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The Development of a Method for the Identification And THE DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF PRESERVATION VALUES FOR THE PROTECTION OF WWII UNITED STATES ARMY AIRBASES IN TEXAS A Dissertation by MICHAEL ANTHONY BUNCH Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Committee Chairman: Robert Warden Committee Members: Geoffrey Booth James Bradford David G. Woodcock Head of Department: Ward Wells December 2014 Major Subject: Architecture Copyright 2014 Michael Anthony Bunch ABSTRACT Currently no compendiums of values exist that systematically outline criteria needed to guide historical and cultural conservation of the remaining AAF bases in Texas. This study examines buildings previously considered mundane and expendable to provide guidance to preservationists so that they may assign historical and cultural value to WWII AAF bases in Texas. This study analyzes criteria that could be used to determine the value of remaining assets at Bryan AAB, Hearne AAB, and Carswell AFB in Texas. This project analyzes the prevailing international standards currently used with the intent of developing values and standards across major international preservation societies and organizations that may be applied to AAF bases in Texas. Next, the study develops a process of systematic evaluation that produces an Optimal Conservation Index (OCI). An OCI is derived when a project administrator evaluates the overall project to determine the genotype and phenotype configuration of specific components of the project. Four primary objectives and fourteen standards were developed to guide the preservation efforts following careful evaluation of word repetition counts using the Getty Institute compilation of international conservation statements. These were categorized in pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic groups to generate a numerical value, intended to give overarching guidance to the leaders and stakeholders of the conservation project. The values were averaged and tabulated to derive the OCI. The ii conclusion of this study recommends the initial OCI be used to educate all stakeholders in the project to foster consensus after they have had an opportunity to evaluate and, if necessary, modify the OCI evaluation process. Once the OCI has been established to the agreement of all the stakeholders, it should be utilized to prioritize conservation efforts. Please note that a substantial number of the photos and all of the charts and graphs in this document are from the private collection of the author. As such, no citation is required as they are explained in the text. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Professor Warden, and my committee members, Professors Woodcock, Bradford, and Booth, for their guidance and support throughout the course of this study. I would like to thank Joel Kitchens at the TAMU Library for his assistance. I would also like to offer my thanks to my friends and colleagues and the department faculty and staff for making my time at Texas A&M University a wonderful experience. iv NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS AAB Army Airbase A&E Architectural and Engineering AFB Air Force Base AFBCA Air Force Base Conversion Agency ACC Air Combat Command ADM Administration AGE Aircraft Generation and Engine Shop ALCM Air Launched Cruise Missile ANG Air National Guard ARNG Army National Guard AT-## Training Aircraft Number B/CS Bryan/College Station B- ## Bomber Aircraft Number BW Bomber Wing BRAC Base Realignment and Closure Commission C-## Cargo Aircraft Number CAP Civil Air Patrol CE Civil Engineering CMU Concrete Modular Unit/Concrete Block COE United States Army Corps of Engineers v CONUS Continental United States CRM Cultural Resources Management DOD Department of Defense Elev. Building Elevation EUCOM European Command F-## Fighter Aircraft Number H-## Helicopter Aircraft Number HQ Military Headquarters LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design MAC Military Air Command-Cargo Carriers NOTUM Navigation Operations Technical Update Message (Facility Condition Reports for Airfields) JRB Joint Reserve Base MK-# Alpha Numeric Designation Given to an Atomic Bomb MAG Military Airlift Group MAINT Maintenance MEP Mechanical/Electrical/Plumbing NHPA National Historic Preservation Act MWR Moral Welfare Recreation NAS Naval Air Station NCO Non-commissioned Officer OCI Optimal Conservation Index vi OPS Military Operations PACAF Pacific Air Forces PI Personal Investigator PT Primary Fighter Trainer Aircraft P-## Fighter Aircraft during WWII POV Private Non-Government Owned Vehicle POW Prisoner of War PX Post Exchange/Variety Retail Sales ROIC Resident Officer in Charge SAC Strategic Air Command/Bomber Command SHPO State Historical Preservation Office SRAM Short Range Attack Missile SE South East SV Services TB Training Bomber T-## Training Aircraft Number T-# Temporary (when referring to a building) TAC Tactical Air Command/Fighter Command TANG Texas Air National Guard TB-## Training Bomber Number TAMU Texas A&M University THC Texas Historical Commission vii UK The United Kingdom USAF United States Air Force USAFR United States Air Force Reserve USGS United States Geological Service VAT Vinyl/Asbestos/Tile YRB-## Reconnaissance Bomber viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... iv NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 Scale and Impact of World War II ........................................................................ 2 Purpose of This Study .......................................................................................... 5 Evaluation of Previous Research on Studying Historical Conservation Values ...... 8 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 16 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 17 The Science of Word Searches ............................................................................. 24 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 37 How Do We Apply Values? ................................................................................. 39 Authenticity ......................................................................................................... 42 Technical Aspects ................................................................................................ 49 Changes in the Meanings of Terms ...................................................................... 51 Literature Review ................................................................................................ 56 History of Cultural Preservation ........................................................................... 61 Hints from a Study of Psychology in Relation To Values ..................................... 66 The Valuation of Art ............................................................................................ 69 CHAPTER III ASSESSING INTERNATIONAL PRESERVATION VALUES FROM 1877 TO 2008 ................................................................................ 74 How Do We Think About Values? ....................................................................... 84 Typologies of Values ........................................................................................... 86 Expected Results of the Evaluation of the Three Bases ......................................... 92 Definition of Terms Used in This Evaluation........................................................ 95 ix Page CHAPTER IV THE THREE BASE STUDY ......................................................... 101 Historical Overview of the Three Bases ............................................................... 106 History of Bryan Army Airbase ........................................................................... 109 History of Carswell AFB...................................................................................... 190 History of Hearne AAF and POW Camp .............................................................. 256 Summary ............................................................................................................. 280 CHAPTER V FINDINGS ...................................................................................... 282 Conclusions from the Survey of the Getty Documents .......................................... 297 Summary Statements Based on the Findings ........................................................ 302 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................ 305 Recommendations for WWII Army Airbases in Texas ......................................... 305 Four Recommended Principles ............................................................................. 306 Fourteen Recommended Standards ....................................................................... 309
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