Species Selection – Altitude, Temperature, Rainfall, Soil Depth, Community Needs Session – III Time: 10:00 Am to 12.00 Noon By: SI Partners Objectives

Module 6.7 Species Selection – Altitude, Temperature, Rainfall, Soil Depth, Community needs Session – III Time: 10:00 am to 12.00 noon By: SI partners Objectives

• Overview of the last session

• Topography, temperature and rainfall of Meghalaya

• 5W1H Framework for implementation of Agroforestry

• Soil properties

• Species selection Overview of last session

• Understanding fundamentals of Agroforestry system.

• Different Agro-forestry systems

• Case studies from Meghalaya Region reflecting the monetary benefits of these systems

• Why agro-forestry and SDM are interlinked

• The two questions that were to be answered in this session: – How do we counteract the acidic nature of soil due to pines – Can we promote local species for agro-forestry systems Tropic Zones

Altitude of Meghalaya

Meghalaya has a temperate climate with the low to high altitudes affecting the climate Rainfall of Meghalaya

The average annual rainfall is 2600mm over western Meghalaya, 2500 to 3000 mm over northern and about 4000mm over south-eastern Soil Properties

Rich in: Organic Carbon (Nitrogen supplying potential of soil) Deficit In: Phosphorous & Potassium

Soil Properties-Common Soil Types in Meghalaya

– Red Loamy or hill soils – Lateritic soils – Alluvial soils

Soil Properties Location Agricultural Use

•Derived directly from residuary base and intermediate Red Loam Central upland igneous rocks by weathering hot climates Not very useful for or hill soil of Khasi- •Deficient in potash, phosporic acid and lime agriculture Jaintia Hills •The soil is mostly sandy because of sanstone

•Formed by weathering of rocks like granite, gneisses, The western diorites. part of the Paddy, potato, fruits, •Deficient in lime, potash, iron oxide, phosphorous, central Laterite and other crops in nitrogen and humus uplands, and plains and terraces •It is sandy in southern War country, silty loam on flat western section valleys, loam to silty loam ins western Garo hills of Garo hills

Periphery of •Deficient in nitrogen, humus and phosphorous but rich in Suitable for Meghalaya: Alluvial potash and lime cultivation of rice, Garo, Khasi & •Vary in nature from sandy loam to clay fruits and vegetables Ri-bhoi hills 5W 1H of Agroforestry

A 5W 1H framework can guide us implement Agroforestry System in an area:

• What is our understanding about Agro-forestry?

• Why to plant, (benefits of Agroforestry+SDM)? Covered

• Where to plant (Selection of Site)?

• Which tree species to plant (Selection of Plants/Mixing combination) ?

This This Session • Who needs own the process (Stressing Community onus)?

• How to plant (Incorporating the Nursery techniques)?

Next Next Session Where to Plant (Site Selection)?

Considerations in selection of Site:

• Location: Ensure ease of transportation to the location of final plantation. Also, has to be on a previous forest land rather than agricultural sites.

• Water Availability: Enough water available during dry season. A nautral source of water at a higher level from which water can be tapped using gravity

• Topography and drainage: The site should be almost flat with good drainage. Should be selected close to the edge of a high forest or in the middle of a grassland

• Soil: Ideally should have sandy loam to loamy texture. Soil should have a pH 5.5 to 7.5, moderate fertility, with a minimum of 2.5% organic matter.

Assessment of Soil Texture

Water and Infiltration Texture Root growth Compaction Nutrient Rate availability

Little Sandy No compaction High Low resistance

Sandy Highly susceptible to Not restricted Moderate Moderate Loam mechanical compaction

Moderately susceptible to Loam Not restricted Moderate Moderate mechanical compaction

Not restricted Moderately susceptible to Low to Silt Loam Moderate mechanical compaction moderate

Not restricted Moderately susceptible to Moderate to Clay Loam Low mechanical compaction high

Frequently Moderately susceptible to Low to almost Moderate to Clay restricted mechanical compaction restrictive high Criteria for Species Selection

Large-scale Forest Large-scale Small-scale village/ Agroforestry systems plantation nonindustrial forest community forest plantation plantation

•Yield over 10-15 m3 •Intensive root system •Easy propagation •Multiple uses /ha/yr. •Good survival and •Coppicing •Nitrogen fixation •Easy propagation growth •Multiple uses •Deep rooting •Clonal propagation •Suitable for marginal •Fast growth •Coppicing •Marketing lands •Short rotation •Fast growth •Valuable timber •Undemanding •High acceptance •Light crowns •Suitable for •Multiple uses •Site-specific •High acceptance monocultures •Good natural •Site-specific •Resistance to pests regeneration •Fire/wind resistance •Easy propagation •Auto tolerant •Coppicing •Ease of pruning •Soil improvement •Good wood properties •Robust against •Availability of proven browsing seeds •Site-specific •Site specific List of species in Agroforestry systems- Meghalaya

Local Name Scientific Name Category

Pig Sus scrofa domesticus Animal

Goat Capra aegagrus hircus Animal

Cow (Holstein) Bos Taurus Animal

Layer birds White Leghorn Birds Duck Indian Runner and Khaki Campbell Birds Silver Carp Hypopthalmichthys molitrix Fish

Rohu Labeo rohita Fish

Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala Fish

Grass Carp Ctenopharyungodon idella Fish

Gonius Labeo gonius Fish

Catla Catla catla Fish List of Cash Crops grown in AFS

Local Name Scientific Name Category

Tea Camellia sinensis Cash Crop

Large Cardamom Amomum subulatum Cash Crop

Broom grass Thysanolaena maxima Cash Crop

Black Pepper Piper nigrum Cash Crop

ginger (cv Nadia) Zingiber officinale Cash Crop

Turmeric (cv RCT-1) Curcuma longa Cash Crop Food Plants Grown in AFS

Local Name Scientific Name Category

Taro Colocasia esculenta Food Plant Tapioca Manihot esculenta Food Plant Soyabean(cv Alankar) Glycine max Food Plant Radish Raphanus sativus Food Plant Potato Solanum tuberosum Food Plant Pigeon pea (Tur/arhar dal) Cajanus cajan Food Plant Paddy Oryza sativa Food Plant Maize Zea mays Food Plant Linseed Linum usitatissimum Food Plant Colocasia Colocasia indica Food Plant Brinjal Solanum melongena Food Plant Beans Phaseolus vulgaris Food Plant Fruit Plants Grown in AFS

Local Name Scientific Name Category

Plum Prunus domestica Fruit Plant

Pine Apple (cv Kew) Ananas comosus Fruit Plant

Peach Prunus persica Fruit Plant

Moringa or drumstick tree Morus alba Fruit Plant

Mandarin Orange Citrus reticulata Fruit Plant

Lemon C. lemon Fruit Plant

Khasi Orange C. sinensis Fruit Plant

European Pear Pyrus communis Fruit Plant

Common Guava Psidium guajava Fruit Plant Hedge, MPT and Woody Trees

Local Name Scientific Name Category Rattlepods Crotolaria tetragona Hedge Plant Hitch-hikers Desmodium rensonii, Hedge Plant Flemingia tree Flemingia macrophylla Hedge Plant True indigo (Pea family) Indigofera tinctoria, Hedge Plant White hoarypea Tephrosia candida Hege Plant Jack Fruit Artocarpus heterophyllus MPT Indian Mahogny Chukrasia tabularis MPT Mulberry Plant Machilus bombycina Sericulture Plant Yongchak Tree(bean) Parkia roxburghii Woody Tree Pipli or exbucklandia Symingtonia populnea Woody Tree Nepalese Alder Alnus nepalensis Woody Tree Mountain ebony or orchid tree Bauhinia Variegate Woody Tree Kothal Sopa Michelia oblonga Woody Tree Gamhar Gmelina arborea Woody Tree Champa Michelia champaca Woody Tree Until Next Session. . . .

• Identify the Geographical, Soil, Rain parameters of your respective fields

• Based on the Soil texture, Temperature and rainfall conditions identify 5 species you would choose to cultivate in your respective field area

• For the different species shared, select the ones being locally used

• From the Plant Species shared, apply one complete 5W 1H cycle of implementation

Thank You!!