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Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass - Techniques, Applications and Commercialization

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Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass - Techniques, Applications and Commercialization SUSTAINABLE DEGRADATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS - TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS AND COMMERCIALIZATION Edited by Anuj K. Chandel and Silvio Silvério da Silva Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass - Techniques, Applications and Commercialization http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/1490 Edited by Anuj K. Chandel and Silvio Silvério da Silva Contributors Elba Bon, Ayla Sant’Ana da Silva, Viridiana Santana Ferreira-Leitão, Rodrigo da Rocha Olivieri de Barros, Maria Antonieta Ferrara, Ricardo Sposina Sobral Teixeira, Rondinelle de Oliveira Moutta, Masahide Yasuda, Rosa Estela Quiroz- Castañeda, Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol, Vittaya Punsuvon, Tim Dumonceaux, Thomas Canam, Jennifer Town, Lope G. Tabil, Kingsley Iroba, Wagner Rodrigo De Souza, Fernanda Motta, Maria Helena Santana, Cristiane Andrade, Zhijia Liu, Benhua Fei, Larissa Canilha, Rita Rodrigues, Felipe F.A. Antunes, Anuj Chandel, Silvio Silva, Danielle Julie Carrier Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, users who aim to disseminate and distribute copies of this book as a whole must not seek monetary compensation for such service (excluded InTech representatives and agreed collaborations). After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Pantar Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published May, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass - Techniques, Applications and Commercialization, Edited by Anuj K. Chandel and Silvio Silvério da Silva p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1119-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Section 1 Potential Biomass Sources 1 Chapter 1 Characteristics of Moso Bamboo with Chemical Pretreatment 3 Zhijia Liu and Benhua Fei Chapter 2 Bioconversion of Hemicellulose from Sugarcane Biomass Into Sustainable Products 15 Larissa Canilha, Rita de Cássia Lacerda Brambilla Rodrigues, Felipe Antônio Fernandes Antunes, Anuj Kumar Chandel, Thais Suzane dos Santos Milessi, Maria das Graças Almeida Felipe and Silvio Silvério da Silva Chapter 3 Sugarcane and Woody Biomass Pretreatments for Ethanol Production 47 Ayla Sant’Ana da Silva, Ricardo Sposina Sobral Teixeira, Rondinele de Oliveira Moutta, Viridiana Santana Ferreira-Leitão, Rodrigo da Rocha Olivieri de Barros, Maria Antonieta Ferrara and Elba Pinto da Silva Bon Section 2 Biomass Processing 89 Chapter 4 Effectiveness of Lignin-Removal in Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation for Ethanol Production from Napiergrass, Rice Straw, Silvergrass, and Bamboo with Different Lignin-Contents 91 Masahide Yasuda, Keisuke Takeo, Tomoko Matsumoto, Tsutomu Shiragami, Kazuhiro Sugamoto, Yoh-ichi Matsushita and Yasuyuki Ishii VI Contents Chapter 5 The Effect of Washing Dilute Acid Pretreated Poplar Biomass on Ethanol Yields 105 Noaa Frederick, Ningning Zhang, Angele Djioleu, Xumeng Ge, Jianfeng Xu and Danielle Julie Carrier Chapter 6 Hydrolysis of Biomass Mediated by Cellulases for the Production of Sugars 119 Rosa Estela Quiroz-Castañeda and Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol Chapter 7 Optimization of Delignification and Enzyme Hydrolysis of Steam Exploded Oil Palm Trunk for Ethanol Production by Response Surface Methodology 157 Vittaya Punsuvon Section 3 Microbial Pretreatment of Lignocellulosics 179 Chapter 8 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Microorganisms: Approaches, Advantages, and Limitations 181 Thomas Canam, Jennifer Town, Kingsley Iroba, Lope Tabil and Tim Dumonceaux Chapter 9 Microbial Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass 207 Wagner Rodrigo de Souza Section 4 Sustainable Products from Lignocellulosics 249 Chapter 10 A Review of Xylanase Production by the Fermentation of Xylan: Classification, Characterization and Applications 251 F. L. Motta, C. C. P. Andrade and M. H. A. Santana Preface This book is primarily focused on the key aspects of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) degrada‐ tion and eventually the production of value-added products. LB is the most abundant re‐ newable organic resources (∼200 billion tons annually) on earth that are readily available for conversion to biofuels and other value-added products (industrial enzymes, organic acids, pharmaceuticals, commodity chemicals, and food/feed). However, LB has not yet been tapped for the commercial production of these products. The book content has been divided into four sections. Section 1 deals with the various kinds of potential biomass sources. Section 1 contains 3 chapters. Chapter 1 details about the bam‐ boo as biomass source, the characterization of cell wall components and chemical pretreat‐ ment. Chapter 2 comprehensively reviews the characterization of sugarcane residues (sugarcane bagasse and straw) which is important biomass in countries like Brazil, India and China. This chapter is particularly dedicated to hemicellulose fraction of cell wall of these residues which can be converted into several value-added products. Methods of hemi‐ cellulose de-polymerization, detoxification of xylose-rich solution, microbial conversion of pentose sugars into various products and the economic aspects of by-products derived dur‐ ing hemicellulose destruction. Chapter 3 exclusively discusses various pretreatment technol‐ ogies for sugarcane residues and woody biomass. Emphasis has been placed on mechanistic changes in cell wall after pretreatment of biomass sources. Section 2 covers the important aspects of biomass processing involved in biomass pretreat‐ ment, saccharification and ethanol production. There are 4 chapters in this section. Chapter 4 specifically shows the effect of lignin removal on ethanol production via simultaneous sac‐ charification and co-fermentation from napier grass, rice straw, silver grass and bamboo. Minimization of water usage is an important feature for any bioprocess industry. The effect of washing the cellulignin from poplar for ethanol production has been elaborated in chap‐ ter 5. Chapter 6 shows the effect of cellulase loadings and other inevitable conditions on bio‐ mass saccharification for the clean sugars production. Chapter 7 demonstrates the statistical optimization of delignification and hydrolysis of steam exploded oil palm trunk for ethanol production. Section 3 provides a thorough analysis on recent progress on microbial pretreatment of bio‐ mass in 2 chapters. Microbial pretreatment of biomass has shown promising results for the delignification while retaining maximum carbohydrates in the plant cell wall for the subse‐ quent conversion into fermentable sugars. Chapter 8 provides the technical overview on mi‐ crobial delignification of biomass in addition to limitations and various process configurations. Microorganism mediated biodelignification, the mechanism involved in bio‐ delignification, enzyme production profile of various microorganisms, and the possible ap‐ VIII Preface proaches for developing the robust microbial pretreatment strategy have been elaborated in Chapter 9. Section 4 finally devoted to industrial enzymes production from lignocellulosic biomass em‐ ploying various process configurations. Chapter 10 comprehensively reviews the xylanase production, microorganisms, fermentation methodologies and xylanolytic machineries for the complete depolymerisation of carbohydrate fraction from cell wall. We sincerely believe that this book will be a useful source of information for graduate and post graduate students, researchers in the field of life sciences, biochemical engineering, and professionals from both academia and industries. Anuj would like to express sincere thanks to his wife, Meenakshi, and son, Abhay, for their immense support during editing of this book. Silvio Silvério is also thankful to his wife, Deyse, and daughter, Isabela, for their coop‐ eration while editing this book. We welcome the reader’s suggestions to improve future editions. Readers’ benefits will be the best reward for the editors and authors. Dr. Anuj K. Chandel, University of São Paulo, Brazil Professor Silvio Silvério da Silva, University of São Paulo, Brazil “Learning gives creativity Creativity leads to thinking Thinking provides knowledge Knowledge makes you great.” (Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam) Section 1 Potential Biomass Sources Chapter 1 Characteristics of Moso Bamboo with Chemical Pretreatment Zhijia Liu and Benhua Fei Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55379
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