ancient Chinese Quality Living chose the individual's heart as the origin: only those who had been Anjali Dewan (St. Bede’s College Shimla, India) adequately educated could qualify themselves as an eligible member The present study is an attempt to provide a practical and a positive of society. However, with the reconstruction of Chinese society approach for supporting women professionals experiencing stress prompted by western modernity which declares the illegitimacy at their workplace and at home. The survey method was chosen of traditional habitus and tries to replace them with modern rules, to obtain information for the study. It was administered to the the contradiction and readapting between the two constitutes one respondents before counselling and then again two months after of the major tensions that manifests itself as different kinds of counselling. The results of the study showed that lower the age coverts rule. Hence, the cultural psychological force underlying of the women professionals, the greater the amount of stress was the prevailing of covert rules should be systematically investigated faced by them and their coping strategies were not effective. It and further explored. was observed that the doctors, lawyers and bank employees had to face more stress as was evident from their mean stress scores. The mean stress scores of all women professionals improved after counselling. Social Psychology of Organizations B-268 If the Subordinates were Unlike Subordinates, A-118 Educational Leadership in Higher Education: then Their Subordinates were Unlike Subordinates? Implications for Organizational Commitment Li-Li Huang, Chi Shih Hsu (National Taiwan University, Shadma Absar (National University of Educational Taiwan) Planning and Administration, India) This study used an "obligation-based" perspective taken by The present study investigated leadership styles of the head of the subordinates to explore supervisors-subordinates confl ict events departments as perceived by their subordinates. The study also and their relation. Study 1 showed clear indication of three explored the relationship and impact of perceived leadership styles kinds of confl ict events, "fulfi ll positive obligation", "violate on the work outcomes and organizational commitment of the uncompulsory obligation" and "violate compulsory obligation" subordinates. The analysis of the data revealed that there was no which were best predictors of their relation after confl ict. Study 2 signifi cant difference between the associate and assistant professors showed supervisors-subordinates relationship prior to the confl ict, on perceived leadership style, work outcomes and Organizational described as a genuine or a superfi cial harmony, was found to commitment. The results also revealed that perceived leadership moderate their relationship, job motivation, possibilities of Ren, style was found to correlate signifi cantly with work outcomes of and turnover intention after confl ict. When supervisors fulfi lled the subordinates but not with their organizational commitment. positive obligation, their relation, subordinates 'job motivation and The regression analysis exemplifi ed that the transformational turnover intention after confl ict was better for those in a genuine leadership had greater impact on the work outcomes (83%), than harmony than the ones in a superfi cial harmony. Those in a genuine transactional (57%) and laissez-faire leadership (30%). harmony would even remain a positive relation and job motivation after confl ict, and even subordinates would not Ren after confl ict. B-197 Organisational Culture and Team Effectiveness Contrarily, when supervisors violated compulsory obligation, in Indian Universities: Road Ahead their relation, subordinates' job motivation and turnover intention Psychological Studies (December 2009) 295 after confl ict became negative regardless of whether the prior Visionary, Exemplary General, Excellence Seeker, and relationship was genuine or superfi cial, and the two showed no Entrepreneurial Strategist; and organizational culture factors signifi cant difference. have been titled: Performance Excellence, Ethical, Empowering, Equity and Fairness, and Seamless Communication. Results of B-493 Well Being in Contemporary Indian Women stepwise multiple regression analysis shows signifi cant positive Managers. impact of CEO's behaviour on the (perceived) organizational culture . Pooja Jaggi (University of Delhi, India) The proposed paper presents qualitative exploration of the notion B- 471 Psychological and Structural Factors of of well being in contemporary Indian women managers. Research Employee Engagement: A Study in Technical Testing was conducted on women managers (N=50) in the metropolitan city Organization of Delhi and Gurgaon at the middle and senior management levels. The interviews were conducted and analyzed, keeping in view the Sumi Jha (National Institute of Industrial Enginerring, principles of active qualitative interviewing and grounded theory India) methodology. The fi ndings revealed that the notion of well being Employee engagement refers to the concept that employees was characterized by heterogeneous and kaleidoscopic images and who are mentally and emotionally involved in their work and patterns. The predominant themes, which emerged were related to contributing to their employer's success, know that what they life balance, relationship centrality and volitional self. do at work contributes to their company's success. The present study is an exploratory study which captures the perception of B-135 An Ideal Organizational Citizen employees of technical testing organization about different factors of employee engagement (psychological and structural). A data set Ajay K. Jain1 and Arvind K Sinha2 (1Management of 100 employees was analyzed. The fi ndings suggested that the Develpoment Institute Gurgaon, India, 2IIT Kanpur, India) perception of employees about critical factors like organization The present study explores the behavioral attributes of an ideally culture and relationship with managers and co-workers are suited organizational citizen on a group 126 middle level managers favourable. Organization needs to work on rewards, salary, working in two-wheeler-manufacturing organizations. They were benefi ts, performance management and learning and development. asked to describe the attributes of an ideally suited organizational Employees have rated these factors of employee engagement citizen. The results based on content analysis have identifi ed relatively low. 26 behavioral attributes of an ideal citizen which were further compacted into four a priori categories by the panel of experts. The B-373 Readiness for Change in the Workforce: A categories were as follows: (a) Organizational Citizenship Behavior Study on 10 State Companies in Jakarta (47%), (b) Managerial Skills (30%), (c) In-Role Behavior (17%), and (d) Emotional Intelligence Skills (7%). The results indicate Wilman Dahlan Mansoer and Jelpa Periantalo that importance of social motives like altruism, loyalty, sincerity, (University of Indonesia, Indonesia) integrity etc. over organizationally conditioned behavior in a good The aim of this study is to look at the effect of organizational citizen. fairness, organizational support, organizational commitment, and psychological climate on employee readiness for change. A B-133 CEO's Leadership Behavior and total sample of 327 (male = 221, female = 106) employees from Organizational Culture 10 state companies in Jakarta participated in the study. Analysis using multiple regression showed that organizational fairness, Ajay K. Jain, Pritam Singh, Asha Bhandarkar and organizational support, and psychological climate, contributed Sumita Rai (Management Development Institute Gurgaon, signifi cantly to employee readiness for change within the India) organization. However, organizational commitment did not have a Case studies of great organizations like British Airways, signifi cant effect on employee readiness for change. General Electric, IBM, Mckinsey, Ritz-Carlton, 3M, Johnson and Johnson etc, have empirically demonstrated the signifi cant A-86 Implications of Culture and Personality for role played by top leaders (CEO) in developing and maintaining Harmonious Vs. Confl ict in Management Behaviors. the culture of excellence, high performance, innovation, market Chinese Hosts and European Expatriates in the focus, and people development. In the context of past studies and recent global economic crisis, a study has been designed to map Multicultural Work Setting. CEO's leadership behaviour, type of culture nurtured by them Karolina Mazurowska (Poland) in the organization and impact of CEO's leadership behaviour The present study examines the role of culture and personality on organizational culture. Data were collected from 487 senior and their implications for harmony vs. confl ict in the multicultural and top management executives through structured interview work setting in China. It focuses mainly on confl ict resolution schedule. The participants were belonging to fi ve organizations styles implemented by German and Chinese managers working from Auto, Telecom, Manufacturing and Steel sector. CEO's together. The research question centers also on whether and to leadership behaviour factors have been named: Talent Architect, what extent do differences in personality predispose people to 296 Psychological Studies (December 2009) respond differently on situations of inter-cultural and intra-cultural B-100 Barriers to Reverse Mentoring in confl ict. The role of personality as a predicament for diffi culties/ Organizations: A Study of Gender Differences in a Non- problems in communication/cooperation of people in one culture Western Culture and how personality mediates inter - cultural relations were Govind Swaroop Pathak (Indian School of Mines investigated. The study was conducted among German expats University, India) (n=95) working with the Chinese hosts (n=80) in the international or Chinese companies in Mainland China. The Harmony vs The opening up of the market to the forces of Liberalization, Misunderstandings Questionnaire developed by the author was Privatization and Globalization has forced organization in India to distributed. The research fi ndings of handling inter-cultural vs. have a seriously relook their practices.To answer the needs of this intra-cultural confl ict will be discussed in terms of their theoretical dynamic environment, to survive and prosper, Organizations must implications for a model of effective intercultural communication adopt strategies that realistically refl ect their ability to manage and for challenges for trainings delivered for European/ Chinese future scenarios. Drucker (1996) argued that an increasingly managers cooperating with each other. awinning strategy will require information about events and conditions outside the organization. Only with this information can a business to prepare for new changes and challenges arising from A-49 Raised in Asia – Corporate Leader in sudden shifts in the world economy and in the nature and context of Scandinavia knowledge itself. In the information economy of today, knowledge Paul Moxnes (Norwegian School of Management, may the king but it is the sharing that takes place between the Norway) young and old that is essential. Such knowledge can be generated Little is known about the psychological processes that constitute by many ways. One of them is ‘Reverse Mentoring’. The present Asian-raised leaders in Scandinavian work groups. The purpose research endeavour attempts to study the differences on the issue of this paper is to investigate some similarities and differences of barriers to reverse mentoring, as perceived by prospective male in core values among Asian-raised and native Scandinavian and female executives. On the basis of the fi ndings of the study, managers in Norwegian fi rms. For both groups of managers the contribution of the study and implication for further research are three Naikan self-refl ective questions were reiterated (1 What have discussed. you received from. 2 What have you given to. 3 What troubles and diffi culties have you caused. your mother/your subordinates). In A-43 Towards a Global Understanding of Trust in addition, managers envisaged three wishes for their workplace in Workplace Contexts the context of a fairy tale analysis. Results show that Asian-raised Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman, Jyoti Verma, Raul and native Scandinavian managers' work behavior is motivated Kassea, Antero Olakivi, Tuija Seppälä and Jukka out of slightly different core self-values. The author argues that it Lipponen (Finland) is important for leaders to develop better awareness of core self- values and ultimately to change professional behavior in favor of The aim of our cross-cultural project is to build a new more intercultural sensitive behavior. model on workplace trust. Schools have been selected as workplace contexts due to school system's relative similar function throughout the world. After the detailed B-16 Cultural Aspects of the Indian Army: An analysis of six pilot focus groups among teachers we Identity Perspective have reformulated the interview schemes and just fi nished Swati Mukherjee (Defence Institute of Psychological gathering the following data in each country: six individual Research, India) interviews with teachers, six individual interviews with Indian army is a multicultural organisation aptly refl ecting the principals and six focus groups interviews with the multicultural nature of the nation it defends. Portraying the clichéd teachers. Even though focus groups elicit lively discussion notion of unity in diversity it functions as a unifi ed organisation in in each country, certain trust related phenomena (e.g. most circumstances, though the subtle undercurrents remain buoyant corruption) are not easily discussed in groups, so also beneath. Present paper discusses the dynamics of cultural change individual interviews are needed. The core similarities and stability in the organisation and explores the transformations and differences in the trust related conceptions and through the years. Relying on the social identity perspective, it justifi cations in the three countries and their signifi cance in analyses the cultural aspects of the Indian Army at individual, constructing a global understanding of workplace trust will interpersonal and organisational levels. It also enquires into the be discussed. processes that form the organisational culture by accommodating and assimilating the diverse cultures and identities the individuals B-38 Effi cacy of an Integrated Intensive Counsellor carry with them. It is argued that the resultant organisational culture Training of the Indian Army is refl ective of the adaptation processes as well I. Dewaram Francis Raj and Subramanian S. as the resistances encountered. Collating the organisational history (Bharathiar University, India) with identity perspective an attempt is made to derive and defi ne a 'national character' that would apply to the Indian soldier. The present paper explored the effi cacy of Organizational Psychological Studies (December 2009) 297

Development (OD) interventions aiming at enhancing the personal Indian society, engagement with work is viewed as instrumental to and interpersonal relations, values, beliefs, emotional intelligence family well-being etc. The study was conducted to demonstrate the effi cacy of Integrated Intensive Counsellor Training Programme (IICTP) A-33 Psychological Experiences which Bring incorporating a three-stage helping model proposed by Gerard Intrinsic Work Value in Japanese Workers Egan. A repeated testing (pre-post) design was used and data on these three measures such as Emotional Intelligence, Life Values Keiko Sakai (Chuo University, Japan) and Social Intelligence were collected from 54 school teachers This study was of work value in Japanese young adult workers. before and after skills training intervention (IICTP). The results An interview survey was held in 2007. Participants were 36 young revealed that the intervention enhanced signifi cantly on self adult workers (18 males and 18 females; age 25-39) who engage in awareness, self regulation, motivation, social awareness and social their work more than 40 hours a week. There were 42 episodes in skill of emotional intelligence. The respondents show remarkable 24 persons who had experiences intrinsic work value had brought change on achievement, belongingness, concern for environment or reconfi rmed. The episodes were classifi ed into 9 categories, and for others, creativity, fi nancial prosperity, health, humility, additionally; they were integrated into 3 meta categories: positive, independence, privacy, responsibility, scientifi c understanding, negative, or neutral experiences. Positive experiences include 4 and spirituality. The implications of results were discussed. sub categories: ‘satisfaction and achievement’ (7 episodes), ‘good relationship within one’s work place’ (11 episodes), ‘conquest of B-360 Organizational Culture Differences and diffi culties’ (5 episodes), and ‘improvement of one’s abilities’ (3 Electronic Mail Usage episodes). Negative experiences include 2 sub categories: ‘regret Neila Ramdhani (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) faults of oneself’ (4 episodes), and ‘dissatisfaction and stressor’ (4 episodes). Neutral experiences include 3 sub categories: This study aims to test a theoretical model that predicts the use ‘inclusive experiment’ (6 episodes), ‘more commitment with of email system in different organizational cultures. Technology one’s work’ (1 episode), and ‘change of one’s work’ (1 episode). Acceptance Model is considered to be the most parsimonious There were 26 episodes of positive experiences, 8 episodes of model in explaining IT at the individual level. However, since employees are conditioned by their organizational culture, this negative experiences, and 8 episodes of neutral experiences. research proposed to extend TAM with power distance and low Result suggested that intrinsic work value tend to be brought or context/high context values. Four hundred and eighty employees reconfi rmed through positive experiences from three different organizational cultures participated in this research. Structural Equation Modelling was applied to analyze the A-81 Relationship between Culture, Job Satisfaction data. It was found that individuals with low context values have a and Self Esteem signifi cantly stronger perception of usefulness than those holding Saeid Samiee, Mahdieh Rahmanian and Elham Abedy low context values. Individuals in low power distance cultures Tameh (Delhi University, India) accept more the email use than individuals in high power distance cultures. Meanwhile, power distance moderates the relationship Language is more than just a means of communication. It infl uences between attitude and intention to use the email system. our culture and even our thought processes. The language that people speak can have amazing effects on how they interpret the world around them. English is far more used world wide than A-26 Life Satisfaction Revisited: Intimate all other spoken languages. The main aim of this study was to Partnership Between work and Family? investigate the relationship between job satisfaction, self esteem Nikita Sachan and Dr. Kanika Aggarwal Khandelwal and ability to speak English as cultural factor. To do so, ninety (University of Delhi, India) university staff (45 spoken English and 45 non spoken English) Factors infl uencing life satisfaction, from amongst work-family were selected randomly from several universities and colleges in confl ict (WFC), family-work confl ict (FWC), perceived spousal Delhi. The results indicated that there were signifi cant differences support, and family structure (nuclear/joint) were examined on a in job satisfaction and self esteem between spoken English and sample of 100 white-collar married male employees in a private non spoken English individuals. In addition, there was a high construction company. Analysis revealed a signifi cant effect of positive correlation between job satisfaction and self esteem. spousal support on life satisfaction, but no signifi cant effect of These fi ndings support this idea that language as a cultural factor WFC, FWC and family structure on life satisfaction. Results are infl uence employee’s job satisfaction, self esteem and over all at odds with most of the prevailing research, conducted in the organization’s wellbeing. West. Possible reasons could be cultural factors, gender roles favouring men (vis-à-vis distribution of work at home), sample B-451 Establishing Healthy Organizations in a characteristics (only males, largely non-working status of spouse), Harmonious Society of P.R. China presence of domestic helpers, effective coping, etc. It is argued that confl icts between work and family are not associated with Kan Shi and Nan Jiang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, life dissatisfaction because despite family being the central unit of China) 298 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

The authors take the opinion that establishing healthy organizations Damodar Suar1 and Rooplekha Khuntia2 (1IIT is essential to the building a harmonious society in the transitional Kharagpur, India, 2Amrita Vishwa Vidwapeetham period from planned economy to market economy. Moreover, Combitore, India) the authors put forward to the concept that good health (both The study examines whether (a) personal values and organizational mental and physical), excellent competencies, innovative and values differ in private and public sectors, and (b) personal organizational culture are three essential indexes of a healthy values and value congruence infl uence unethical practices and organization. This paper depicts its theme through theories and work behavior. Three hundred forty middle-level managers from practices including to help the people facing SARS and Sichuan two private and two public sector companies rated the 22-values earthquake, EAP (Employee Assistance Program) application in as guiding principles identifying for them the personal values. Chinese enterprises; research in competency model and leadership Top-level managers of the same organizations were asked to rate style of the senior managers; Innovation and organizational culture how important such values were to the organization that indexed in academic institution etc organizational values. The extent of value congruence was the degree in which personal values matched with organizational values. A-90 Fairness Perception of Diverse Group The important shared values among managers are product quality Employees: Contribution from Nature of Training, and customer service in both the sectors. Value congruency is found Informal Activities and Psychological Contract more in private than in public sector. Irrespective of sector and Surendra Kumar Sia1 and Anand Prakash2 (1Punjabi age of managers, personal values describing virtues have inhibited University Patiala, India, 2University of Delhi, India) unethical practices more than value congruence. Personal values depicting corporate excellence and virtues have more enhanced In the present study an attempt has been made to examine the work behavior compared to value congruence. Fine-tuning the perception of organizational fairness among diverse group personal virtues and desire for corporate excellence can increase the employees. The study was conducted on 207 lower and middle employees' work behavior and decrease their unethical practices. managerial level employees of two reputed public sector units situated at Orissa (India). The total sample was spread over fi ve different social groups, namely – Oriya Hindu Male (OHM), Oriya A-107 Life Values and Perceived Occupational Hindu Female (OHF), Oriya Reserved Category (ORC), Non Stress among Cosmopolitan (Scientifi c) and Local Oriya Hindu Male (NOHM) and Oriya Non-Hindu Male (ONH). (Administrative) Oriented Scientists in R and D Multiple stepwise regression analyses were conducted to explicate Organizations. the contribution from Nature of Training, Informal Activities S. Subramanian (Bharathiar University, India) and Psychological Contract towards perception of organizational The present study examined the extent to which scientifi c- fairness. The analyses were conducted separately for each social cosmopolitan oriented scientists differ from administrative-local group and the overall sample. The results indicate that, Perceived oriented scientist with respect to personal values and perceived Relevance of Interpersonal Training (PRIT) and Accommodativity occupational stress and to lay a proper ground for their career of Technical Training (ATT) were stronger predictors in case of development. Data obtained from 329 scientists employed in all the groups, whereas level of participation in informal activities the R and D division of the eight Research and Development (LPIA) is not a signifi cant contributor except that for reserved organizations located in Southern part of India were screened category group. The fi ndings have been discussed in light with to obtain two criterion groups – (i) Scientifi c – Cosmopolitan relevant literature along with future implications. scientists ( N=48) and (ii) Administrative – Local oriented scientists (N=45). These two groups of scientists (cosmopolitan B-72 Anxiety, Stress and Satisfaction among and local scientists) provided data on personal life values and Professionals perceived occupational stress. Comparison between these two Manjari Srivastava (School of Business Management, criterion groups revealed that cosmopolitan scientists tend to have NMIMS University, India) high levels of life values on achievement, creativity, independence, responsibility and scientifi c understanding and likely to have more The present study explored the relationship between anxiety and scientifi c output than the administrative-local oriented scientists. stress among professionals and challenging job conditions as Similarly, cosmopolitan scientists tend to have lesser levels of role demanded by competitive environment among corporate. Another confl ict, unreasonable group and political pressure, powerlessness important outcome variable includes satisfaction among executives and intrinsic impoverishment. in relation to self, career and family. Results refl ect both positive and negative relationship between independent and outcome variables, suggesting that individuals' values and beliefs and work B-354 Blaming Leaders for Organizational values in the organizations are refl ecting the changing values in the Harm: Perspectives of the Blamer and the Blamed society at large which encourage competition. Organizational Members Yuriko Zemba (Waseda University, Japan) B-410 Do Personal Values and Value Congruence The present study investigates whether the blamer’s intention Determine Unethical Practices and Work Behavior? is correctly understood by the blamed organizational members Psychological Studies (December 2009) 299 in the context of organizational harm. Participants read and found to positively correlate with diffi culty adjusting to spouse's evaluated an organizational harm scenario from the perspective of family of origin. High level of relationship-oriented self, both for either a blamer (who blames for the harm) or a blame receiver husbands and wives, was related to low adjustment diffi culty in all (an organizational member sharing group membership with the domains. We fi nally explore possible mechanisms linking aspects individual who caused the harm). In the scenario, the blamer’s of self and marital adjustment. blaming behavior was directed either to the organizational leader or to the direct causer of the harm. Results indicated that when B-266 Research on the Relationships between the blamer blamed the leader, the receiver correctly understood Aggression, Implicit Self-Esteem and Explicit Self- the blamer’s intention —the blamer intends to blame the whole Esteem organization. In contrast, when the blamer blamed the direct causer, the receiver misinterpreted that the blamer does not blame Dia Jianlin and Li Zhang (Public Administration School the other members. of South China Normal University, China) Aggressive behavior problem of university students, and B-147 Psychological Needs, Perceived Threats to aggressive behavior and self-esteem are closely related. This study Safety and Assault: Implications for Nursing Staff in a was conducted on 102 students from Guangdong region. Results Psychiatric Hospital show that Implicit self-esteem and explicit self-esteem are low which supports the dual separation of the self-esteem theory. When Urvashi Anand and Tej Bahadur Singh (Institute of explicit self-esteem is high, the implicit self-esteem is negatively Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, India) correlated with verbal attacks, anger, hostility; the high explicit / This study examined perceived threats to safety and assault high implicit group is signifi cantly lower than the high explicit/ experienced by the nursing staff delivering services to indoor low implicit group; and is lower than low explicit/low implicit psychiatric patients. Sample of the study was 42 qualifi ed female group on the four factors, which shows the different combination nurses drawn from a psychiatric hospital. Results indicate that of implicit self-esteem and explicit self-esteem has on different increased sense of autonomy and competence predicted lower relationship with aggressive behavior. perception of threat, controlling attitudes towards patients, stress and intrinsic job satisfaction. Perception of threat was reported B-458 Social Representation of Sikh Self: A Historical to be lower with the progression of age and high intrinsic job Analysis satisfaction. The total number of assault incidents that occurred over the one year period were 36.Out of these 76% were aware of a Preeti Kapur and Girishwar Misra (University of Delhi, reporting system, however, only 28% nurses reported the incident India) to their supervisors. The risk factors most frequently reported were The study highlights the functional role of history as a powerful patient diagnosis, under staffi ng, work overload, patient boredom, tool for construction of collective identity. Analysis of secondary loneliness, and asking for discharge. sources consisting of historical and cultural writings identifi es four salient periods in Sikh history, ranging from the 15th century to the 21st century. These four historical periods reveal the emergence, struggles for differentiation and consolidation of Sikh identity. The Self and Society Sikh historical narrative reveals that cultures and societies adapt to changing internal and external contexts, with new situations calling B-220 Self and Marital Adjustment of Newlyweds: A for different and new strategies that defi ne, transform and reinvent Test of the Four-Component Theory of Chinese Self identity. Further, groups claim their history, cultural memories, Szu-Chia Chang1, Shih-Hsin Kuo2 and Chiu-Zyun differentiate from others in the environment, emphasize upon their Hiew1 (1Shig-Hsin University, Taiwan, 2Chinese Culture achievements and accomplishments, beliefs and value systems. University, Taiwan) These cultural processes create specifi c social representations and propel a given community to assimilate its historical experience This study aims to explore the role that self plays in the marital and fi nd meaning in its existence. adjustment processes of Taiwanese newlyweds. The four- component theory of Chinese self, proposed by Kuo-Shu Yang (2004), served as the base from which theoretical propositions B-60 Rediscovering the Public Self in Three were derived and tested. In Chinese society, newlyweds face Cultures many challenges which include adjustment between themselves Emiko Kashima (La Trobe University, Australia) and members of their family of origin, adjustment between the marital partners, and balancing the roles between work and family. Recent research on culture and the self highlighted a tripartite model We investigate how different aspects of the self are related to of the self, comprised of the individual, relational, and collective adjustment diffi culty in different domains. One hundred and ten (n dimensions (e.g., Brewer and Chen, 2007). Yet, an earlier model = 110) newlywed couples participated in the study. Husbands with also emphasized the importance of the public self along with the high individual-oriented self perceived more diffi culty on spousal individual and collective self-aspects (e.g., Triandis, 1989). The adjustment while wives' level of individual-oriented self was present research thus explored the relationship between these two 300 Psychological Studies (December 2009) tripartite models, through analysis of 16 self scales completed by B-289 After Marriage: Self-Regulation Processes of 294 university students from Australia, India, and Japan. Factor the Newlyweds analysis identifi ed four orthogonal dimensions of the self: the Kuo Shih-Hsien (Shin-Hsin University, Taiwan) relational, public, individual, and collective. Using these four self- dimensions, the Australian self was characterized as being high on The purpose of this study is to explore the self-regulation process the individual and low on the collective self-aspects; the Indian after marriage. Through in-depth interviews with six Taiwanese self low on the individual self and high on the collective self; the newlywed couples, qualitative data were analyzed using Japanese self high on the public self; and women's (vs. men's) self grounded theory approach. A preliminary model is founded that high on the relational self. It is argued that the strong concerns for the self-regulation process in marital relation is infl uenced by others' view, which is central to the public self, may have a link to "Zhong-yong". In order to achieve relational harmony, various high uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede, 1980). self-regulatory strategies were used depending on the situations confronted. In order to keep a harmonic relation with their families of origin, different strategies such as "depending on situations", A-25 Self-Humanizing in Close-other Relationships "changing him/herself", "adapting a traditional role" were used. Joonha Park (Australia) Strategies used to reach marital harmony were mutually infl uenced between husbands and wives. Partner's support can increase the Previous Australian research has suggested that people humanize self-regulatory effi cacy. About adjustment between family and themselves, by attributing traits that they see as parts of human work, the self-regulation process of partner is determined by the nature to themselves more than to others (Haslam et al., 2005). deeply rooted tradition rule: "men are breadwinners; women are This effect is independent of the tendency to attribute more homemakers", so that men focus on work and women pay attention desirable attributes to the self, and may be moderated by the on the family. Gender differences of self-regulation were found perceived importance and concreteness of the other. The present both in goals and in strategies. study tested the self-humanizing effect in South Korea. Ninety- eight Korean undergraduates were asked to judge themselves on a set of 56 personality traits compared with a non-signifi cant other and with a signifi cant other. They also rated to what extent each trait was a part of human nature, uniquely human, deep-seated, and Social Cognition desirable. Consistent with the previous fi ndings, participants tended B-427 The Effects of Expected Success/ Failure, to attribute high human nature characteristics more to themselves Actual Success/Failure, and Task Ease/Diffi culty on than to others, regardless of the desirability of the traits. The effect Reactions to Success/ Failure: A Scenario study was higher when they compared themselves with signifi cant others than with non-signifi cant others. Uniquely human traits were also Qazi Tabassum Aziz and Lilavati Krishnan attributed to the self more than to non-signifi cant others. This (IIT Kanpur, India) study implies both consistent and culture-specifi c forms of self- The study examined the effects of two cognitive-situational humanizing across cultures. variables, namely, Expected Success/ Failure, Actual Success/ Failure, a Task related variable, namely, Ease/Medium/Diffi culty B-121 Discerning Whispers: Refl ections on Self and task, and attribution-related information variable, namely Causal Identity Factors. In the context of a hypothetical quiz contest, the two major dependent variable were examined (1) Attribution of Success and Sujata Sharma (India) Failure, (2) Subsequent Choice of Task diffi culty level. In addition The present paper attempts to explore issues around Self and other dependent variable were included, namely, Happiness, identity vis-à-vis lived experiences of urban Indian women.The Reasons for Subsequent choice of task /Subsequent choice of study follows an eclectic approach in terms of the theoretical Playing Alone/ Playing as a pair, Motivation for winning the contest, perspectives as well as the methodology used. There are no Assessment of General Ability (required for winning), and Post- hypotheses at the outset, rather there are explorations with respect performance Assessment of Ability, State Self-Esteem, and Self- to the subjective accounts of women through in-depth, unstructured evaluation, were examined as predictors/correlates of Attribution. interviews (with one based on a collaborative interview style) Sample consisted of 191 school students (females) recruited in ranging across a period of two years. Collated narratives of only graduation in a North Indian city. The fi ndings supported some of three women are documented and discussed in this paper on the the anticipated effects of Expected Success/Failure and of Actual themes of change and continuity; consistency, commitment and Success/Failure, and provided evidence of the signifi cant effects crisis; frailty and well being. The average age of the participants of Confi rmation/ Disconfi rmation of expectation. Controllable/ was 25 years; born and living in Delhi. Through analysis and Uncontrollable Causes emerged as a signifi cant variable. Finally, discussion of the narratives, the developmental pathways for urban neither Self-esteem nor Self-evaluation was found to be a Indian women are explored along with an acknowledgement of the signifi cant predictor of Attribution rating. It was suggested that the challenges and outcomes in their negotiations of issues around self relationship should be re-examined with a changed approach and and identity. technique. Psychological Studies (December 2009) 301

B-387 An Examination of Implicit Theories of storyteller's talking. Because the event-indexing model indicated Creativity among Chinese that comprehending time of a sentence in the story is progressively Di Cao, In-Soo Choe and Chae-Ho Lee (Sungkyunkwan longer to the extent that there are continuity breaks on more University, Korea) dimensions (e.g., space, time, characters and objects), we focused on the relationship between the number of the mental operations This study presents the fi rst examination of implicit theories of to construct the situation model and the time length of pause at a creativity among Chinese teens, twenties, thirties, forties and period in talking each sentence. It was assumed that the situation fi fties. Based on an open-ended survey, 98 traits, characterized model is the knowledge representation with multilayer frame and people with high creativity were selected, which cover two estimate the mental operations required to construct it. The results kinds of traits: cognitive ability (Logical Expression, Fluency, indicated that the vastly-experienced storyteller controls the time Originality, Elaboration, Openness) or styles and personality traits length of pause according to the number of the mental operations (Positive Mind, Abnormal Behavior, passionate trait, appropriate so as to help the listener to construct the situation model. response). In the second stage, 109 Chinese completed a survey to rate the extent to which each of the 98 traits can be applied to people with high creativity. The results showed that 1) roughly, B-99 Fairness Perception in India: The Effect of Chinese attached greater importance to fl uent, logical expression, Rule Combinations openness, and 2) signifi cant global and specifi c differences were Lilavati Krishnan (IIT Kanpur, India) found between teens, twenties, thirties, forties and fi fties; teens Two scenario studies are reported that highlight the effects high in logical expression, fl uency, twenties high in appropriate of situational variables, namely, Rule combination, Nature of response , independence, thirties high in openness, passionate trait, allocation, and Allocator/ Recipient role, on fairness perception forties high in fl uency, logical expression, fi fties high in openness, of reward allocation among Indian subjects. Rule combination logical expression, between males and females along with non- consisted of Promise, along with Merit, Need and Equality. signifi cant interactions, indicating that implicit theories have Promise (agreement or contract) was included because it has been important implications in cultivating creativity among Chinese. insuffi ciently investigated as a basis of justice in contemporary social psychological research, although it is mentioned in both B-231 They Not Me! Exploring Attributions for Western and traditional Indian thought. Study 2 also included Violation of Civic Sense recipient seniority as an independent variable. In both studies, Nivida Chandra, Aparna Gupta and Girishwar Misra Rule combination was found to interact signifi cantly with Nature of Allocation, and with Allocator/ Recipient Role. Perceived (University of Delhi, India) fairness was highest for Equal allocation, and lowest for Promise An important prerequisite of a civic society is the endorsement of allocation. Contrary to some earlier Indian fi ndings, Perceived certain norms. Notwithstanding the fact that violation of these norms fairness of Merit allocation was as fair as, or higher than, Need causes anger, the same people when engaged in such violations do allocation. Recipient seniority had a non-signifi cant effect. The often tend to justify their actions. This study investigated the role of salient Equality preference was interpreted as a possible cognitive personal and situational factors in explaining norm-violation across resultant of the integration of the available information, rather than four real life situations (garden, metro, movie hall, traffi c signal) egalitarianism. The weak Promise preference could be due to lack on a sample of adults (n=162) who were violators or bystanders/ of details regarding the basis of Promise. The fi ndings suggested observers of violation. There was a strong tendency to attribute that fairness perception in a cultural context may be governed by personal factors as causes of norm violation. ANOVA revealed that both processing of situational information and cultural dimensions these factors were signifi cantly moderated by the setting, gender such as collectivism. and one's status as observer or violator. An analysis of open ended responses yielded the following themes: law enforcement, shirking A-46 Belief in a Just World and Cooperation in of personal responsibility, blame, and an acute unawareness of the Social Dilemmas violation. Implications of the fi ndings for theory and social policy formulation are discussed. Chang-Jiang Liu and Fang Hao (China) Studies have suggested that the distinction between personal B-65 Intrapersonal Processes in Interpersonal versus general belief in a just world is signifi cant to psychological Communication well-being. The authors suggested that it could be applied to positive behavioral outcomes as well. In this study, a social Hideji Enokizu (Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan) dilemma game was used as a measure of cooperative behavior. The In order to explore the intrapersonal processes of communication, authors manipulated the way that participants got their endowment the manner of the storyteller's talking in reading to children was in terms of distributive justice, and consequently the amount of examined. While listening to the sound of talking the story text, initial resources (in tokens) that they were endowed. As predicted, the listener constructs a mental microworld that is referred to as the the general belief in a just world motivated people to contribute situation model in the discourse psychology. Unlike the reader who to collective interests in social dilemmas in general; whereas the can read the text at his own pace, however, the listener's construction effect of the personal belief in a just world on cooperation was of the situation model should be infl uenced by the manner of the moderated by how resources were endowed. 302 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

A-111 Group Climate and Decision Making B-247 Collective Remembering Targeted at Performance: Social Identity and Indigenous Community Development Psychology Perspectives Koichi Suwa (Osaka University, Japan) Moordiningsih (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) Past events can sometimes be supportive and sometimes restrictive. Groups of psychology Indonesian students participated in an The Japanese society focuses on the near past in the context of group decision-making experiment. An experiment process community development. For example, modern buildings built showed that group climate have a direct effect to group decision in the era of Japan's modernization and monuments built in the making performance, especially effi ciency. Groups with consider era of Japan's rapid economic growth are given due importance. supervisor, had an autonomy and had no pressure showed the The term "retro" is now considered as a fashionable tag. Certain best performance. The main fi nding of this study is supervisor aspects of these activities merely evoke nostalgia, but some of or leader consideration is the best predictor for group decision them truly vitalize the local communities. Wertsch (2002) argues making performance. Results also discussed in Social Identity and that collective remembering can be characterized as active, social, Indigenous Psychology perspectives. and dynamic. His discussion is closely related to the many other arguments in social construction through narratives such as self as B-502 Retribution as Reaction to Offense narrative and the nation as an imagined community. We will discuss collective remembering targeted at community development by Namita Pande and Kavita Pandey (University of investigating some cases in Osaka, Japan. We will also focus on Allahabad, India) the current Japanese movement of collective remembering in the This study examined the effect of severity of offence on preference Asian context. for retribution as reaction. 60 University students of Allahabad city of India responded to eight hypothetical scenarios of offense. B-461 From Causes to Claims: Legal Recourse to These scenarios depicted acts that varied in terms of severity of Psychological Perceptions of Justice Violations offense and also in terms of offender’s relationship (stranger /a relative or a known person) with the victim. Participants were Kshitija Wason (IIT Delhi, India) required to imagine themselves as victims and indicate their Not every sense of injustice is voiced or manifest as a protest. The preference for retribution along with other kinds of reactions present research examines instances where a sense of injustice such as forgiveness, withdrawal or seeking help from authorities/ is voiced at the level of the highest appellate authority. The aim police for legal action. In addition, as participants responded to is to delineate points of ‘when’ is a ‘cause’ [sense of injustice’] these reaction alternatives, their reaction time was also measured. raised as a litigation [claim]. The Legal System offers insight into Results showed that preference for retribution and reaction time forms of confl icts that have escalated to their acme and recourse varied with severity of offense. to justice is sought at the highest justice dispensing forum after intra-organizational mechanisms of justice restoration have failed. B-163 Desirable Outcome Determines the Nature of Supreme Court Judgments of 20 resolved Cases of Services Matters Counterfactual Thinking of Wage, Appointments, Transfers and Promotions were analyzed, viewing them for the four functions of Justice Perceptions specifi ed Nishant Saxena, Narayanan Srinivasan and Janak by Mikula and Wenzel (2000) namely; as Triggers, Arguments; Pandey (CBCS Allahabad, India) Resolution and Acceptance. A fi fth role of ‘justice perceptions as Counterfactual thinking is thought of what might have been, of ‘precursors’ is discussed. how the past might have turned out differently. Previous studies have focused mostly on the outcome but have confl ated the nature B-209 Facial Prominence Effect and Its Connections of outcome and the desired change in the outcome. Current study to Occupation (N=40) investigates the role of two variables "outcome" (better or worse) and "change in outcome" (positive - making the situation Fangfang Wen and Bin Zuo (Huazhong Normal better or negative - making the situation worse) respectively on University, China) the nature (additive or subtractive) of counterfactual thinking. This paper through two researches examined the relationship Each participant was presented two hypothetical scenarios from between facial prominence and the different occupations, and four different domains (academic performance, economy, health investigated further the effect of facial prominence to the social and interpersonal relationships) and was asked to choose between perception. The results showed that (1) facial prominence of the additive or subtractive counterfactual answers. The percentage people who engaged in the high-prestige job was signifi cantly of additive responses as a function of "outcome" and "change in higher than the low ones; (2) Facial prominence of the people who outcome" was computed and analyzed. Across all the domains there engaged in the traditionally male professions was signifi cantly is a bias toward additive thinking for desirable change in outcome higher than the female ones; (3) The photographs which were and this bias is not present for undesirable change in outcome. of high and medium level of facial prominence were evaluated Unlike the previous research, the fi ndings indicate that it is the signifi cantly higher on the "ambitious", "smart", "dominant" change in outcome and not the outcome per se that determines the and "enthusiastic" and other characteristic words than the low nature of counterfactual thinking. level ones; (4) The photographs of male objects were evaluated Psychological Studies (December 2009) 303 signifi cantly higher on the "ambitious", "smart", "dominant" than Chinese students from Ochanomizu University and The University the female ones, while the photographs of female objects were of Tokyo participated in the present experiment. The result revealed evaluated signifi cantly higher on the "physical attractiveness", that the stereotypes infl uence in cell phone text message was much "lovely", "understanding" than the male ones. stronger than cell phone call when Japanese students formed impressions of Chinese students. Follow-up analysis showed that B-205 Individuating and Relating Autonomy: The Japanese students’ fi nal impressions were mediated by the greater Domain Superiority on Objective Criterion Variables. ambiguity of cell phone text message versus cell phone call. A model chart on impression formation over cell phone text message 1 2 1 Chih-Wen Wu and Kuang-Hui Yeh ( National Taiwan and cell phone call has been constructed based on the results. University, Taiwan, 2Academia Sinica Taiwan, Taiwan) Although the domain-superiority hypothesis of Dual Autonomy Model has been verifi ed, the present article further test the processing mechanism of domain-superiority on intrapersonal and/ Social Issues or interpersonal situation condition and use message discernment as objective criterion for preventing the common method variance B-52 National Unity and Leadership Discourse of a bias. Study One found individuating-autonomy was greater Malaysian associated with message discernment of intrapersonal domain under intrapersonal situation condition but relating-autonomy Maya Khemlani David (University of Malaya, Malaysia) was greatly associated with message discernment of interpersonal The impact of a leader's public discourse might lead to national domain under interpersonal situation condition. Study Two showed unity or disunity among the various ethnic groups depending on how High Dual Autonomyers have better message discernments over individual members understand and perceive the leader's message. both intrapersonal and interpersonal domains than do Low Dual Macionis (2001) posits that discourse by people in power can cause Autonomyers. The subjects on congruous condition produced competition and negative perceptions of the other. Language has greater message discernments only on High Dual Autonomyers but an important role in constructing and deconstructing ideologies. not for Low Dual Autonomyers. The contribution and limitations In this study, the public discourses of a former Malaysian Prime are discussed. Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad (TDM) will be analyzed in connection to politics, power, and ideology. A Critical Discourse B-31 Success Expectations, Motivations and Analysis (CDA) will be used for this analysis. Did the discourse of Performances TDM help in creating national unity or did it have divisive effects on Malaysia's multiethnic populace? Qi Yao and Yue Guo An (Nankai University, China) Applying regulatory focus theory, this research focus was directed B-443 The Lay Meaning of Democracy among Indian to "when" and "how" questions-when were these relations most Youth: A Qualitative Study likely to occur and what self-regulatory principles underlie their occurrence. Study 1 measured the level of expectations Shikha Dixit (IIT Kanpur, India) and manipulated temporary regulatory focus with task framing The identity of an Indian in modern times is closely defi ned by the techniques; Study 2 manipulated expectations through the diffi culty experiences in public life. The present paper reports a qualitative of tasks and measured chronic regulatory focus. The fi ndings showed study conducted to explore the social representations of democracy. that: cRegulatory focus moderated the relationship between The sample comprised of engineering undergraduate students. expectations and performance-for promotion focus individuals, Qualitative content analysis was done to extract the meaning success expectations correlated positively with performance, which categories that formed the content of the social representation of was consistent with classic motivational theories; For prevention democracy. The content of the social representations was further focus individuals, the correlation was not signifi cant. Motivation analyzed to make an inquiry into issues pertaining to sense-making mediated the interactions-high success expectations raised the based on social representation, interaction between cognitive and motivational strength of promotion focus individuals, thus resulting social elements and operation of anchoring and objectifi cation. in enhanced performance; While it made no signifi cant motivational Finally, the results were analyzed to understand the relationship impacts on prevention focus individuals. between identity of youth and their democratic notions.

A-36 Impression Formation of Chinese Students A-55 Living on the Edge: A Review of Effect of through Cellphone Communication: Comparing Text Empathy on Associated Stigma in Marginalized Groups and Voice Messages Sonal Mathur and Sonal Srivastava (University of Delhi, Shao Yu Ye, Akiyo Shoun, Mari Aita and Akira India) Sakamoto (Ochanomizu University, Japan) The stigma towards marginalized groups continues to grow and The present research examined the perseverance of stereotypes in minorities have been affected at a disproportionate rate. Previous impression formation of foreign students when using cell phone researches have attempted to study the role of empathy in text message and cell phone call. 40 Japanese students and 40 improving attitude of outgroup towards the stigmatized groups. 304 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

The study examines whether or not empathy for a member of a sense of humor and attitude towards teaching profession to 474 stigmatized group leads to more positive feelings and concern for students for admission in the year 2006/2007, they regulated in the the group as a whole. The study is an attempt to review the effects fi rst grade in Suez faculty of education. Randomly, the researcher of empathy towards marginalized groups in improving attitudes of selected 135 students to follow up their academic achievement stigma specifi cally in Asian socio- cultural context. for fi nal exam at the fi rst grade 2006/2007 and the second grade 2007/2008. The results indicated that; (1) only social intelligence B-92 The Infl uence of Community Entitativity on was signifi cantly related with academic achievement in the fi rst Political Trust grade and contributed to 8.2 percent in students' in the academic year achievement. (2) There were signifi cant relations between the Takamasa Shiotani, Shoji Tsuchida and Norifumi variables: social intelligence, initiation and sense of humor included Tsujikawa (Kansai University, Japan) in the aptitude test and the students' academic achievement at the Previous researches argue that there are positive correlation second grade in the academic year 2007/2008. The three variables between trust in government and social connectedness. However, contributed to roughly 11.8 percent in students' achievement. little is known about how and why the social connectedness (3) No signifi cant relationships were found with the other two improve the trust in government from psychological viewpoint. We variables: taking decision and attitude towards teaching. predicted that community entitativity is the perception evoked by citizen's social connectedness, and higher community entitativity B-53 Psychometric Characteristics of the Adolescent would lead higher political effi cacy. We analyzed the nationwide Coping Scale. social survey data collected through internet(1,663 samples). Main fi ndings were (1) participants who had intimate neighborly relations Ferlis Bahari, Rosnah Binti Ismail, Vincent Pang, (social connectedness) perceived higher community entitativity, (2) Balan Rathakrishnan, Lailawati Madlan (University participants who perceived high community entitativity had higher Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) political effi cacy and trust in government than participants who The aim of the study is to assess the psychometric characteristics perceived low community entitativity. (3) We tested the validity of of the Adolescent Coping Scale (ACS) that involve internal the process model of trust in government by Structural Equation consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and item-scale Modeling, and found signifi cant indirect pass between community correlation for Short Form items. To assess the degree to which entitativity and trust in government by political effi cacy, and the each of the items in the Short-Form adequately measured its infl uence of the indirect pass was stronger than the direct pass. respective coping strategy, the correlation of the item with the scale of which it was a part was computed. The research subjects consist B-516 How to Facilitate Women's Participation in of 201 adolescents aged between 13 to 19 and were selected using Local Self Governance purposive sampling. Research fi nding for ACS specifi c and ACS general long form instrument both have a high internal consistency Manju Agrawal (Amity University, India) value which were 0.928 and 0.922. The fi nding shows that ACS A study was carried out on Panchayats of Varanasi and Nainital, instrument in Bahasa Malaysia version is suitable to be used as an in Northern region of India. Two types of Panchayats were studied objective tool. in both the districts: one where strong groups of women mobilized by feminist organization existed and the other where such groups B-213 A Validation Study of Political Effi cacy Scale in did not exist. Major differences were observed in the functioning Chinese Community of elected women in both types of Panchayats with positive results in Panchayats where feminist organizations had their presence. A Chiew-Siang (Bryan) Ho and Kin Sun Chan, (University comparative qualitative study brought forth a number of issues of Macau, China) that can be focused upon to facilitate women's participation at This study reports evidence on the factor structure, reliability, and Panchayats and bring a social change. validity of Chinese Political Effi cacy Scale (C-PES), an instrument developed to assess political effi cacy, including internal effi cacy, external effi cacy, and collective effi cacy. A convenience sample of 281 university students completed the C-PES questionnaires, Issues Related to Social Theory and which take into account political participation, general self-effi cacy, Research a sense of community, political trust, and their socio-economic status. Exploratory and confi rmatory factor analyses show that the three types of political effi cacy are abstracted from the scale. The A-7 Prediction Value of Suez Faculty of Education results also show that the C-PES is internally consistent and the Aptitude Test scores, including overall scales and its subscales, are moderately Fawzy Abd El Azem (Suez Canal University, Egypt) correlated with political participation and the corresponding scales The purpose of this study was to confi rm the validity of Suez for criteria validity, including general self-effi cacy, a sense of faculty of education personality aptitude test. In the present study, community, and political trust. In conjunction with the pervious the researcher administered the aptitude test which consisted of fi ve fi ndings, the present study suggests that C-PES can be used to factors or variables; social intelligence, initiation, taking decision, objectively assess political effi cacy in Chinese community. Psychological Studies (December 2009) 305

B-57 Use of Oral History Methodology in Studying B-203 Comparing global versus relational self Communities/Individuals measures across Japanese, Chinese, American, and Mani Kakkar (Concordia University, Canada) Canadian samples 1 2 3 The goal of the present research is to compare how South Asians Jiro Takai , Koji Fuse , Greg Bonn and Yuko identify themselves to how they are represented. The parameters of Matsumoto4 (1Nagoya University, Japan, 2University these questions are defi ned/contained by particular contexts, such of North Texas, USA, 3University of Toronto, Canada, as the politics of representation within a particular community 4University of Macau, China) centre or at the level of the federal parliament. As important as This study compared global measures of some popular self scales some of the information gained, is the method used, amongst which against relational specifi c measures across two individualistic, oral history interviewing has been key. Oral history interviewing and two collectivistic cultures. We contended that there was as a method remains controversial, considering its subjective greater relational reference in Asian responses relative to North nature, focus on the individual, and so on. Yet it is a remarkably American, so we investigated whether relational priming would powerful tool when addressing questions of identity as would be affect the manner in which Japanese, Chinese, American, and elucidated through the research. Through oral history the researcher Canadian subjects would respond to some self, and self-other has been able to break down or provide points of reference for orientation scales, including self-construals, self-monitoring. larger terms like globalization, the immigrant experience, culture, private versus public self consciousness. Self ratings were done in traditions, etc. three target conditions: global, close friend, mere acquaintance. In consistency with the hypotheses, it was discovered that Americans A-9 What are our Students’ Developments and Canadians have a relatively more consistent self across the in Research? An Archival Study of Psychological three targets, while Japanese and Chinese make more distinction Undergraduate Research in an all-Women’s College. between them. Implications to interpersonal communication styles were discussed. J. Enrique G. Saplala (Miriam College, Philippines) Eighty-seven theses abstracts and 27 published researches were B-213 A Validation Study of Political Effi cacy Scale in reviewed to critically examine the state of undergraduate research in psychology in an all-women’s college from 1996-2007. The study Chinese Community included assessing the students’ methodology, the participants’ Chiew-Siang (Bryan) Ho and Kin Sun Chan (University profi le, the instruments used and the brief fi ndings from these of Macau, China) studies. The analysis also tried to hypothesize the motivation of This study reports evidence on the factor structure, reliability, and students in behavioral sciences and psychology to study or choose validity of Chinese Political Effi cacy Scale (C-PES), an instrument the topics for their theses. Results show that student preferred developed to assess political effi cacy, including internal effi cacy, topics related to the different fi elds in psychology, which are external effi cacy, and collective effi cacy. A convenience sample related to their mentors’ research interests. Other observations of 281 university students completed the C-PES questionnaires, include changes in methodological rigor, a shift from sociological which take into account political participation, general self-effi cacy, and psychological issues to more psychological issues, an increase a sense of community, political trust, and their socio-economic in recognition and participation in undergraduate research status. Exploratory and confi rmatory factor analyses show that the conventions and a strong tendency to choose topics related to three types of political effi cacy are abstracted from the scale. The female adolescence and emerging adulthood issues. current fi nding is similar to those reported in previous studies. The results also show that the C-PES is internally consistent and the B-114 Development of a Measure of Work Value in scores, including overall scales and its subscales, are moderately Indian Context: Challenges and Promises correlated with political participation and the corresponding scales Rasmita Das Swain (National University of Educational for criteria validity, including general self-effi cacy, a sense of community, and political trust. Finally, in known group validity, Planning and Administration, India) students with richer knowledge of government have had higher This paper aimed at developing and standardizing a measure of work political effi cacy scores than students from other disciplines (e.g. value in Indian context. The conceptualization of work value was business, psychology). based on the assumption that the cultural norms affect individual work behavior in general and work values in particular. The present study used rational model, a combination of theory and empirical work for item construction and retention. The items were based on fi ve cultural dimensions given by Hofstede (1980,1991,2001) and Health and Subjective Well-Being others given by Sinha (1990). The procedures of scale constructions and standardization were followed to develop work value scale. B-440 Psychological Factors Infl uencing Subjective The reliability, validity and factor analysis were done on police Well-being of Japanese College Students: With professionals. Particular Emphasis on Self-effi cacy 306 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

Yukari Ariizumi, Uichol Kim and Young-shin Park there were signifi cant differences i.e. public school girls scored (Inha University, South Korea) higher than the central school girls. The interaction of mothers Self-effi cacy helps people overcome diffi culties in their early lives with daughters emerged as an important aspect impacting on the and eventually lead to success and satisfaction with their lives reproductive knowledge of adolescents. (Bandura, 1997). The purpose of the study is to investigate how self-effi cacy in different domains contributes to subjective well- B-485 Cultural Representations of Infl uenza A being of Japanese college students. 213 students participated in the (H1N1) in Malaysia survey (57 men and 156 women). We measured self-effi cacy in the Shamsul Haque (Monash University, Malaysia) fi ve domains—self-regulation, interpersonal relationships, social Community dwellers and university students (N=302; age range: harmony, parent-child relationship, and resiliency—along with 18-70, M=26.78, 53% female) took part in a study investigating subjective well-being, social support, trust, stress, and academic initial cultural representations and public perceptions of Infl uenza achievement. It was found that self-effi cacy was positively A (H1N1) in Malaysia. The results revealed that 52% of the correlated with subjective well-being, but the relationships were respondents saw the virus as arising from gene or viral mutations somewhat different depending on the domains of self-effi cacy and and 25% from pig farms. Newspapers, TV and Radio were reported in relation with the other factors. as the fi rst common sources of news about H1N1. The most frequent responses for how H1N1 spread was ‘in the air’ (40%), and from B-148 Spiritual Health Correlates of Personality person to person contact (24%). Washing hands and maintaining Traits and Depression among College Students in good hygiene were indicated by 25% of the respondents as the way Taiwan to protect themselves, while 24% mentioned wearing face masks. People from US, Mexico, or recent travelers (20%), those who Mei Ching Chen (Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan) look ill (18%), and infected (16%) were mentioned to be avoided. The objective of this research was to investigate the spiritual 50% reported reduced public transport usage and 58% indicated health, personality traits and depression among college students in that they might delay or cancel fl ights. Pig farmers (37%), immune Taiwan. A sample of 640 Taiwanese College students responded. compromised individuals (37%), prostitutes (26%), the homeless Personality traits of students tends to be positive. The highest score (25%), homosexuals (17%), and elderly (17%) were reported as is Agreeableness. The lowest score is Neuroticism. In general, “high risk” groups. Those respondents who were the most anxious the spiritual health of students is positive. A positive correlation evaluated particular societal ‘out-groups’ (homosexuals, homeless, was shown between Spiritual health and personality domains of and prostitutes) as at higher infection risk, potentially leading to Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. A increased prejudice during a pandemic. negative correlation was shown between Neuroticism and Spiritual health. A positive correlation was shown between Depression and A-100 The Effects of Positive Writing on Emotional Neuroticism. A negative correlation was shown between Depression Intelligence and Life Satisfaction among Youth and Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. About 30% of students tends to be emotionally low. It indicates presence Maria Hassan and Zeenat Ismail (Institute of Business of a stressful life style among students. Administration, Pakistan) It was hypothesized that positive writing with emotional regulation B-295 Awareness about Reproductive Health amongst cues will result in higher emotional intelligence and greater life School Going Adolescent Girls satisfaction. The participants (n=79) were divided into three groups; control group (n=25) wrote for three sessions on their 1 1 2 Renu Gulati , Kumud Khanna , Adarsh Sharma daily routine, experimental group 1wrote on positive experiences 1 2 ( University of Delhi, India, NIPCCD, India) without emotional regulation cues and experimental group 2 A study was done to explore the awareness regarding reproductive wrote on positive experiences with emotional regulation cues. The health among adolescent girls. The sample constituted 200 comparison of pre writing and post writing interventions of all the adolescent girls in the age range of 13-17 years from 2 different groups shows that writing about positive experiences with emotional types of co-educational schools namely- public and central regulation cues led to increase in both emotional intelligence and schools representing 2 different socio-economic classes. A sub- life satisfaction. There was no signifi cant difference in the reported sample of 100 mothers of these adolescent girls was also part of levels of increase in emotional intelligence of experimental group the sample. The various aspects explored were the physical and 1 and experimental group 2. Life satisfaction level of those who nutritional health status, role of socio-psychological factors and refl ected on positive experiences with emotional regulation cues the infl uence of environmental factors such as media, peers and was reported to be signifi cantly higher than the other two groups. mothers was studied and the awareness about reproductive health. Further, an attempt was made to establish the socio-economic and A-99 Role of Positive Experiences in Teachers’ age differences on all the variables under study for adolescents Refl ective Engagement: A Case Study of Three belonging to 2 different socio-economic classes. The major Individual Teachers fi ndings that emerged were that the knowledge about reproductive Zeenat Ismail and Rabail Qayyum (Institute of Business health was low among adolescents in both types of schools but Administration, Pakistan) Psychological Studies (December 2009) 307

This small-scale exploratory study examined how positive Weak Concentration, Loneliness dimensions, girls scored high in experiences infl uence teachers’ refl ective engagement. Previous Sleep Problems, Anhedonia. Concerning age, there were positive research suggests that positive emotions signal personal well- correlations for boys in fi ve dimensions (Pessimism, Weak being, infl uence further learning and lead to an increase in thinking. Concentration, Fatigue, Anhedonia), while the correlation was However, there is a need to further investigate the role of positive positive in only one (Fatigue), and negative in two (Loneliness, emotions in the realm of teachers’ refl ective engagement. There Low Self-esteem) for girls. are very few researches that investigate how positive experiences affect teachers’ perceptions of their teaching practices and their B-294 Why are some Students Happy and others functioning. Three teachers’ refl ections focussing on positive Not?: Investigating the Role of Academic and Social experiences were qualitatively analysed to explore instances of Goals in Well-Being positive emotions. The results indicate that positive emotions reaffi rm self-concepts of teaching, banish negative feelings, and Ronnel King and David Watkins (The University of encourage high work engagement and deeper understanding Hong Kong, Hong Kong) among the teachers. The fi ndings shed light on the role of positive Much research has investigated the infl uence of various factors emotions in positive psychology and also hold implications for on well-being. However, there is a lack of research on how the methods of writing refl ections in teacher education. academic and social goals pursued by students in class can affect their well-being. In addition, research on well-being seems to A-17 Coming Out of the Shadows: Husbands Speak have an implicit individualist assumption because most measures about Abuse of well-being only focus on its intrapersonal dimension (e.g. self-esteem, positive affect) neglecting its more interpersonal Jerry Jurisprudencia (Philippines) aspects (e.g. collective self-esteem, relationship harmony, Using a phenomenological-clinical approach the study is a etc.). This research investigated the role of different academic pioneering work that explored the experiences of six Filipino (mastery, performance) and social goals (social affi liation, social husbands who were abused in the context of an intimate approval, social concern, social responsibility, and social status) in relationship, how abuse affected their perception, and the possible infl uencing both individual and interpersonal dimensions of well- risk factors that contributed to their being abuse. At the time the being in the Philippines. Results indicated the salience of some study was conducted, two out of the six men have their marriages academic and social goals in infl uencing well-being. Implications annulled, while one was in the process of annulment and three for future research and recommendations for improving student were still planning to fi le for annulment. The men were between well-being are discussed. 27 to 57 years of age, Catholic, and all were professionals. They were interviewed and clinically assessed using several instruments B-179 The “Psychological Typhoon Eye” Effect in the namely: a clinical interview questionnaire designed by the Wenchuan Earthquake over One Year researcher, the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS), Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Sack’s Sentence Completion Shu Li, Li-Lin Rao, Xiao-Peng Ren, Xin-Wen Bai, Rui Test (SSCT). In addition, Genogram was also used to provide a Zheng, Jin-Zhen Li, Zuo-Jun Wang, Huan Liu and Kan visual representation of the abused husbands’ nuclear family and Zhang (Chinese Academy Of Sciences, China) family of origin. A conceptual framework was developed for the On 12 May 2008, the devastating magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck purpose of capturing the abused husbands’ experiences of abuse Wenchuan, China. The catastrophic earthquake dramatically and the trauma that consequently followed it. heightened people’s concern about safety and health. We have observed an effect of “Psychological Typhoon Eye”: the closer B-473 Prevalence of Depressionby Gender and Grade to the center of the devastated areas, the less the concern about among Omani Children safety and health a resident felt. To investigate the proceeding of this effect, we conducted two sequential surveys. Residents Ali Mahdi Kazem and Abdulqawi Salim Alzubaidi in non-devastated and devastated areas responded to 5 questions (Sultan Qaboos University, Iraq) on their concern about safety and health. The results showed that The aim of the present study is to explore prevalence rate of the respondents’ concern decreased signifi cantly with the increase depression among Omani Children as well as to fi nd out whether of the residential devastation level. Additionally, respondents’ there is a difference according to gender and grade. The Arabic concern decreased as the relational distance between a respondent translated version of multidimensional child and adolescent and victims who suffered physical/economic damage increased. depression scale was given to 1385 boys and girls, 849 boys, Together, the results showed a robust “Psychological Typhoon 536 girls, ranging in age from 9 to 19 years old (Mean=14.05, Eye” effect. Our fi ndings may have implications for Chinese SD=2.18) drawn randomly from 10 schools representing different government to put ‘‘psychological comfort’’ into effect. areas in Muscat educational district in Oman. The results show the prevalence rate is 5.70% (boys 5.06%, girls 6.16%) showing a B-51 Stress and Coping: Comparison Urban and low rate of depression. In general, there is no gender difference in Rural the total scores of the scale, but there is a difference in the scores of the four dimensions of the scale. While boys scored high in Lailawati Bte Madlan, Ferlis Hj. Bahari, Naimah Hj. 308 Psychological Studies (December 2009)

Yusof and Balan Ratakrishnan (University Malaysia Medicine, Japan, 2Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Sabah, Malaysia) Japan) This paper presents a comparison study of stress and coping Authors had a chance to analyze the incident reports by online- strategy between secondary teachers in the rural and urban area. based collection of a medical center in Osaka. In this center, there The research conducted in the Northern part (rural area) and kota are around 1000 beds and 1500 staffs are working. The information Kinabalu city (Urban area) in Sabah. Altogether 623 teachers from technology system has been introduced to a whole information fi fteen urban and rural schools participated in this research. The system of medical care since 2007. Over 4000 incidents were researchers fi rst modifi ed survey instruments used in this research, reported every year since 2006 when online-based collection which includes index of Teaching Stress (ITS) 73 items, Stress system of incident reports had started. In this study, we examine Index 10 items and Coping Strategy 15 items. The result shows that the qualitative aspects of these incident reports to identify the out of six sources of stress subscales, three subscales were found characteristics of recognition and norm of safety among Japanese to be signifi cantly differences between sources of stress of urban medical staffs. Then, we attempt to investigate the developmental and rural schools teachers. These subscales were intrinsic, school stage of safety culture and to search the factors to cause the management role and relationship with others. In addition, out of retardation of development in hospital organization. Finally, from 25 coping strategies, only eight factors found to be frequentlyn the view point of Group dynamics, we try to discuss the effective used by both teachers from urban and rural schools. approach of a report system for education and cultivation of patient’s safety. B-42 Role of Psychologist in End-of-Life Care Yash Manchanda (Lanterman Development Centre A-97 Javanese Concept of Psychological Well-Being Pomona, USA) Listyati Setyo Palupi (Airlangga University, Indonesia) Culturally diverse and the aging population requires new skills Psychological well-being is refers to a diverse set of measures that for the psychologists. This presentation is based upon ELNEC include: life satisfaction, environmental mastery, self-effi cacy, (City of Hope) and American Psychological Association Training, hope, happiness, and quality of life. Javanese is one of Indonesian provides an overview of the role of psychologist in End-Of-Life tribe which has their own concept on how to achieve psychological care. The topics include: Principles of Palliative Care, Pain/ well being which known as pangawikan pribadi (mawas diri) and non-pain Management, vignettes on cultural/ethical issues and rasa bebas. Those two concepts are associated with Javanese bereavement. psychological wellbeing. Aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between B-399 Subjective Well-Being and its Correlates Javanese concept which is pangawikan pribadi (mawas diri) and Among Singaporean University Students rasa bebas with their psychological well being. Method used in Leslie Minor (Central Oregon Community College this research is survey research. The samples studied included Oregon, USA) Javanese people in Indonesia. The sampling technique used in this research was purposive sampling. In the past few years social scientists have begun to examine whether indicators of SWB are qualitatively analogous across B-187 Marital Intimacy and Psychological Well-Being cultures, and whether life experiences in different parts of the world in Urban, Indian Husbands and Wives can be equated, given differences in cultural values and world views. In the current study, 310 university students in Singapore Shaifali Sandhya (The Adler School of Professional (described as a Confucian and collectivist society) were surveyed Psychology, USA) using standard measures of life satisfaction, community and This research investigates how middle-class Indian husbands and ethnic identity, religious preference, and self-esteem, to determine wives negotiate two different discourses- self and marriage in whether cultural factors predicted self-esteem. Results were not as their globalizing world. In contrast to prevalent cultural theories expected: Self-esteem best predicted SWB, while ethnic identity of happiness, the fi ndings show that beliefs are central not only did not; feeling connected to one's community predicted SWB to a to the well-being of relationship of Indian couples but predicts lesser extent. Implications for cross-national SWB research in the depression in wives. As couples branch off from their extended modern Singapore and larger Southeast Asian context of hybrid families and marriage assumes a seminal role; furthermore, as values are discussed. young Indians increasingly start to make critical decisions around marital partners their perceptions of their partners as supportive, intimate and trustworthy have begun to change their notions of A-82 Qualitative Analysis of the Incident Reports of marital happiness. In this study, it was investigated: whether Japanese Medical Center: What is the Effective Report Indian husbands and wives appraised themselves, each other System to Promote Patient’s Safety Culture? and their marital situation; if the nature, frequency and valence Etsuko Nakagami-Yamaguchi1, Kunshik Park1, of their self and partner perceptions affected their marital quality. Kumiko Fujinaga2, Kazunori Nakamura2 and Testuo For instance, do positive appraisals of one's partner such as Arakawa1 (1Osaka City University Graduate School of understanding, trust, support, empathy, and validation considered Psychological Studies (December 2009) 309 critical for American marriages, affect the happiness of Hindu psychological disorders, the ability to identify a disorder, and the husbands and wives, three, if such appraisals of husbands and help-seeking strategy to attain mentally healthy state. There were wives affected their psychological well being. The processes 118 participants who provided their response to the questionnaire. by which sociocultural factors such as gender and family living Results indicated that the community in Surabaya has a low ability arrangements affect happiness and well-being in Indian families. in identifying mental and psychological disorders. In general, Using two methodologies, self-reports and narrative analyses, in the participants recommended psychiatrists or psychologists as this study valence, and frequency of appraisals in 182 husbands professionals for help-seeking target. On the other hand, they also and wives predicting their happiness and psychological well-being recommended people who suffer mental disorders to share their was ascertained. problems with friends or family members, or to pray. The results also indicated the possibility of a high prevalence of depression B-474 Social and Psychological Well being: in the community. Based on the results, it is suggested to design Antecedents and consequences mental health promotion strategy by disseminating information Kailash B. L. Sriavastava (IIT Kharagpur, India) targeting on depression and other symptoms that were known in the community. Social and Psychological well-being of individuals has assumed signifi cance in the context of changing social, cultural, and economic environment, which has affected individuals mental B-428 The Many Faces of Identity: Ethnic and health, happiness, and performance. This study has examined the Religious Identity as Buffers of Discrimination and social and psychological well being and its consequent impact Predictors of Psychological Well-being in Muslim Youth on social involvement, work family balance, and mental health, in New Zealand of managers in work organizations. The data were collected from Colleen Ward and Jaimee Stuart (Victoria University of 200 executives belonging to 4 organizations using structured Wellington, New Zealand) interview schedule. The effi cacy of the proposed conceptual Survey methods were used to examine identity, discrimination and model on various determinants and consequences of well being psychological well-being in 188 Muslim youth of Asian (65%), was examined. The results indicted social factors like family African (24%) and Middle Eastern (9%) descent in New Zealand. life satisfaction and social relationship signifi cantly predicted The major research questions were: 1) What are the relative social well being of the employees. The results showed the strengths of religious and ethnic identity in minority youth? 2) Individual factors mainly personality, resilience and optimism, Which group membership is perceived to be the source of greater and job enrichment and culture of the organization signifi cantly discrimination? and 3) How do identities and discrimination impact predicted psychological wellbeing. The results also showed on psychological well-being (life satisfaction and ethno-cultural the interaction of these factors had signifi cant impact on social and psychological wellbeing.The mediating affect of social and identity confl ict)? The fi ndings indicated that: ethnic and religious psychological well being was also examined and it was found that identity were positively correlated, but Islamic identity was stronger it has signifi cantly mediated the relationship between individual than ethnic identity in all ethnic groups; and discrimination was and social factors with mental health, happiness quotient, and perceived to occur more frequently on the basis of religion than social involvement. ethnicity. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed a positive main effect of ethnic identity and an interaction effect of discrimination x Islamic identity on life satisfaction, with stronger Islamic identity A-105 Mental Health Literacy among Surabaya buffering the negative consequences of discrimination. Hierarchical Inhabitants regression also demonstrated that strong ethnic identity and Islamic Endang R. Surjaningrum (Indonesia) practices predicted decrements in ethno-cultural identity confl ict The research aimed to explore mental health literacy of (EIC); perceived discrimination was associated with an increase inhabitants in Surabaya. This term refers to the understanding in EIC; and the negative consequences of perceived discrimination of mental health, the ability to describe behaviors of mental and on EIC were buffered by Islamic identity.