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MANHATTAN DISTRICT HISTORY

BOOK IV - P U B PROJECT

1 -1 0

VOLPMK 2 - RESEARCH FOEEKCfiD

Part IX of Volurae 2 of Book IT of the Manhattan Diatria* History presents a description of the design, construction, and operation of the Clinton Laboratories* This work la desoribed as a part of Vo luma

2 because tha work conducted at Clinton Labor*toriea was part of tha research and development phaaaa of tha Pile Project* Tha reaearoh work porforrnad at tha ilatallurgloal Laboratory la daaorlbad In Fart

I of thla toIubc*

Tha data oontalnad in thla volume ara baaed on tha Seneral Filea of tha Dlatrlot Offlaa and thoaa oontalnad in tha rooorda of tha Oper- atlons Offloe, Clinton Laboratories, together with the fllea of E* I* du Pont da Hanours Company, Wilmington, Delaware, and tha University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois* Thla hiatory covera tha period fraa tha i no apt ion of tha Manhattan Dlatrlot to 31 Decenber 1946* The data

31 Deoember 1946 haa been aeleoted beoauae of ita being tha laat day of operation prior to whloh tha Atomic Energy Cotacdaaion aaaxned re- ponaibillty for all dutlea and acoountablllty of tha !Janhattan Dlatrlot*

The Suponary contalne an abstract of every nmin subject treated in tha text and is keyed t^ the text In aueh a manner that paragraph num- bera and headinge In the sunraary correspond to the various sections in the text*

A number of appendioas are attached to illustrate the text of tha volume by steana of napa, drawings, charts, tabulations and photographs*

A separata Top Jeoret Appendix 1ms been prepared to this voluns in whloh production data are shown* ’

Fl Other phase* of the history of the Pile Project are desoribed lnt

Book XT • Volume 1 • general Posture*

Book IT - Voluas S • Design Book I? - Yoluns 4 • Lend Acquisition, HEW

Book IV - Volume 5 • Construotion «» * J Book IT • Volume B • Operstioa

31 Deoember 1944 ♦

Ft MANHATTAN DISTRICT HISTORY

BOOK 17 - PUB PROJECT

VOLUME 2 - RESEARCH

PART II - CLINTON LABORATORIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Par.'jfao. Page N o , FOREWORD

SUMMARY

SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION

1-1 Objective* 1.1 1-2 Scop* 1.1 1-3 Authorisation 1.2 1 -J* Location 1.2 SECTION 2 - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

2 -1 General 2.1 2-2 Negotiation of Contract 2.1 2-3 Contractual Arrangement* 2.2 a* Statement of Work 2.2 b. Title to Property 2.3 c. Coat of Work 2.3 2—1* Performance of Construction Contractor 2.3 a. General 2.3 b. Pile Facilities 2.3 c. Chemical Processing Plant 2.U d. Training Facilities for Hanford 2.1i e. Power and Comunication Facilities 2.5 f. General Service Facilities 2.5 g. ProcW* Area Service Facilities 2.6 h. Subcontracts 2.6 i. Procurement 2.7 2-5 Construction Delays 2.7 a* Classified Construction 2.7 b. Labor ‘Shortage 2.8 c. Labor Turnover 2.8 d. Unusually High Rainfall 2.8 2-6 Emergency Additions 2 . 9 2-7 Cost ♦ 2.10 i

> ]

Par. No. Page N o .

SECTION 3 - OPERATION OF CLINTON LABORATORIES

3-1 Selection of Operating Contractor 3*1 a. General 3.1 b. Negotiation of Original Contract 3.2 3-2 Contractual Arrangements 3.2 a. Statement of Work 3.2 b. Title to Property 3.3 ♦ i > c. Coat of Work 3.3 y-4 Performance of Contractor 3.3 a. General 3.3 b. Health Program 3.U c. Safety Program 3.U d. Intelligence and Security Program 3.U e. Personnel 3.5 3-4* Contractual Changeover 3.5 3-5 Cost o f Operation 3.6 SECTION U - PRODUCTION OF PLUTONIUM

U-l General U.l U-2 Description of Pile U.2 a. General U.2 b* Graphite Matrix U.2 c. Pile Shielding U*3 d. Pile Shielding Openings u.u e. Cooling System U.5 f. Pile Controls U.6 g. Slug Handling Facilities U.6 U-3 Pile Start-Up U.7 U—u Increase of Operating Level U.8 U-5 Interruptions of Operation U.9 U—6 Completion of Work U.10 SECTION 5 - DEVELOPMENT OF A SEPARATION PROCESS

’5- 1 General V: 5.1 5-2 Description of Facilities 5.2 a. General 5.2 b. Pilot Plant 5.2 5-3 Proeess Development 5.3 5-J* Final Test's and Recommendations 5.U 5-5 Development of Isolation Process 5.5 a. General 5.5 b. Method 5.5 5-6 Uranium Wastes * 5.6 a. Storage 5.6 b. Recovery 5.6 5-7 Completion of Work 5.7

ii P a r . N o . Page No,

5-8 Development of Alternate Process 5*7 5-9 Chemical Studies of fission Products and Heavy Elements 5*8 a. Studies of the Process of Fission 5*8 b. Studies of the Chemistry of Plutonium 5*9 5-10 Radioisotopes 5*9 a. Laboratory Expansion 5.10

SECTIDI 6 - DESIGH AND OPERATING j" PROBLEMS

6-1 General 6.1 6-2 Detection of Slug Swelling and Can Failure 6.1 a. Tests Developed to Dstect Jacket Failure 6.2 b. Routine Testing 6.3 c» Corrosion of Uranium Slugs 6*3 6-3 Pile Poisoning 6.U 6-ii Testing of Proposed Shield 6.5 6-5 Testing of Materials for Use in Hanford Piles 6*7

SECTION 7 - TRAINING OF PERSONNEL

7-1 General 7*1 7-2 Facilities 7*1 7-3 Personnel Trained 7*1 a* University of Chicago Program 7*1 b. Monsanto Chemical Company Program 7*2 7 ~ k Disposal of Equipment 7*3

SECTION 8 - ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL

8-1 Design and Construction 8*1 8-2 Opsrstion 8*1 a* Organisation 8*2 b* Personnel 8*2 ’ 8-3 Corps of l^gineers 8.3

APPENDIX A - MAPS, DRAWINGS, PHOTOGRAPHS, AND DESCRIPTIONS

APPENDIX B - CHARTS AND TABULATIONS

APPENDIX C - REFERENCES

APPENDIX D - GLOSSARY ♦ INDEX t iii SmSMAKf

1* Introduction. - Clinton Laboratori®* was constructed and oper­ ated to provide isolated facilities for research and development work pertaining to the Pile Project) to provide a pilot plant for the Han­ ford Engineer Works) and to produos small quantities of plutonium. The accoaplishsent of these objectives involved the design, construction, and operation of s uranium-graphite Pile) the development of s process for the sspsrstion and isolation of plutonium) and the training of personnel for transffcr to the Hanford Kngineer Works) as well as re­ search work of s general nature, k sits of about 112 acres within the military reservation of the Clinton Kngineer Works was chosen for tbs

Clinton Laboratories.

2. Design and Construction. - By 1 January 19k3, the Military

Policy Coeadttee had decided to construct an intsmsdlsts-sl«ed i plutonium' production plant at Clinton Kngineer Works, Tennessee. 8* X* dn Post ds Nemours and Company, Inc., entered into s contract with the

Manhattan District tor ths design and construction of this plant without profit to ths company. All costs of ths work and its admlnlstrstlvs expenses were paid by ths Govsmaent and all equipment, supplies, buildings, and patsnt rights vers to became ths property of ths Govern­ ment. The staff of ths^Ketallurgical Laboratory was dssignated approving authority for all dssign features because of the reluctance of the dn Pont Company to’ accept responsibility for ths adsquacy of ths dssign*

Dssign of ths Pile Ares was begun on 15 January 19U3, and

* SI construction work on 1 February 1943. This are* was turned over to the operating oontraotor on 16 October 1943. C o n * traction work in the*

Separation Area, carried out along with con*traction of the Pile Area, was completed on 26 Wovember 1943. In addition to the*e production facilities, a training area was conatraoted which consisted of one large building with the equipment and facilities necessary for the «i > tracking program, and a number of buildings and facilities were con­ structed which were directly connected with the process areas or with the general administration of Clinton laboratories. Electric power was furnished by the Tennessee Talley Authority under a contract based on construction and operating power estimate*. During the construo- tion period, the du Pent Company awarded 3X *ubcontract* in order to expedite construction and to utilise specialised labor and machinery whenever possible. In addition to the orders covering theee subooiw tracts, approximately 6300 purehase orders for materials and equip- aent were placed by the du Pont Company. Procurement handled by the

Manhattan District included concrete, crushed stone, gasoline, oil, tires, office furniture, and many other items. In spite of a number of delaying factors, completion dates were not excessively delayed.

During April 1946, emsrgency additions were started in an expan­ sion program designed^bo house the inflow of operating, teehnioal and academic personnel replacing the par ogre** iv* loss of older scientific people and to cover the training sohool program. These additions in­ cluded a new permanent Radioisotope Building, a permanent research laboratory, a steam plant, a heterogeneous Pile, and related struc­ tures . By- 51 December 191*6, all additional conatruction had been con-

plated , bringing the total con*traction coat to approximately

$13,Ola,000 (representing $12,032,000 under Contract W-7U12 eng-23,

and $1,009,000 on emergency additions).

3. Operation of Clinton Laboratories. - Since most of the re- \

search pertaining to the Pile Project had been conducted by the Met- allwfeical Laboratory at the University of Chicago, the University of

Chicago was selected to operate the pilot plant at Oak Ridge, Ten-

nessee. Although operated as a part of the Metallurgical Project, the pilot plant was, for security reasons, known as Clinton Laboratories.

The contract between the University of Chicago and the Manhattan Dis­ trict provided that the work be carried out for no fee, bat included the provisions that the Univeraity be relieved of reeponsibility in the defense of claims against it and that a flat sun be paid the

University to cover administrative and general expenses. Operation of Clinton Laboratoriee was to include the development of a suitable technique for the production of plutonium, a training program for prospective Hanford personnel, and medical and biological research necessary to Project activities* Hie title of all property and work was to become the sole property of the Government.

The production underwent into operation on U November 19^3* and plutonium was being delivered early in l9Uu During the term of the contract, the plutonium production schedule was met} a separation and iaolation technique wae developed) and the general research was con- ducted to the satisfaction of the Governs*nt. Active health and safety * programs were maintained at Clinton Laboratories for the protection of »

S 3 the operating personnel. Because of the classified nature of the operations, strict intelligence and security qk&ck was made on all personnel. Group athletics, graded pay increases, and assistance on personal problems aided in maintaining high morale among the personnel.

On 1 July 19U5, operation of Clinton Engineer Works passed to the Monsanto Chemical Company, to be carried on largely in the same vein°as operation under the Univereity of Chicago. The nee contract included the assumption of all liabilities, claims and obligations incurred under th* Chicago group at the same time Monsanto took over all facilities , supplies and equipment. To 31 December 19^6 operational costs amounted to $22,250,000,

$12,325,000 of which covered th* Chicago operation tram 1 M a r c h 19U3 to 30 June 19U5, whil* $9,925,000 represented th* costs under Monsanto leadership from 1 July 19U5 te 31 December 191*6. k. production of Plutonium. - One of the primary objectives of th* operation of Clinton Laboratories was the production of a small quantity of plutonium in the shortest possibl* time. To accomplish this objective, an air-cooled, uranium-graphite Pile of 1000-kilowatt capacity was designed and constructed at Clinton Laboratories. Th*,

Pil* consists essentially of a 2li-foot cub* of graphite blocks. Metal channels traverse the j£Lle from front to rear in 36 horizontal rows of 35 holes each. A removable cor* permits variation of channel

spacing for lattice dimension experiments. A aeven-foot thickness of

laminated concrete shielding completely surrounds the Pile to reduce

the radiations generated during operation to safe limits before they

reach the working areas. The Pile and its shielding are equipped with »

Sk a number of opening®, in addition to the 1260 aet*l channel®. Opening® are provided for safety and control rods, ionisation chambers, and foil®, as well as for experimental purposes* Hie openings through the shielding require specially designed plugs for olo®ure® during Pile operation to prevent dirsot emission of radiation*

Ths heat generated in the pils is rsaovsd by a flow of cooling air 4iich is then exhausted to a 200-foot stack- Ths cooling system was originally equipped with three fans* on* 5000-eubic-foot-per- minute, stand-by, steam-driven fanj and two 30,000-cubio-foot-per- minute, eleotrioally driven fans. Pils control* consist of shim rods, to shut ths Pile down in an emergency and to compensate for lsrgs variations in operating conditions| control rods, ts effeot fine con­ trol of the Pile reaction! safety rods, to shut ths Pile down very rapidly in an emergency} and safety tubes for boron-steel shot, to stop the reaction in ths event that other control methods havs failed* As slugs ars charged into the Pile, irradiated slugs ers forced out at ths rear face, falling onto a mattress pad and sliding through water into a bucket in the discharge pit* Ths buckets ars stored in a trench connected to this pit and latsr transfsrrsd to ths Separation

Building through a canal from the end of ths storags trsnoh* Ths start-up of ths Clintoif-Laboratories Pile, delayed somewhat as ths result of changes mads in the metal channels, took plaos on 4 November

1943 and within a few days a level of 500 kilowatts was attained*

Increases in ths operating level were brought about by changing the lattice arrangement, by increasing the effioienoy of the cooling system, and by using slugs with improved arc-welded jackets, so that. in Jiay 1944, the Pile wee operating at a level of 18£X) kilowatt*.

Finally, the installation of larger fane in the cooling system per­ mitted a further increase to 4000 kilowatts. Ho serious difficulties were encountered in Pile operation* although fan failure and fan- bearing troubles caused a few interruptions* In spite of these inter­ ruptions, the perforaense of the Clintcm laboratories Pile was very J satisfactory in all respeets* Plutonium was being delivered by 1 February 1944 and the Pile continued to operate for the purpose of producing plutonium until

1 December 1344* by which time the experimental requirements were satisfied. After that date, the Pile was operated for the purpose of producing other radioactive eaterial for the Project's reeearch pro­ gram* 5 . Drrelopswnt of a Separation Process* - Another of the objec­ tives of Clinton Laboratories was the development of a workable* re­ liable process for the separation of plutonium from the uranium and fission products• A precipitation method (Bismuth Phosphate Process) was selected for the Hanford plant and the activities of the Clinton

Laboratories staff were directed toward proving this process under plant coalitions, establishing the reproducibility of optimum process conditions, and testing'alternate processes. Initial process devel- opatent — t accomplished by laboratory—scale tests* A small semi-works for process development end a pilot plant were then operated concur­ rently at Clinton Laboratories* the pilot plant consisted of six cells containing the process equipment, separated from each other and from the control room by thick concrete walle* All operations within the cells war* resurtely oostrolM fro* panel boards la th* oontrol

rooa becauae of th* high radiation levels throughout tha process.

Aotire wastes war* ha Id in underground tanks until propar disposition

could ba made. Osseous waataa war* sxhausted t* a 200-foot stack*

Tha first batoh of alugs was received far processing am 20 December

1948, -and plutonitua was being delivered early in 1944* Process efficiency was improved considerably during 1944— the festers affect­ ing plutonium carrying were determined) the decontamination faster was increased| and the production yields were improved. Although these improvements were ae comp 11 shad by prooess and equipment modlfi- c at ions, no basis ohangss in the process were required* B u s were made simulating Hanford conditions. which, with laboratory and semi­ works runs, furnished * basis for predicting Hanford operating con­ ditions. Final tests on the separation process wars performed in

August and Hovember of 1944. During the operating period* 299 batches of slugs were processed in the Separation Building* with an over-ell yield of 90*1 per oent. In January 1945, the equipownt and cell* were decontaminated and the pilot plank was plaosd in * stand-by condition.

It was necessary to d ere lop a process for the isolation of plu­ tonium in a pure, usable fora. Based on the information gained by proooaaing ST batohea o£ solution from the Separation Building, an isolation method, employing a precipitation, solution, sad repreoip- ltatlon of plutoniua perokide, was drreloped. Development of a prooess for the recovery of the uranium fro* the solutions held in the six underground storage tanks wea»begun in the fall of 1944.

Work on this problem was limited to the developawat of a prooess to be used at some future date. X group of chendste was assigned ths

task of developing an alternate separation process in ths event of

failure of ths precipitation process. A feasible adsorption prooess

was established but was not developed because, by June 1944* ths

Bismuth Phosphate Prooess had been proved adequate far uss at Hanford.

Chemical research, of secondary importance during ths initial operating

pert&d, was begun in September 1948. Studies of ths process of fission

and of ths chemistry of plutonium were instrumental in improving ths

■e par at ion process and the handling of the isolated plutonium.

Following ths end of hostilities, a great part of the research

program was directed toward peaoetims uses of ths various piles. Radio­

isotopes which wars developed in this new angle of ths Atomls Energy

Program were to be used in the fundsmsntal and applisd sciences, per*

tioulorly biological and medical- Ths distribution program was in­

augurated in June 1946, at which time expansion of Hot Laboratory

#706-0 was in progress, and delivery (of Carbon 14) was mads to ths

Barnard free Skin and Cancer Hospital for 'tagging* of cancer pro­

ducing molecules and resulting study of the canoer problem. By 31

December 1946 shlpswnts of radioisotopes totaled 123, salee value

129,800.00*

8. Design and Operating Problems. - During the design of ths

large-eoals production unite, it was neoessary to test the effective­

ness of ths shislding to.be used at Hanford as well as a number of ths materials to be used in ths Fils itself* Two shield tests were made,

one using an imperforate section, the other a perforate section, both

of which indioated that the propossd shielding would be adequate for use at Hanford* A. number of ordinary construction materials and other

materials which migbt be placed within the Hanford Piles were sub­

jected to radiation in the Clinton Pile te determine the effeets of

radiation on their physical properties. The materials were irradiated

for several weeks and the decay of the induced activities followed on

Geiger counters. . ni * The operating problems were concerned, for the most part* with

slug testing and with the poisoning effect of fission products in

Pile operation. Slug tests were accomplished by a variety of methods.

The main methods used were a heat test in the presence of air and a

deflection test. The susceptibility of the aluminum cans to corrosion

under Pile conditions was investigated and the results indicated that

corrosion under radiation would not be appreciably greater than that

observed where there is no radiation. The poisoning effect of fission

products was studied and no serious difficulties were anticipated in

this respect. However* xenon poisoning of the Hanford Piles* en­

countered shortly after start-up* necessitated intensive study before

a msthod of operation was developed which overosas this difficulty*

7. Training of Personnel* - Clinton Laboratories* both under

direction of the University of Chicago and later the Monsanto Chemical

Company* organised an ^operated a training school for its own person­

nel* trainees devoting time to operation of pilot plant facilities in

addition to regular olafsroom work* In addition* the school* under the University of Chioago* trained two groups of du Pont employee* for transfer to Hanford Engineer Works <^s a nucleus for its operating personnel* The school under Monsanto operation trained technical personnel in fields of nuclear science.

8. Organisation end Personnel. - Clinton Laboratories was de­ signed and constructed by the du Pont Company* The Design Projest lianager for the TNI Section was H. T. Daniels. Construction was per­ formed under the direct supervision of W. Irwin, District Superin­ tendent for Clinton Laboratories, and J. D. Wilson, Field Project ♦ V » Manager . Clinton Laboratories, under M. D. Whitaker, Director, was oper­ ated as a part of ths Metallurgical Project. The operating organisa­ tion consisted of 236 persons in August 19431 reached s maximnm of

1513 persons in June 1944| and became stabilissd at approximately

1300 persons by the end of 1944. A total of 113 technically trained men of the Special Engineer Detachment were assigned to Clinton

Laboratories in order to overcome the searoity of qualified technical personnel. Upon assumption of Clinton operation by Monsanto Chemical

Company, Dr. Whitaker remained as direotor until 1 June 1946, at which time he resigned and was replaced by a co-direotorship consist­ ing of Dr. Jamss H. Lum as Executive Director and Dr. Eugene P.

Wlgner as Direotor of Research*

The Corps of Bngineors maintained only a small staff at Clinton

Laboratories because ^fee District Engineer's Office was located only ii a few miles away. This staff was headed by Major E. J. Itorphy,

Operations Officer.

♦

310 MANHATTAN DISTRICT HISTORI

BOOK IT * PH* PROJECT

VO LOME 2 • RESEARCH

p a r t ii - CLnrroi laboratories

SECTIOI 1 * INTROD0CTIOI

n . > J" 1-1. Objectives. - The objective* of the construction and operation of ths Clinton Laboratories wsrst first, to provide isolated facilities for ressarch and development work, supplsasntlng the facilities of ths Metallurgical Laboratory at ths University of

Chicagoj sscond, to provide s pilot plant for as many parts of ths procssses to bs ussd at ths Hanford Engineer Works as ths tims schedule would permitj and third, to produce ths snail quantitiss of plutonium necessary for ths rsseareh program.

1-2. Soope. - The scops of the work to be carried out at ths

Clinton Laboratories includedi

1. Ths dssign, construction, and operation of an inter-

mediate-si*ed uranium-graphlte Pils for ths production

of plutonium.

2* Research and development toward s chemical procsss

which cduld be used at ths Hanford Engineer Works for

ths ssparation and isolation of plutonium from uranium

and ths radioactivs by-products. \ 3. The organisation and opsrstlon of s technical training

school for ths training of personnel for ultimata assign-

msnt to ths Hanford Enginssr Works. 4. Chemical, physical, biological, and medical research

and investigations of a general nature having a direct

bearing on the Pile Project.

1-3. Authorization.

a. All action in connection with the institution and prose- 1. cution of thia project was taken under authority granted by Congress

in thi/ Acts which are described in another book (Book I); the funds

used were likewise appropriated by Acts there described.

b. Under the authority vested in him by these Acts, the

President issued orders and authorizations which are described in the

same book (Book I).

c. Major General L. R. Groves directed or authorized the

general policies and directives under which the Manhattan District

carried out the work. The S-l Committee of the QSRD and the Military

Policy Committee registered their general approval of the basic de­

cisions involved, as recorded in the minutes of meetings or in other

documents in the project files. (Book III, Appendix Dl; See also

Section 6, Organization and Personnel). 1-4. Location. - The site selected for the location of the

Clinton Laboratories facilities was a tract of land of about 112 acres,

situated in the northeast part of Roane County, Tennessee, lying in the

Bethel Valley between Haw and Chestnut Ridges along the southwest

border of the military reservation of the Clinton Engineer Works. (See

Arp. Al). This site provided the isolation from centers of population

required for the conduction of the research work, but was close enough to ♦ the cities of Knoxville, Clinton, Oak Ridge, Lenoir City, and Harriman,

1.2 Tennessee, to provide adequate living quarter* for the personnel engaged in the work.

♦

»

1.3 SECTION 2 - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

2-1. general. - By the first of January 1?U3» a decision had been

made by the Military Policy Committee, acting on the recommendations

of the Director of the Metallurgical laboratory at the University of

Chicago, to construct an intermediate-sized, plutoniura-production plant

at Clinton Engineer Work*, Tennessee* E. I. du Pont d* Neraoure and

Company, Inc., agreed to undertake the design and construction of the

semi-vrorks and pilot plant, to be known as the Clinton Laboratories, at

the Tennessee location, as well as the design, construction, and opera­

tion of the large-scale, plutonium-production plant at the Hanford Engi­

neer Works. The operation of the Clinton Laboratories facilities, how—

ever, was to be undertaken by the Metallurgical Laboratory, because of

its close connection with the fundamental research, and because the

Clinton facilities were to be used for development of design data and

of processes, as wsll as for production of plutonium. The operation was covered by a separate contract, No. W-7hOJ> eng-39, between the Man­ hattan District and the Metallurgical Laboratory, which became effective

on 1 May 1?U3 (See Sec. 3). 2-2, Negotiation of Contract. - The du Pont Company, in accept­

ing the undertaking, s^gssted that ths work bs conducted without profit and without patent rights of any kind accruing to them. How­ ever, the du Pont Company did request that maximum protection against * losses be provided by the Government. It was agreed that a contract on a cost-plus-fixed-fee basis would be entered into and that the fixed fee would be one dollar. Accordingly, a contract, No, W-7U12 eng-23, was awarded, by tha Manhattan District, to tha du Pont Company for the design and construction of Clinton Laboratories (See App. Cl).

2-3« Contractual Arrangements.

a. Statement of Work. - The specific responsibilities of i the du Pont Company were to design and construct a small-scale plutonium production plant at the Tennessee site. The propoasd plant was neces- sa riiy a translation of laboratory information into a production plant, with the operation of a unlt|leas than one-thousandth j)f ths proposed capaoity (See Vol. 2, Part 1) as ths only availabls practical demon­ stration of ths basis production process. Thus, with no successful precedent to guide ths design, ths da Pont Company was reluctant to accept ths rssponaibility for ths adequacy of ths dssiga of this plant, and the staff of ths Mstallurgical Laboratory was dssignated as ths approving authority for all design features. The proposed plant was to consist of an air-cooled, uranium-graphite Pile for ths production of plutoniumj a chemical processing plant for ths separation of plutonium from the uranium and fission by-productsj chemical, physical, biolog­ ical, and medical laboratories) and other auxiliary administrative and servics buildings and areas which were required becauss of ths isolation of ths plant from ordinary commercial facilities. It was agreed that the physical plant woulS be occupied by the personnel of the Metallurgi­ cal Laboratory prior to actual completion in order that operation could begin at the earliest posslbls moment, and that the du Pont Company would lend a large number of key technical personnel to ths Mstallurgi­ cal Laboratory in order to supplement its staff with men having the industrial experience necessary for the operation of the Clinton plant,

2.2 ~ r ;: as well as to train these u s for future service at Hanford.

b. Title to Property. - It was agreed that title to all equipment, supplies, buildings, and areas, and patent rights on proces­

ses and equipment, would become the property of the Government.

c. Cost of Work. - Ths Government agreed to pay all costs

of the work by direct reimbursement or through monthly allowances

p r o v i d e d b y t h e contract to c o w administrative and general expenses

allocated to the work in accordance with normal dn Pont accounting

practices. Under the term* of the contract, any portion of these

allowances not actually expended by du Font were to be returned to the

Government. 2-4*. Performance of Construction Contractor. a. General. - Although the Wilmington Office of the du Pont

Company was responsible for the actual design of all of the facilities

at Clinton Laboratories, the responsibility for the adequacy of such

design was that of the staff of the Metallurgical Laboratory, who

approved all drawings in their final form. Th* Clinton Laboratories

was constructed by the du Pont Company and subcontractor* in 19*0 and

19^». In spit* of such delaying factors as classified construction, th*

acute labor shortage, high labor turnover, unu*ually high rainfall, and

th* ever-changing requirement* dictated by research results, completion

date* were not excessively delayed for most of the construction. By

March 19hk, all building* and facilities were accepted as complete by

the operating contractor and by the Government (See App. A 2, 23).

b. Pll* Facllitle*. - D**ign of the facilities in th* Pil*

(100) Area at Clinton Laboratories was initiated by the du Pont Design » 2.3 Division on 15 January 19h3» This area consists of ths Pils (105)

Building which contains ths uranium-graphite Pils and associated equip­ ment, ths Exhauster (115) Building, ths Area Shop (Id) Building, ths x'

Uranium Storage Vault (103) Building, and ths Instrument Storage (102)

Building, as well as other facilities clossly associated with the pro­ duction unit (See App. A 2). Actual construction work was begun in the ^ield on 1 February 1?U3» and the work had progressed to such a stage that ths Pils Are* (See App, A 2U-32) was turned over to ths personnel of th* Metallurgical Laboratory for test operations on 16

October 19U3*

c. Chemical Processing Plant. - Dssign and construction of the Separation (200) Area were carried out along with the design and construction of ths buildings and facilities of ths Pils Arsa, This area contains the Separation (205) Biilding, the Wasts Storage (206)

Area, and associated equipment and facilities (See App. A J), An under­ ground water canal and walkway provides a safe msans for transporting to* highly radioactive material fro* ths Pils Building to ths Separa­ tion Building. Construction in ths Separation Ares (Sss App* A 21*, 27,

32* 3 5 ) was completed and the arsa turned over to ths opsrating groups on 26 November 1?U3* Facilities for Hanford. - Th* 300 Area at

Clinton Laboratories was constructed to serve as a training facility for personnel to be assigned to th* Hanford Engineer Works. This ares, consisting of one large building (Building 305), together with ths squipmsnt and service facilities nsefssary for ths training program, was kept separate from al^ other work at Clinton Laboratories under a separate Project number*

e. Power and Communication Facilities. - Because of the

Isolation of the site from center* of population, it fas necessary to provide adequate electrical and communication facilities to the area. Electrical power for this part of Tennessee was supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority from its immediate feeders at Norris, t > Wat ta^ Bar, and Fort Loudon hydroelectric plants* Power requirement* for construction wore estimated by the du Pont Company to be about

300 kilowatt*, and the operating requirement* were estimated by the

Metallurgical Laboratory to be at least 350 kilowatt* initially, and perhaps 5000 kilowatt* as the work expanded* On this basi* a separate contract was negotiated with the Tennessee Valley Authority to furnish temporary power for use in both the construction and operation of the

Clinton Laboratories (See App. C 2). The facilities provided consisted of outside electric power supply lines and four substations* In addition to the power facilitiee, it was necessary to provide telephone and teletype service to the area* Tie lines to the Southern Bell Telephone

Company and the Western Union and Postal Telegraph Company, and ade­ quate switchboards were installed early in 19U3* Automatic dial tele­ phone equipment was placed in operation during March l?bii*

f. General Service Facilities* - It was necessary to con­ struct adequate general service facilities for the area. Because of the zf isolation of the site, separate water, steam, and sewage systems had to be provided (See App* A 36-4*1). The Layne Central Company of Memphis,

Tennessee, was awarded a subcontract (See App. B 1), In February l?b3, for drilling a well for drinking water. Upon completion, however, the well water -*as found to be tacteriologically unfit for drinking pur­ poses. Consequently, it was necessary to continue hauling drinking water by tank truck from Clinton, Tennessee, about twenty miles away, until the river pum, ing and purification systems were put into oper­ ation in July A septic system was installed, early in 19^3, for sewage treatment; and a steam plant with two boilers, each rated at 530 horsepower, was constructed in 1?U3* Other general service facilities

Include roads, walks, fences, drainage ditches, guard towers, a parking lot, and air lines* g. Process Area Service Facilities. - The 700 Area con­ sisted of twenty-five service buildings and facilities, seven of which are directly connected with the process areas, and the balance with the general administration of the area (See App. A 2), The buildings associated with the process areas include the Chemistry Laboratory

(706A) Building, Physics Laboratory (7068) Building, and the "Hot*

Laboratory (706C) Building for e perimentation with highly radioactive materials (See App* A U2-i6 ) , The buildings serving administration include the Main Administration (703A) Building, together with a shop and supply building, a laundry, a cafeteria, a machine shop, first aid facilities, and patrol headquarters and fire stations*

h* Subcontracts* - Ths awarding of subcontracts by the du Pont Company for certain phases of the construction work for this project was initiated foi; the foil wring reasons* to expedite con­ struction; to obtain labor and supervision specialized in some par­ ticular type of work; to eliminate purchase of special machinery and equipment needed only for a short period of time; to secure the very >

2.6 beat workmanship in tbs fabrication of material and equipment* to sake ass of extensive organisation and personnel of specialised contractors! and to obtain uss of patent rights required by design* A total of 26 subcontracts were awarded by the du Pont Company to various contractors for the construction of Clinton Laboratories (Ss» App. 8 1). These subcontracts were placed on a cost-plus-fixed-fee basis or on a lump *w * SUB tdsis. Eleven of these subcontracts, coversd by half number pur­ chase orders, were negotiated by the Wilmington Office of the du Pont

Company and ths balance, covered by whole number orders, were negotiated and awarded by the Contractor's Pisld Office with the approval of the ffllsington Office and the Ares Engineer. i* Procurement. - In general, procurement was handled by both ths du Pont Company and toe Government. The Wilmington Office of the du Pont Company placed some 1300 purchase orders for materials and equipment, which could most efficiently and moat economically be ob­ tained through their existing purchasing department at Wilmington. The du Pont Pisld Office placed over 5000 purchase orders for general build­ ing materials and equipment, with the approval of ths Wilmington Office.

Ths Government negotiated direct contracts with other fires furnish­ ing the Prims Contractor with ready-mixed concrete, crushed atone, gas­ oline, oil, tires, tube)s « d many other items. Ths Government furb­ ished the special uranium metal for use by the operating contractor

(See Book VII), as well as much office furniture and equipment and general materials. 2-5. Construction Dslays. ^

«. Classified Construction. - Ths necessarily rigid t

2.7 security regulation* connected with the design and construction of

these facilities did, in some ways, delay construction, but in apite

of these regulations all construction was completed in time for the

' operations contractor to take over at the most opportune time. b. Labor Shortage* • Construction of Clinton Laboratories

was flayed to quite an appreciable extent by an acute shortage of

both common and skilled labor. During the summer of 1?U3 it was neces­

sary to reschedule a considerable portion of the construction work

because the available labor force was capable of performing only three-

fourths of the work originally scheduled. It was also necessary for

ths Prime Contractor to recruit labor directly, in addition to the re­

cruiting efforts of the War Manpower

rate, which was rather high during the early period of construction,

twenty-three special buses were subsidised by the du Pont Company for

the transportation of workers to the site. Although the city of Oak

Ridge, Tennessee, which was to furnish housing facilities for workers

at the site was in the process of construction (See Book I, Vol. 12),

it became necessary for the Prime Contractor to set up barracks for

common laborers in an ^bandoned schoolhouse near the site in order to

secure enough labor for the Job. Special personal considerations were

also given the employees in an attempt to increase their morale, and

the combination of all these positive steps aided materially in reduc­

ing the labor turnover rate to a very reasonable value. d. Unusually High Rainfall. - Unusually heavy precipita­

tion resulted in slowing ’down the construction at the site during the

2.8 summer of 1?U3. The actual precipitation during the month of July 19U3 was 9*3 inches, as compared to the normal aver a -3* for July of only U.3 inches* 2-6. Emergency Addition** — Construction (cost-plus—fixed—fee)

Contract W-31-109-eng~39 waa negotiated during April 19U6, with the

J. A* Jones Construction Company of Charlotte, North Caroline* John

Davidson (vice-president) and W. A* Cone (project manager) were assign­ ed to management* This contractor was just completing work in the K—2$

Area of the Clinton Kngineer Works and had personnel, equipment, and material* available for immediate commencement of the work. The need for immediate additional facilities (expansion of existing temporary plant) was occasioned by a large and sudden inflow of operating, technical and academic personnel a* replacement for progressiv* l o w of older key scientific people and for training school enrollment.

The uncertain future of the Laboratories was relieved somewhat by an announcement covering a switch from wartime to peacetime planning far the application of Nuclear Energy. Pressrelease* were given at this time relative to the Power Pils and Radioisotop* development program*

'The archite ct-engineer firm of Holabird and Hoot under subcontract* to th* prim* operating contract began design of a new peraanent Radio— iso top* Building, alon^with a sit* plan study for * permanent research laboratory. Subcontract negotiation* b*gan in March 19U6. Daring

November I9U6, work begai) under an a r c h i t e ct-engineer subcontract, between Monsanto and the Kellex Corporation of Hew York City for the design of a steam plant and a heterogeneous pile and related structure**

Consultant subcontract* with organisation* and individual* totaled 1*1* in number*

2-7. Coat (See App* B 2«4Q* - The total coat of design and construction of tho Clinton Laboratories, aa of 31 December 19U6, under Contract ff*»?Ul2 eng-23, waa approximately $12,032,000, of which

$ 5,912,000 was apent for labor and $6,120,000 for material! and equipment* A breakdown of thia coat indicate# that tha total construc­ tion^ coat for the Pile (100) Area waa $3*955,000, of which #1,639,000 waa spent for labor and $2,316,000 for materials* Tha coat of deaign

(included in tha above) of thia area waa approximately $121,?50. Tho total construction coat for tha Separation (200) Area waa about

#2,168,000, $1 ,062,000 being expended on labor and $1 ,106,000 on materials* The design cost of tha Separation Area waa approximately

$66,850 (included above). Construction coat for tha Training School wa s 13 11,000, of which total approximately $10,000 waa spent on design.

Power and communications facilities were designed and constructed at a total coat of approximately $163,000, of which the deaign coat waa about $ 5,000, Deaign and construction costa for the general service facilities amounted to $U,316,000, approximately $133,000 of w h i c h repreaenta deaign coats. Proceaa Area service facllitiee were designed and constructed for a total of $1,119,000, The deaign coat of theae facilities was about $*&,000. The coat of making emergency additions to practically all of the original temporary structures, undertaken by the J. A. Jonea Construc­ tion Company, Inc*, in April 1?U6, amounted to about $1,009,000 by 31

December 19U6* The amount spent on Jabor was about $75U,000 while material charges were listed at $255,000*

2.10 SECTION 3 - OPERATION OF CLINTON LABORATORIES

3-1. Selection of Original Operating Contractor.

a. General. - The accoaplishaent of the Clinton Laboratories

objective* involved research and developaent work in a scientific field

in which the total knowledge, early in 1 ?U 3» limited to the results

of theoretical calculations and of a few small-scale experieents. The

vary character of the work imposed severe limitations on the number of

contractors from which the selection of an operating contractor could

be made. The du Pont Company, which designed and constructed the

Clinton Laboratories, was considered qualified to perform the operating functions but was not selected because of other heavy war commitments,

ons of which was the design, construction, and operation of the large-

scale plutonium-production plant at the Hanford Engineer Norks, and

because of the inadvisability of having one contractor responsible for

the execution of the entire Pile Project. Since aost of the plutonium

research studies and investigations perforated under the supervision of

ths Office of Scientific Research and Development had been conducted

by the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago (See Vol.

2, Part I), It was obvious that, although no organisation possessed

complete experience or special information in the field involved, the

University of Chicago was best fitted to operate the Clinton Laborato­

ries. Although the pilot plant was to be operated as a part of the

i Metallurgical Project, it was not desirable, for reasons of security,

to have the University of Chicago's name associated with the work to be ♦ performed at the Clinton Engineer Works. Thus, the organization known t 3.1 as Clinton Laboratories was formed and, although not incorporated, it functioned ae a corporation with the permission of the State of

Tennessee* b. Negotiation of Original Contract. - The University of

Chicago agreed at the outset of negotiations to enter into a contract to carry out the program at Clinton Laboratories for no fee. Because

*tr * of thi nTmanal nature of the work and the unpredictable results of experimentation, however, it was suggested that provision be mads in the contract to relieve the University of responsibility in the defense of claims against it, resulting fro* actions or omissions in the per­ formance of the work, whereby the Government would discharge all final judgments entered against the contractor* Assumption of these obli­ gations by the Government was approved and authorised by the President of the United States, under the powers conferred upon his by ths First war Powers Act of 19U1, and was Includsd in the terms of Contract No. w-7Uo5-«ng-39 (See App. C 3). Ales included in the contract was the provision that a flat sum, equal to twenty per cent of the total direct wages and salaries, and in no event less than $ 30,500 per month, fcm paid directly to the University of Chicago to cover administrative and other expenses not otherwise reimbursable under the general terms of th4 contract.

3-2. Contractual Arrangements.

a. Statement of Work. * Under the tens of the contract, ...... ***"V"""" the University of Chicago was to conduct such research, experimental, and development work ae was necessary to develop a manufacturing ♦ technique for the production of plutonium in small quantitiee. The »

3.2 pilot plant at Clinton laboratories was to be operated, in addition,

for the purpose of carrying out a training program for personnel who would eventually be transferred to the Hanford Engineer ^orks. Finally,

such medical and biological research as was deemed necessary for Project

activities was to be carried out subject to the approval of the Con­

tracting Officer.

b. Title to Property. - All materials, tools, machinery, equipment and supplies, as well as all data and notes concerning the design, construction, and development of the prooess and all patent rights were to become the sole property of the Government. Such property, however, was to remain in ths custody of ths contractor during ths term of ths contract for uss in ths performance of the work.

c. Cost of Work. • Ths University of Chicago was to be reimbursed for all actual and specific costs and sxpsnses incurred in ths performance of the work. Reimbursements were to be mads by ths

Government upon presentation of vouchers or receipted invoices to ths

Contracting Officer. Ths total appropriation for ths operation of ths

Clinton Laboratories from 1 March 1 9h3 until 30 June 19hh, as provided by ths contract, was not to exceed $6,6$0,000. Supplemental agreements, however, increased the. amount to $17*000,000 in order to cover the coat of the work when ths term of ths contract was extended from 30 June

19hh to 30 June I9h$.

3-*3« Performance of Original Contractor.

a. General. - Operating personnel arrived at Clinton

Laboratories at ths Clinton Engineer *Works, in the spring and summer of 1 9h3* Although construction work was not completed until about March I 9U 1, the production unit went into operation on h November

19U3 and plutonium w u being delivered aa earl/ at 1 February l#*i*.

Throughout the year 19UU and the early part of Clinton

Laboratoriee waa able to meet the aetigned achedule for plutonium production# Thua, during the period of the contract, a sufficient

— ount| of plutoniua wee manufactured to aatisfy all requiremsnts for J experimental workj a satisfactory separation and isolation technique waa developed for use at the Hanford Engineer Work*} and the general medical, chemical, physical, and biological research waa conducted to the satisfaction of the ^overneent,

b* Health Program (Set Book I. Tol« 7)< - A health program waa established and maintained at Clinton Laboratoriee in order to provide for the health of the operating personnel. The unusual and unpredictable health haaardt connected with much of the work made it neceaaary to maintain a strict check on personnel fay meant of periodic physical examinatione and fay limiting the working tine in particularly hasardoue areas.

c» Safety Program (See Book I. Vol 11), - An active safety program waa maintained at Clinton Laboratoriee through safety leoturea, posters, guidee, and personal contact with all employees. The success of this program it indicated by the fact that Clinton Laboratoriee ranked high in the Manhattan District safety ratings which in turn compare very favorably with normal industrial ratings*

d. Intelligence and Security Program, - Operations at

Clinton Laboratoriee were claaaifled'by the Manhattan District aa

"Secret," and in some speolal cases "Top 3ecret." These classifications

3Jt necessitated the establishment and maintenance of a strict intelli­ gence and security check on all personnel, materials, and operations.

Ths general Intelligence and Security Program of the Manhattan Dis­ trict (Ses Book I, Vol. XU) was followed by the University of Chicago at Clinton Laboratories.

s. Personnel. - In general ths wags scalss, hours of work, J ------and working conditions for ordinary labor at Clinton Laboratoriss were in accordance with the over—all labor policies of ths Manhattan Dis­ trict and with ths Labor Rslations Board directives. Efforts were mads to maintain high morals among ths employees through group ath­ letics, graded pay increases, and assistance on housing (See Book I,

Vol. 12), transportation, and other personal problems.

3-J4, Contractual Changeover. - By letter of 1 May 19h$, the

Monsanto Chemical Company contracted to commence operation of Clinton

Laboratories on 1 July 1?U5, under Contract W-35-058 eng-71, continuing

operations theretofore carried on by ths University of Chicago. Ths

Government and ths University, In mutual agreement, determined that

it would be in the best Intersat of ths Oovernmsnt to have this sffort

continued by ths Monsanto Chsmical Company which would assume all

obligations, facilities, supplies, a nd equipment employed on this work by ths University, provided it was owned by the Government. It was

acknowledged that the Chicago group, having successfully accomplished

their mission and asaigisnent under Contract W»7h05 eng-39 (see para­

graphs 2 a and b) desirsd a return to the straight academic field,

leaving this particular laboratory Operation to a commercial organi­

zation known to be properly equipped for the task at hand. Since the

3.5 University had incurred certain claims, liabilities, obligation#, and commitments, it was considered in th# best interest of ths Government to have them liquidated under the succeeding contract which was to be inside the scope of the original*

>-5, Cost of Operation, - The total cost of operating Clinton

Laboratories under both contracts, by 31 December 1?1*6, amounted to * §22,3^0,000. For Contract W-7U05 eng-39 (1 M«reh 1?U3 - 30 Jan* 19U5), this totalled $12,325,000, of which $6,81*2,000 was paid out in salaries,

|1*, 780,000 la general operating expenses, and $ 703,000 h a d been received in materials and services famished by the Government. The cost under

Contract *-35-058 ang-71 (1 July 1?U5 • 31 December l?l*6 ) amounted to $ 9,925,000. SECTION U - PRODUCTION OF PLUTONIUM

k~l* General, • On* of tha primary objective® of the work at

Clinton Laboratoriee waa the production of a small quantity of plutonium, Because tha performance of many fundamental experimente having to do with tha physical, chemical, and metallurgical propartiaa of fAutonium depended upon tha early receipt of thia material, it waa extremely important that the relatively small quantitiee required ba made available at the earlieat possible date, la addition to tha plutonium needed for the investigation and eatabliahment of ita propertied, it waa eaaential that enough be produced for use in tha development of a proceaa for tha separation of plutonium from uranium and the radioactive fiaaion products. With thia objective In view, an air-cooled uranium-graphite Pile of 1000-kilowatt capacity waa designed and constructed by the da Pont Company at Clinton Labora— toriea (See Par, 2-1*), with the expectation that, after the Pile waa tested and operated, changee could easily be effected whereby the rate of plutonium production could be Increased, Since original plane for the large-ecale Pilee at Hanford pointed to the use of helium aa a cooling medium, it waa expected that the Clinton Pile would serve as a pilot plan^-for the larger installations, Although the plans for the main plant were changed to include water-cooled unita

(See Vol. 2, Part I), the pilot plant retained ita air-cooled system in the belief that tha production of the few grama of plutonium needed for experimental purposes would be accomplished more quickly if a change in design were avoided, »

U .l I*-2. Description of Pil# (Se# App. C U).

a.. 0»psral» - Ths Clinton Laboratories Pils consists essentially of s 2]*-foot cubs of graphits blocks with (1 ) horiton- tal holes (for th# uranium sings) traversing ths Pil# from front to rear, and (2 ) holes (for control rods, safety rods, and experimental purpose#) at right angle# to th# charging holes, both horisontally ■> ’ aiii vertically. Cooling air is drawn by fan# through th# charging holes, around th# slugs,and exhausted up a stack. Ths nominal de­ signed power output, or th# rate of heat dissipation, is 1000 kilo— watt#, necessitating that th# Pil# b# completely surrounded by con­ crete shielding to reduce th# radiations generated at thl# level of operation to safe limits. All op#ning# through th# shielding which giv# access to th# experimental and operating channels are equipped with plug# which are removed only when th# power output 1 # suf?1 - ciently low to prevent a dangerous amount of radiation from escaping t' through these openings.

b., graphite Matrix (See App. A 3. - Th# graphit# 1# built up as a 2i| b y 2b-foot square section, 2fe feet-U inche# high, b y 73 course# of U-inah square graphite blocks of length# varying from sight to fifty inches. Metal channel# through th# block# ar# arranged on sight—irtft centers at th# face of th# Pil#, In 36 hori­ zontal row# of 35 hole# each. The channels ar# 1-3A inch## square in cross section set qn edge. Th# charging tube#, l-l/li inch stand­ ard pip#, extend two inche# into th# end# of th# block# at th# front fao# of th# Pil#. On th# rear face of th# Pil#, th# top of each i metal channel i# cut in a rectangular opening to prevent po##ibl# t

U.2 binding of the slugs at ths top of ths channsl during discharge. A

removable core, separately constructed and keyed as an integral unit,

is provided to permit ths trial of diffsrent spacings of metal chan-

nsls for "lattice dimension experiments."#

c. Pils Shielding (Sss App. A U). - Ths Clinton Pile 1*

completely surrounded by a seven-foot thickness of concrete shielding. « l r * Ths Outside of ths shisldsd Pils is approximately h7 feet long by 38

feet wide by 35 feet high. The shield on ths front or charging fees

consists of seven laminations, ths outsids two of standard concrete,

nins inches thick, inside of which are walls of three-inch precast

standard concrete blocks to register ths 1260 charging tubes on eight-

inch centersj on ths insids facs of each precast block is a hsavy,

pitch coating ussd to prevent loss of water from ths special Haydite—

barytes concrete nhich forms ths central five-foot lamination. The

special concrete has ths property of retaining permanently 10? or mors

, of its weight of water when ths density of ths concrete is at Isast

150 pounds per cubis foot after curing! its use in the shield la the

result of ths effectiveness of ths hydrogen in ths water in stopping

neutrons. The side and rear shields consist of five laminationst

two 12-inch standard concrete outer walls, two layers of heavy pitch,

arid a five-foot centra^ section of Haydite-barytes concrete. The

roof Slab also has fivs laminations* ths bottom layer, consisting of

18 Inches of standard reinforced concrete, has sufficient strength to

support the superimposed load) following this layer are five feet of

ths special Haydite-barytes concrete^between two layers of pitch|

ths top layer consists of six inches of standard concrete. »

U.3 d. Pile Shielding Openings (See App. A 5-8). - The front

face of the Pile shielding has, in addition to the 1260 openings for

the charging tubes, a large opening near the center which is closed

by a concrete-filled steel plug to be used in connection with the 2 0 -

inch by 21*—inch removable core. Bach side wall contains 29 openings*

two openings for regulating rodsj four opening# for shim rodsj ten tk > openings for experimental investigation#, such a#, measurement of

neutron cross section# and production of radioactive materials) nine

opening# for the Insertion of *foils" *j and four opening# for ioniser-

tion chambers. The beck wall contain# an opening slightly larger than

20 inche# by 21* inch## to facilitate removal of the graphite corej this opening i# surrounded by six hole# arranged for experimental and

obeervatloa purposes# The roof slab contain# a vertical five—foot

square opening which 1# centered on the graphite structure. This

central opening is surrounded by six circular holes for safety rods*

There are 35 vertical opening# in the top of the Pile shielding (above

the rear face of the Pile) for the insertion of a scanning mechanism which would permit a determination of the temperature and radioactivi­

ty of the air emerging from any metal channel. Two adjacent openings

in the roof of the shielding, each equipped with an aluminum carriage

and three lead gates, Strait the insertion and withdrawal of animal

cagee during Pile operation. Because of the intensity of the radi­

ation that escapes through even a very small space around any of the « various openings in the Pile shielding, specially designed plugs are

used a# closures during Pile operation (See App. A 9). The openings ♦ consist of a series of steps resulting from diameter changes, forming a labyrinth which i* intended to reflect the radiation several times and thus prevent direct emission*

e. Cooling System. - The heat generated in ths Pils is removed by a flow of cooling air (Se* App* A 10)* Th* entir* system

1* m*intaln*d tinder vacuum by fan* which discharg* the air frost th*

Pil* to a 200-foot stack, Th* cooling air 1* drawn into th* Pil* J Building and filtered. Th* filtered air enter* * concrete duct and flow* around *lth*r sid* of a U-shaped baffl* designed to prevent neutron and gamma radiation* from reaching th* filt*rs. Th* air fToa th* duct i* drawn upward past th* front fao* of th* Pil*, and, entering th* metal channel* through alota provided in each of th* steel pip* charging tub**, i* discharged at th* roar fee* of th* Pil*.

In addition t o t h * air drawn through th* P i l * in thi* mann*r, approx­ imately on* per cent of th* volum* 1* drawn directly through t h * concrete shielding into th* air chamber at th* rear of th* P H * in ord*r to prevent exc*s*iv* thermal expansion and loss of moisture from th* Haydit*-baryt*a concrete* Air from the discharg* chamber 1* drawn through a concrete duct to th* Fan Rous* where, after paaalng through a series of U-benda, it go*a through th* fan* and 1* discharged to th* stack* Wat*r spray nosslos in th* stack and fan c * l l * serve to wash away any radioactive ch^bst* that may be deposited. Th* cooling system was originally equipped with thre* fanai on* stand-by, steam-driven fan w i t h a capacity of 5000 cubic f**t per m i n u t e | and two electrically^ driven fan* *ach having a oapacity of 30,000 cubic fe*t per minute.

In July 19U*, th* latter were replaced by two electrically-drlven fan* each having a capacity of ,70,000 cubic feet per miimt* (See App. A 1*6),

iu!> in order to increass the effectiveness of th# Pile cooling system.

f, Pile Control# (So# App. A ll-UO. - In order to produce plutonium safely it is necessary that ths Pils reaction be controlled at all times, To accomplish this control, the Clinton Laboratories

Pils was provided with safsty rods and tubes, regulating rods, and shim rods* Four 1,5-psr-cent boron steel safsty rods, 1-1/2 indies in ♦v * diameter and eight fsst long, are suspended above the Pils, operating vertically by gravity. These rods, operating either manually or automatically, are designed to shut ths Pils down very rapidly in cas# of an emergency greater than can be handlsd effectively by the regu­ lating and shia rods. Two vertical, empty, closed-end tubes ars built into the Pile to receive a quantity of boron steel shot, normally held in containers outside the Pile and above the tubes. The shot can be released manually as s final sffoart (after other methods have failed) to stop the Pile reaction. Two horisontal 1.5-per-cent boron steel regulating rods, 1 - 3 A indies square and 19 feet long, and coupled at their outer ends to steel racks 22 feet long, can be operated manually or automatically to effect fine control of the Pils reaction. These rods are normally used one at a time. *our shim rods, similar to th# regulating rods, have two functions* first, to shut the Pile down when the need arises; second^?to compensate for variations in operation which are too large to be handled by the regulating rods. The shim rods ar# normally operated mutually but an automatic system is provided for i complete insertion during an emergency. Manual operation of tbs Pils controls may bs effected from the main control panel (So# App, A 15, U7), ♦ g. Slug Handling Facilities, - An elevator along the front face of tho File carries a pair of track# for two charging machine#

(See App. A U8, !*?)• These machine# charge the uranium, which is in the form of slugs approximately on# inch in diameter and four inches long and jacketed with aluminum, into the Pile. As a new slug is pushed into the Pile, an irradiated slug i* forced out at the rear face. The discharged slug fall# freely downward onto on# of two ♦w * mattress pad# and slides through water down a stainless steel chute into a stainless steel bucket in the discharge pit (See App. A 7).

Th# discharge pit, which i# approximately seven feet square and contains a 20-foot depth of water, i# connected to a horisontal storage trench, approximately seven feet wide, 65 fast long, and nine feet deep. A canal for the transfer of slugs to the Separation

Building runs from the end of this storage trench. A monorail crane carrying an electric hoist i# located above the trench and canal to facilitate the movement and delivery of buckets. U-3. Pile Start-Pp. - The Clinton Laboratories Pile was charged with approximately 35 ton# of uranium in th# for* of jacketed slugs and operation# were begun on k lovember 1?U3. This start-up date was

a few weeks later than the requested date as the result of changes aade in the Pile metal channel#, such as the chamfering of the ends of

each graphite block ijf each channel and the cutting away of the tops

of each channel at the rear Pile face. Although these changes delayed

the start-up slightly,, a net delay in the production schedule was

undoubtedly avoided since the possibility of slugs becoming wedged

in the channel# was greatly lessened by these changes. Within a few

day# after the start-up, the Pile was brought to a power level of t

U.7 ' 5 0 0 kilowatts with a maximum slug surfacs temperature of 110 degrees

Centigrade. In a short time, a power level of 800 kilowatts was attained b y plugging s o b s of ths outer channels and through ths uss of a maximum slug surfacs temperature of 150 degress Centigrade.

During and after Pils start-up many fundamental investigations were carried on, such as* investigation of ths ehangs of period with Pilo J loading} temperature measurements and Pils power calibration) determi­ nation of a temperature coefficient for ths Pils* calibration of control rods| observation of ths reaction of ths Pile to control rod movementj measurement of "neutron flux"*! and determination of stack activity (Seo App. C 5}*

U-iu Increass of Operating Level. - Although ths operating level of ths Pilo was maintained at its rated value, engineering studiss made during ths early part of 19hk indicated that ths operating level and, consequently, ths rats of production of plutonium could be sub­ stantially increased by making a few rather minor changes. Whereas ths Pile was previously operated with h$9 channels loadsd with 65 slugs each, in March 19^4, a new loading, consisting of 709 channels w i t h hh slugs each, was adopted. This new loading method, designed to ehangs ths shaps of ths lattics arrangement, permitted a higher power output without attaining too high a temperature by reducing ths amount of uranium near ths center of the Pilo relative to that farther out. Tbs efficiency of the air cooling system was increased by the use of well designed plugs for checking ths flow of air through channels which did not contain uranium. Finally, the use of slugs with improved arc-welded Jackets permitted raising the temperature of ths Pile so

U.8 that the hottest slugs had a surface t-mperature of 200 degrees Centi­

grade. As a result of these changes a power level of 1800 kilowatts

was attained in May 19Uu In June and July 1?UU, the installation

of two large fans, each haring a capacity of about 70,000 cubic

feet per minute, permitted a further increaae in th# Pil# power level.

The combined effect of the## change# mad# it possible to operat# th# ♦V * Pile it a level of UOOO kilowatt#, or four time# th# designed operating

level, and brought about an appreciable increase in the rat# of

plutoniua production.

U-f>. Interruption# of Operation* - At no time were aeriou#

difficulties encountered in connection with the operation of th#

Pile proper. In ease of control, steadiness of operation, and pro­

duction of plutoniua, the Clinton Laboratories Pile was very satis­

factory. There were no failures attributable to mistake# in design

or construction — a remarkable fact, considering that thi# plant wa#

constructed without prevlou# experience and was designed on the basi#

of the meager data available in 1?U2* Some interruptions w#r#

encountered in Pile operation, however, as a result of failures in th#

cooling system*. In August 19Ui, one of the large fans failed, necessi­

tating the installation of one of the old fans, having a capacity of

30,000 cubic feet per m^lute, while the large fan was being repaired. The fan was repaired and reinstalled in September of I9UI4. Fan-bearing

trouble also resulted in interruption of operation during October and

November of 19U». In order to reduce troubles of this nature a system for constant surveillance of the fan bearings was installed (Se# App.

A 50). The schedule for production of plutonium was maintained in »

k . 9 spit* of the operating difficulties mentioned above, and at no tiee, except in January 1?U1», waa it behind that originally estimated. (See

App, C 6 and special "Top Secret" Appendix to thia book).

U-6 . Completion of Work* - By 1 February 1?UU, three montha after operations were begun, sufficient plutonium had been delivered to enable the most important experiments to be carried out. By 1 «v * March/!?!*!;, several grams of plutonium had been delivered. The Pile waa operated for the purpose of producing plutonium until January

19h$, at which time sufficient plutonium had been produced (about 20 per cent more than originally eatimated) to meet the experimental requirements (See special "Top Secret" Appendix to this book).

After January 19kS, the Pile was operated for the purpose of pro­ ducing other radioactive materiale, such as radioactive barium, sirconium, lanthanum, a*d antimony, for the research program at Han- ford, Chicago, Los Alamos, and other requirements of the Manhattan

District Project.

♦

» U.io SECTION 5 - DEVELOPMENT OF A SEPARATIOI PROCESS

5- 1 . General. - On* of the main objective8 of the Clinton Labora­ tories ■vas the development and test, under plant conditions, of a workable and reliable process for ths separation of plutonium from uranium and the number of highly radioactive by-products formed by th#

Pile paction, A number of methods for effecting this separation wer# proposed and investigated by the staff of th# Metallurgical Laboratory at th# University of Chicago? these could be classed in four general categories* precipitation processes, adsorption processes, solvent extraction processes, and a volatility process (Se# Vol. 2, Part I).

Because of the progress mad# in th# study of precipitation methods by

June 19U3, the time at which plant design was started, it was decided that these method# would be adopted for the Clinton and Hanford plants.

TWo precipitation processes, one using lanthanum fluoride as th# carrier pr#cipitat# and th# oth#r using bismuth phosphat# a# th# car— rior, received a grsat deal of attention. Lanthantoa fluorid# was th# mor# efficient carrier, carrying plutonium at a weight ratio of fiv# parts of lanthanum fluoride to on# part of plutonium fluorid# as opposed to a ratio of 90 parts of bismuth phosphate to one part of plutoniu* phosphate, but corrosiO^test# indicated that a process utilising bis­ muth phosphat# would present fewer operating problems in a large-scal# plant. The process finally chosen represented a combination of the two * • ' processes whereby bismuth phosphate was employed as the carrier in th# extraction step# and lanthanum fluorid# was used in the concentration anrj isolation steps. Thus the activities of the Clinton Laboratories staff were directed toward*

1. Elaborating on and improving the separation process

outlined by the Metallurgical Laboratory and proving

this process under plant conditions.

2. Establishing the reproducibility of the optima process

conditions in order to permit predictions concerning t_ » J Hanford operations*

3. Testing alternate processes in the event of difficulties

encountered in the use of the process chosen for Hanford.

k. Studying the selected procees fro* the standpoint of the

chemical mechanisms involved to insure against failure

during plant operation.

5-2. Description of Facilities.

a. General. - The initial development and testing of the separation process was done on a laboratory-ecale by chemists at the

University of Chicago and at Clinton Laboratories, working with stand­ ard chemical apparatus and techniques. With the success of the labo­ ratory teats assured, a small semi-works was constructed at Clinton

Laboratories as an intermediate step between the laboratory and the pilot plant (See 1pp. A U2, 51). The semi-works was used for process development and operate^cconcurrently with the pilot plant for the separation process.

b. Pilot Plant. - The Separation (205) Building contained six cells (See App. A 16), one for the dissolution of the irradiated uranium slugsj four for plutonium recovery and purification, and waste neutralization} and one (double sise) for the storage of contaminated equipment that had failed in operation. These cells, containing ths

process equipment, were separated from the control room and from one

another by thick concrete walls which served to shield operating

personnel from ths radioactive emissions which accompanied ths procsss.

Because of the high radiation levels present throughout ths process,

rsmots control of operations was necessary} consequently, all opera-

tioni^within ths cells were controlled from panel boards located in

the control room (Ses App* A 17, 52, 53)» la general, each of the

cells used for plutonium recovery and purification contained a •pre­

cipitator"*, s centrifuge, a catch tank, and a neutraliier as well as

the necessary procsss piping and drainage and waste systems (See App.

A 18-20), Process wastes were led, through buried piping, to under­

ground storage tanks (Ses App. A 21, 22) to be held until proper disposition of thsss wastes could be mads. Cooling water used in ths process was held in retention ponds for testing and dilution before dlschargs. Drainage froa the floors of the cells was held in under­

ground tanks for analysis} if ths dralnags was not too greatly contam­ inated, it was discharged through ths retention ponds to White Oak

Creek. A 200-foot stack was provided to exhaust the gaseous wastes to ths atmosphere} a ventilation system supplied air for the dilution of the gases from ths solver.

5-3. Process Development. - On 20 December 1 9b3t ths first batch of slugs from ths Pils were received in the Separation Building for pro­ cess. By ths end of January 19UU, uranium was being received at the rate of one-third of a ton per day and by 1 February 19UU the first out­ put of plutonium had been delivered. With the success of the process »

5.3 . thus insured, considerable improvement in the efficiency of the process iras achieved during 19Ut by studies of its many variables. Problems arising during plant operation were studied in the semi-works and the results obtained were utilised as a basis for future operations. Dur­ ing this period, the efficiency of the carrying of plutonium was found to depend upon the rate at which the carrier was precipitated, the time of "digestion"* following the precipitation, and the method used to form the carrier precipitate. As a result of the persistent develop­ ment work in the laboratory and semi-works, the pilot plant decontam­ ination factor (a factor indicating the degree of separation of the unde­ sirable radioactive fission products from plutonium) was increased many thousandfold through the use of scavengers such as lirconium and cerium, and the production yields were increased from an initial value of $0 per cent to approximately 90 per cent, by the adoption of a series of washes following each precipitation and the installation of more efficient agitators in the solution tanks. Although no basic changes were required, process and equipment modifications were made whenever necessary to improve the efficiency of the process.

5-it. Final Tests and Recommendations. - With the most favorable conditions for pilot plant operation chosen, additional equipment was installed in the Separation Building so that the process could be carried out without re-using equipment for a number of s tepsIn this way operating conditions at Hanford were simulated as nearly as possibls in the pilot plant. Test runs with this equipment furnished data which, together with the results of laboratory-scale runs and data from semi-works runs, using the concentration levels of plutonium

* and inactive fission products to b* encountered at Hanford, furnished

a sound basis for predicting Hanford operating conditions. The final

tests performed on full plant scale, for the purpose of developing and

testing the separation process for us* at Hanford, were completed in

August l^Un A formal report was issued by the Clinton Laboratories

on 1 October 19bU, baaed on the result* of the** tests, recommending

♦v * optipum operating condition* for Hanford (S«* App. C 7). Prior to th*

publication of this report, the pertinent details were mad* availabl* to the interested personnel at Hanford, by means of Informal progress

report* and personal contact* Further tests, designed to improve th*

orer-all process efficiency, wer* completed in November 1?U* and ths

recommendations based upon their results wer* Issued as a supplement

to the above report* Upon the completion of the work in ths Clinton Laboratories Separation Plant, the experimental data pertaining to th*

process wer* summarised in a report dated 20 July 19h5 (Se* App. C 8).

£•5* Development of Isolation Procss*.

a* General. - Although the separation process was designed 111 11 ™ TTr to separata the plutonium fro* the uranium and undesirable fission products, it did not off*r a suitable mean* either of isolating th*

plutonium free from all impuritie* or of preparing the plutonium for

shipment and use. It necessary, therefore, to develop a process by which the plutonium could be isolated in a usabl* form fire* from * all metallic impurity. i b* Method. - The solution resulting fro* the separation prooess contained, in addition to plutonium, a rather large amount ♦ of the element lanthanum, which was used in the final steps of the

\ separation process as a carrier precipitate. It was necessary to treat this solution in such a way that the plutonium would prscipitats in a rather pure state, leaving the lanthanum and other impurities in solu­ tion. Based on information gained by the processing of some 37 batches of material in a specially designed laboratory (Sss App. A $k), a method, based on the precipitation, solution, and repreeipitation of plutonium ♦v * peroxide Aram the solution received frae the separation plant, was developed. Studies mads, to determine the best plutonium compound for shipment of ths product between sites, indicated that ths nitrate was most satisfactory for general use. Recommendations for an isolatlom process were furnished the Hanford Engineer Works in two formal reports (Sss App. C 7, 9)#

5-6. Uranium Wastes* a. Storage* - In view of the limited world supply of uranium metal, provisions were made for storing the waste uranium solutions from ths Separation Building in large underground storage tanks (Ses App. A 22, 3U). Six tanks, having a total capacity of about one million gal­ lons, were provided, and these also served as storage tanks for radio­ active waste solutions from ths Separation Building, before ultimate discharge into nearby streams. b. R e c o v e r y The development of a process for ths recovery of uranium, held up in the active wests solutions from the separation process tests, was begun in the fall of 19Ui. A recovery process, based on the extraction of the uraniw tram a water solution by an organio solvent, was carried through ths Initial phases of process design and ♦ promised to be a very satisfactory method (See App. C 10, 11). t

5.6 Inasmuch as the handling of this largo bulk of solution would bo simpli­ fied as time went on, because the radioactive fission products were disintegrating and thus becoming stable, and since there was no imme­ diate demand for recovery of the uranium metal either at Clinton Labora­ tories or at the Hanford Engineer Works, the work on this problem was limited to the development of a process for uranium recovery to be used ♦v * at sorife future date*

5-7* Completion of Work. - During the period from December 1?H3 to January 19U5, a total of 299 batches of irradiated uranium slugs were processed in the Separation Building, using three different type charges, all of which yielded excellent results. Valuable Information was gained in the operating techniques connected with the separation process, through the work done in the Clinton Laboratories pilot plant, and key personnel, who were later to be assigned to the Hanford Engineer

Works, were given a thorough training course in the fundamentals of process operation. At the conclusion of the operating period, January

19U5, experienced personnel carried out a thorough program to remove all radioactive substances from the equipment and cells, so that the pilot plant could be placed in a standby condition. 5-8. Development of Alternate Process. - Although the Bismuth

Phosphate Process had b^Rn accepted for use at Hanford, a group of chemists at Clinton Laboratories was assigned the task of developing an alternate process for the separation of plutonium from the uranium and fission produets by an adsorption method. This research was believed to be necessary, since this new method, if successful, would be very simple both as to construction and operation and would provide »

5.7 an alternative in the event of the failure of the precipitation process.

Sufficient results were accumulated, based upon the behavior of the ad­ sorption systems studied, to show that, by the use of simple "adsorp­ tion columns,"* a process for th* separation of plutonium from the undes­ irable contaminants would be quit* feasible* However, in June 19UU, when it became obvious that th* Bismuth Phosphat* Process would b* t > satisfactory for us* at Hanford, research work on th* alternate method was discontinued* 5-9* Chemical Studio* of Fl**lon Product* and Heavy Sl*m*nt*. -

Chemical research connected with uranium, plutonium, other heavy ele­ ment*, and the fission products was begun in September 19b3, but was of secondary importance because of th* urgency of process develop­ ment problems and their manpower demands. However, with the discharg* of re*ponsibilitie* in thi* fi*ld, ba*ic chemical research increased until it occupied a large part of th* chemists• program at Clinton

Laboratories* The fields for study have been th* chemical clarifica­ tion of the phenomena associated with fission, the chemical potential­ ities of the Clinton Pile, and th* charact*ri*tic* of th* varlou* nuclear reactions. a. Studies of th* Proc*s* of Fission. - Studi** of th* pro­ cess of fission have ii* to * more accurate idea of the proportion of the total energy of fission which is contained in th* radioactiv* fission products and of the rat* of release of thi* energy, Th* pro­ ducts of fission, of which about 1$0 ar* now known, have been further characterized with respect to mounts produced, chemical properties, nature of radiation *mitt*d, and rate* of decay. Information of thi* t \

5.8 type, collected in conjunction with the staff of the Metallurgical

Laboratory, has been used in improving the plutonium separation pro­ cess and in planning for personnel protection and waste uranium disposal at Hanford (See App* C 12)* b. Studies of the Chemistry of Plutonium. - Prior to Clinton start-up, plutonium existed only in microscopic amounts and its chem­ ical & d physical properties were not known as well as was desired.

Therefore, a program for the study of the ch««istry of plutonium was inaugurated as soon as sufficient amounts were aadm available. The development of the separation process depended to a great extent upon the results of this research. A number of immediate problems attacked included the study of the suitability of various plutonium coepounds for their ease of preparation, stability, ability to withstand storage and Shipment, and degree and ease of solubility. 5-10. Radioisotopes. - Following the end of hoetilities, much of the work of the scientific and technical groups was directed toward developing peace time uses of the various piles. Radioisotopes devel­ oped therefrom were to be used in the fundamental and applied sciences,

particularly biological and medical. The release for public use of these Isotopes was one of the most significant peace time results of tbs

great investmsnt in nuc*|kar fission. On 3 January 1?U6, ths first complete, specific proposal for the national distribution of pil*- produced radioisotopes was presented by memorandum from Clinton Labora­

tories to the Director of the Medical Division, Manhattan District. Formal inauguration of the distribution program was mads by the announce­

ment from Headquarters, Manhattan Project, entitled "Availability of t

5 .9 Radioactive Isotopes," which appeared lit Jim# 191*6, in “Science,* Vol.

103, Pages 697-705, listing available isotopes (approximately 100 in

number) and also covering principles of distribution and details of

procurement. It was determined that distribution should be limited to elements number 3 to 83, inclusive.

*• Laboratory Expansion. — Expansion of Hot Laboratory t > $706-©' was underway by thie time in order to keep separation facilities

abreast of increased pile activity. On 2 August 1?!*6, the Barnard Free

Skin and Cancer Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, received the first peace

time product of the huge Atomic Energy Facilities. At appropriate

formalities in front of the Clinton Pile, the Deputy District Engineer delivered a one-silli curie unit of Carbon Hi to Dr. E. 7. Coedry, of

the St. Louis Institution, who desired the carbon to "tag* component

parts of cancer-producing molecules and then, through radiation

measuring instruments, to seek an answer to this question* "Why does

this particular molecule produce cancer7" Since that date and to 31

December 19M>, 306 requests for radioisotopes were received, repre­

senting 1*5 different elements. Of the total orders received, ship­ ments at the year's end totaled 125 with a sales value of $29,800.00.

♦

*

5 . 1 0 SECTION 6 - DSSIGN AND OPERATING PROBLEMS

6-1. General. - As the design and construction of the large- scale plutonium-producing plants proceeded, it was essential that th* research and development program should concern itself with problems associated with successful and uninterrupted operation. The most difficult of thes* problems was the proper canning and testing of th* uranium slugs. Before a slug was considered sound enough for use in a Pile, it was subjected to sever* test* to determine it* ability to withstand the inten** radiation and the corrosion brought about by th* passag* of the coolant und*r radiation condition*. Another problem anticipated in early Pile operation wa* th* poisoning effect of fission product* of large neutron—capture cross section. Although a* many a* possible of th*s* elements wer* id*ntifl«d and investigated early in the operation of the Clinton Pile, it wa* not until the start-up of th* full-scale Piles that further complications appeared. Among th* investigation* mad* at Clinton Laboratories during the design of th* larg*-scal* production units were s test of the effectiveness of the shielding proposed for the Hanford Piles and a test of effect of radiation on materials used in Pile construction. The results obtained from experimentation atjd calculation at Clinton were transmitted directly to the du Pont Company by a small group of special technical liaison men and, thus, were made available for use at Hanford long * before usual publication and distribution methods would have allowed,

6-2. Detection of Slug Swelling and Can Failur* (S** App. C 13-17).-

Considerable attention was given to health and other hasards which » \ 6.1 night arise in case the aluminum jackets around the uraniua slug*

should be ruptured by chemical corrosion or by the effects of the

heat produced in the Clinton and Hanford Piles. The first slug*

used in the Clinton Pils were jacketed with a very light aluminum

can sealed with an ordinary stitch-weld at the seams. During operation v

these slugs were expected to attain a temperature of about 218® Centi- «v * gradSf. In view of this, it was decided to test these slugs at this

temperature. (Actually, the pile operating temperature was 2$0® Centi­

grade). Many of these light jackets failed when they were subjected

to the heat test given to them prior to insertion into the Pile. A aethod of canning was developed later by the Metallurgical Labora­

tory and the du Pont Company which proved to be quite adequate (Sss

Vol. 2, Part I; Vol. 3) Vol. 6). "ssentially, this aethod pro­ vided for arc-welding the seams of ths aluminum cans under an atmos­ phere of argon gas.

a. Tests Developed to Detect Jacket Failure. - Testing of the slug jackets prior to insertion in the Clinton Pile was accomp­ lished by s variety of methods. Initially, the testing of th* aluainum-canned uranium slugs was performed by heating the slugs to

300 degrees Centigrade for ten hours at a hydrogen pressure of two atdtospheres. This procedure was continued until it was found that soee of the slugs passing the test contained hydride. Thereafter, slugs were tested by the deflection test, in which the welded end of the can was exposed to a nitrogen pressure of 200 pounds psr square inch and the deflection in mils of the opposite end of the can was ♦ observed. This test rejected about U5 psr cent of the slugs received > 6.2 at th* site. In order to determine th* perc*ntag* of defective sings I among those already accepted for charging, a group of 5000 was given

a second deflaction test. Two ner cent ahcwred deflection* greater

than six mils. That i*, a group of 20 slugs showing thi* defl*ction

represented th* worse elements of 1000 slugs. It also appeared

desirable to test the metal under th* most unfavorable circumstances

♦ V * to determine safe operating condition* * 1 performance test was made

using 1000 slugs held at an air temperature of 200 degree* Centigrad*

for two month*. Of this number a f*w failures, in which th* can*

sw*ll*d or broke, wer* observed. After th* development of an improved jacket, another test was developed in which th* slugs were heated to

a high temperature (about 500 degrees Centigrade) and h*ld there for

about ten day*. Fro* weight* of th* slug* before and after this hest treatment, faulty can* could be detected because th* uranium metal \ ' * upon exposure to air at this temperature became oxidised and thus

gained wsight (See App* A 55)* b. Routin* Testing. - Th* tasting of ths *ntir* quantity

of slug* which were contained in th* improved argon arc-welded jackets

was completed in February 19U5* °f approximately, 10li ,000 slugs tested,

' less than four per cent were rejected for all reasons* It is of

,■ importance to note that£little difficulty has ever been experienced

to date with ruptured slugs in either th* Clinton or Hanford Pile*.

c* Corrosion of Uranium Slugs* - Sine* watar wa* to b*

used as the coolant for the Hanford production Piles, the suscepti­

bility of the aluminum to corrosion under Pil* conditions was investigated. Water of composition similar to that in th* Columbia t 6*3 River waa passed through a special experimental channel constructed to

simulate a Hanford tube, and the corrosion of the jackets of the

aluminoa-eilicon booled slugs (See Vol. 3) wa# noted. When the dis­

charged slugs were examined, one which was several feet frcsi the

center of activity during the test was found with the cap completely

reapved. It appeared that water had passed through a hole back of the ♦v * weld/ and that the oxide formed on the end of the heavy metal had

exerted sufficient force to push the cap off. The slug was swollen at the end and the bonding material was cracked in several places. Mo other slugs were in such a state, although large pits and swollen

areas were detected near the welded sens on several slugs. With

improvement in the aluminom-eili con bonded slugs brought about by improved techniquee in canning and welding, the corroeion rates indi­

cated that corroeion under radiation would not be appreciably greater than that observed where there is no radiation, indicating that no difficulty with slug failures was expected to be encountered*

6-3. Pile Poisoning (See Vol. 2. Part Ii Vol. 6). - Simulta­ neously with the production of plutonium in an operating Pile, an

approximately equal weight of the many fission product* of uranios is

formed. These fission products are ordinary elements which may or may not be radioactive, degrading, in general, upon certain statistical

laws. Often, however, one or more of these fission products are of

such a nature as to be incompatible with the normal operation of the

Pile. That Is, ths mere existence of these material# in the Pile may prevent its operation by virtue of their ability to absorb neutrons ♦ readily, thereby decreasing the number of neutrons available to carry »

6.1} on th* fission chain. It was realized that an accumulation of thess fission products might create a condition such as to maks it impos­ sible for the Clinton or Hanford Piles to operate. Little was known about these poisoning affects at the time the Clinton Pile was put i into operation* However, two rare elements, samarium and gadolinium, were known to be produced as a result of uraniua fission and to have a tv P 1 veryMiigh poisoning effect, but certain essential facts that would I determine how troublesoms these aight be to Hanford operations were not known. In view of this, Clinton Laboratories, in cooperation I with a similar group of physicists at ths Metallurgical Laboratory, undertook a study of ths problem by exposing samples of thess rare \ earth elements in the operating unit and examining the resulting products for their inhibiting effect on th* Pile. From this work it was concludsd that thess particular two elements would not give ris* \ to any serious difficulties in connection with th* Hanford operation*

(Se* App. C 18), However, shortly after the Hanford start-up, a radio- ft active isotope of the rare gassous slsment xenon formed in the fission process was discovered to bs about a thousand times more detrimental as a poisoning agent than anything previously encountered. Indeed, it appeared at first that the production of this gas might make it impo^H sibls to operate the Halford production Piles* The problem was gi very intensive study by th* physicists and chemists at Hanford, i \ Clinton Laboratories, and ths Metallurgical Laboratory with ths resuit \ that a method of operation was worked out which eliminated th* diffi- 11 , cult/ in a satisfactory manner (Ses Vol. 6). * j 6-4. Testing of Proposed Shield (See App. C 19. 20)* *» After ths development of the special type of masonite, which had been found to bo an excellent shielding material, it was necessary that the laminated steel-masonite shield to be used in the production Piles be tested.

Two such tests were performed at Clinton Laboratories* In the first case, an imperforate section of the shield, with an effective lower surfaco of 2*> square feet, was inserted in a special opening provided ♦v * in t^s Clinton concrete shield, Sinco the radiation level at the graphite, due to gamma radiation from fission products, after a shut­ down, would be such as to render the ares untenable after any appre­ ciable amount of production operation, it was necessary that this test be performed during the start-up program and that the accumulated energy during this period bo limited to about $00 kilowatt-hours. The second test involved ths testing of a shield section containing th* proper formula of iron and masonite for both the "thermal shield"* and the biological shield. This ssmple, four feet square, was perforated by a singls metal charging tube. This assembly was s perfect facsimile of the geometry to be used in the Hanford Piles, although the tub*

contained four longitudinal rib* instead of the two used in the final design (Se* Vol. 3). However, th* difference between the** two tub* sis** was considered to be immaterial as far as th* test was concerned.

The section of shield j^fes placed outsids the Pile shield directly behind a steel tank ordinarily filled with water. This tank extends through the concrete shield so ^that, when empty, radiation from slugs

could impinge upon the shield section after having passed through only two inches of steel. Measurements,^in both cases, made by use of foils,

ionisation chambers, photographic plates, and other devices, indicated t x 6.6 that the proposed shield would be adequate and would reduce the

intensity of all dangerous radiation to well below the tolerance level.

6-5. Testing of Materials for Use in Hanford Pllee (See App.

C 21, 22). - The effects of the intense radiation, expected to be

encountered in the Hanford Piles, on ordinary materials of construc­ tion and materials which might be placed within the Piles, such as

•v * coolaAts, were unknown. Many materials were exposed in the Clinton

Pile in an effort to determine whether or not there ware any signif­ icant changes in their physical propertiee as a result of irradiation.

A synthetic water of the composition found in the Columbia River was

circulated throughout a test tube in the Clinton Pile under various

Pile levels. Calculations predicted that the hydrogen peroxide

concentration in the exit water of the Hanford Pile# would be neg­ ligible! that the removal of oxygen (deaeration) would decrease the initial rate of formation of hydrogen peroxide by 56 per centj and

that saturation with oxygen would increase thi# rate by 30 per cent. Included among construction material# tested in th# Pile were aluminum,

1 steel, graphite, masonite, brass, "neoprene,"* bakelite, and concrete.

These materials were irradiated foretime#' of th# order of several 1 week#, corresponding to approximately 200 megawatt-hour s. The decay

of’the beta and gamma activities induced in these substances was

followed on "Geiger counters."* Several of these materials were found

to possess very low activities. Among the more interesting of the obvi— » ous physical changes occurring werei (a) bakelite showed no obvious

harmful effecte after several weeks of irradiation at $00 kilowatts; (b) ♦ rubber tubing lost its elasticity and broke into pieces under light »

6.7 I pressure; and (c) neoprene retained its strength and elasticity after three weeks of irradiation at 300 kilowatts.

\

J

*

♦

6.8 SECT IDS 7 - TRAINING OF PERSONNEL

7-1. General. - The unique nature of the various processes having to do with the production, separation, and isolation of plutonium, and ths fact that very few people had received training in this entirely , new field, mads it necessary to provide adequate facilities for ths trailing of additional personnsl. ^oneequently, Clinton Laboratories, both under the University of Chicago and later Monsanto Chemical

Company operation, organised and operated training schools for its own personnel} in addition, ths University school trained two groups of du Pont employees, she wars eventually transferred to Hanford Engineer

Works as a nucleus for its operating personnsl, while ths Monsanto school was established to train a nucleus of technical personnel in fields of Nuclear Science* 7-2. Facilities* - Both school programs utilised the principle of regular classroom work, but the earlier program required all trainees to supplement basic principle classroom training with part-time work in ths actual operation of pilot plant facilities. To provids ths aost proficient training program possible in the shortest period of time, a «ni«l 1 mock-up unit, having the same fundamental characteristics as ths large ones bein* built^at Hanford Engineer Works, was mads available and successfully used In connection with the Chicago training program*

This mock-up unit had, Insofar as was practical, ths same type of * equipment as was expected to be used at Hanford*

7-3. Personnel Trained* a. University of Chicago* Program. - One group of 183

♦ 7*1 trainees, new employees of the du Pont Company, received training in the particular part of the work in which they would be engaged at ths

Hanford Engineer Works. Th* training was complsted and the transfer of these new employees effected well in advance of Hanford start-up.

A second group, 183 senior da Pont employees, also received training at Cliiyton Laboratories in this new type of work for several months. Jf These employees wer* trained primarily in the supervision of certain phsses of the process in order to gain experience before eventual trail*f*r to the Hanford Kngin**r Work*. In addition to the du Pont employees, s group of 29 Clinton Laboratories employees wer* trained in specialised phases of the work and transfsrred to Hanford prior to its start-up. Most of the members of this group received special training in the design and construction of special measuring instru­ ments and their application to monitoring in connection with health hasards. b. Monsanto Chemical Company Program. - In thi* phase of the program, a school for training a nucleus of technical personnel in field* of Nuclear Science was established in August 19U6, to run for s s9/>S/?S6) period ending in Jon* 19U7»A Upon th* termination of this period of training at Clinton Laboratories, the trainee* wer* to return to their concept of this seminar was that it would be at post-doetorate level and limited to 25 or 30 peoplej how­ ever, the school in practice included the following guest group* along with 37 assigned, scientifically noted, trainees* (1) 205 employees of,Clinton Laboratories.

(2) 21 Government employees (including Navy and Air

7.2 Fore# Officer*).

(3) 7 Tennessee Eastman employees. (U) U Carbide and Carbon employees.

(5) 3 NRPA employee*. Far the direction of this activity, Clinton Laboratoriee obtained the part time service# of Or. Frederick Seita. J * 7^ 4, Disposal of Equipment. - Following completion of th# train­ ing program, the equipment installed in the mock-up unit was removed from the building for use at other locations and the building was turned over to Clinton Laboratories for us* as a general shop. SECTION 8 - ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL

8-1. Design and Construction (Ses App. B $)« - The design and construction of the Clinton Laboratories were performed by the du Pont

Company. E. G. Ackart was the Chief Engineer, in charge of the Design and Construction Divisions. Ths Assistant Chief Engineer was G. M.

Read.; If. F. TTood was the General Manager of the Construction Division ■J' while the Manager for War Construction (TNI) was F. H. Mackie. Ths

District Superintendent for Clinton Laboratories was W, Irwin and J. D.

Wilson was the Field Project Manager. For the Design Division, T. C. Gary was Manager, reporting to the Assistant Chief Engineer of ths

Design and Construction Divisions. J. P. Martel was ths Assistant Manager of this division, while the Supervising Engineer for Clinton and Hanford Design was F. W. Pardee, Jr. The Design Project Manager for the TNX Section was H. T. Daniels. 8-2. Operation. - The operation of the Clinton Laboratories was the responsibility of the Metallurgical Laboratory (Sss Ssc. 3). Ths first group of operating personnel moved fro* Chicago, Illinois, to Oak

Ridge, Tennessee, in April 19*»3. This group consisted of eleven men, key scientific personnel who had been engaged in similar work at ths

Metallurgical Laborato^ before their transfer to the Clinton Labora­ tories. The original group was augmented each month in accordance with the availability of living quarters and the completion of office space and laboratory facilities. 0y August 19h3t a sufficient number of operating personnel had arrived on the plant site to serve as a frame­ work for a well-rounded organisation! » 8.1 tirkJ 6-4 a. Organisation (See App, B 6^.

(1) Under direction of the University of Chicago, the

Clinton Laboratoriee was operated ae a part of the Metallurgical

Project with Dr. A. H. Compton as Director. As of February 19UU, the

Director of Clinton Laboratories was Dr. M. D. Whitaker, to whom th*

Associate Director of Research, the Director of the Health Division,

♦V > and l!he Plant Manager reported. The Associate Director for Research was R. L. Doan. This group was further divided into three divisions,

Chemistry, Separations Development, and Analytical, headed by W. C.

Johnson, 0. H. Oreager, and D. M. Smith, respectively. The Director of the Health Division was S. T. Cantril, M. D., and S. W. Pratt was Plant Manager. Reporting to S. W. Pratt were th* Production Superintendent, W. C. Kayj the Works Engineer, A. J. Schwertfegerj the Service Superintendent, R. A. Wentworth) and the Chief Accountant,

S. C. Weber. (2) Upon assumption of operating responsibility by the Monsanto Chemical Company, Dr. M. D. Whitaker remained as Director of the Laboratories until 1 June l?b6, at which time he resigned to assume new duties as President of Lehigh University. To replace Dr. Whitaker, a co-directorship was adopted with Dr. J. H. Lam as the new

Executive Director and^lSr. E. P. Wigner as Director of Research. Ae Monsanto began operating the Laboratories, the du Pont Company recalled or terminated their Chicago University loaned employees as rapidly as 1 possible. b. Personnel (See App. B^7). - In August 1?U3, at the time of the formation of an operating organisation, Clinton Laboratories employed a total of 236 person*. Th* number of employe** wa* gradually increased thereafter until June 19Uii. At that time the maximum number

of employee*, 1$13, wer* engaged in plant operation, including thos*

undergoing training for th* operation of th* Hanford Sngine*r Work**

Th* transfer of thi* traine* group wa* well underway by July 19UU, at which time th* total number of employees started decreasing until, by j" th* latt*r part of 19Ui, a more or less stabilized organisation of approximately 1300 person* wa* reached. Becaus* of the urgency of th* work and the scarcity of well-trained and qualified technical civilian

personnel, arrangements wer* mad* to have technically trained men of th* Special Engineer Detachment transferred to Clinton Laboratories

for duty. Th* first group consisted of ten men who reported during

th* month of January l?Ui. As qualified men be cam* available, addi­ tional enlisted men were assigned to Clinton Laboratories, until th* numb*r finally reached a maximum of 113* S*v*ral of thi* group war*

j giv*n specialised training in certain phase* of the work and wer* then

transferred to other locations on the Project where th* necessary

training facilities wer* not available. 8-3. Corps of Engineers. - Sine* Clinton Laboratories wa*

located only a few miles from the District Engineer’* Offic*, wh*r* • V all Corp* of Engineer**mdmini*trativ* and service faciliti** such as

th* S*l*ctiv* Servic* Section, Priorities Section, and Contract

Section were located, it was not necessary to maintain a larg* staff at the plant site. Th* organisation at Clinton Laboratories con*i*ted

of thro* officers, Major E. J. Murphy, Operation* 0ffic*r, Captain J. F. Grafton and Captain.F. A. Yalont*, Assistants! two civilian

8.3 employees} three stenographers} and five enlisted men of the Special

Engineer Detachment who rendered technical assistance* Pour mors enlisted men were added in June 19h$, when it was found necessary to assume the responsibility of the transfer of certain classified special radioactive materials from Oak Ridge to other sites by truck convoy*

n > j"

*

»

8.U ♦V * J

k MAPS, DRAKIHQS, PHGIOIBAHIS, AND DESCRIPTIONS

♦ IAHHATTAJ DI3TRICT HISTORY

BOOK 17 • PILE PROJECT

VOLDIffi 8 • RESEARCH

PART IX • CLOTTOH LABORATORIES

A P P B S D H A

MAPS, DRAWINGS, PHOTOCRAPZiS, A H D DK3CRIPTI0JB n > j'

Ho# Description

I ■ ibp * Index and Road Map • Clinton Snginoor r?ork* 7 2 Ikp ♦ layout of Clinton Laboratorie* 3 Diagram • retail* o f Graphit* Matrix A s s e m b l y 4 Diagram • Vertical Section through Pile 5 Diagram * Opening* In Mstal Charging Faoo 6 Diagram • Elevation of Rlgjbt and Left Side 'fall* 7 Diagram • Elevation of Disohargs 3nd .'/all 8 Diagram <• Plan View of Pile Top 9 Diagram * Typioal Closure of Charging Snd of ifctal Tube 10 Diagram • General Arrangement * Air Cooling System 11 Diagram * Section through Shim and Regulating Rod Aeocnbly 12 Diagram * P l an of Shim and .’ovulating Rod Assembly 13 Dlagreaa * Elevation of Shim and regulating Rod As notably 14 Diagram * Gravity Safely Rods 18 Diagram * Control Panel 10 Diagram • ’operation Plant — General Arrangement If Diagram • Control Panel ♦ coll* 2, 8, 4 18 Diagram • Equipment of Cell No* 2 • Lower Vessel* 19 Diagram * Equipment of Cell Ho* 2 * 'tfpper Vessel* 20 Dlagreaa ** Drainage and TSasrte System for Duilding 208 21 Diagram ♦ Waste Disposal System 22 Dlagra* ♦ Ihin Mstal and Liquid Y&uto* storage • Typical Section 23 Photo • Aerial new of Clinton Lab oratorio* 24 Ftooto • Pile Building under Construction (6/4/43) 28 ’ Photo - Pile Riding under Construstion (g/27/*3) 28 Photo e> Pile Building under Construction (7/1V 45) 27 Photo • Aerial View of Pile, Separation, and Eadmueter Building* during Construction (8/31/4®) , 28 Photo m Conpleted Pile Building <* Looking !»arfch (10/13/45) 29 Photo * Cocipletod Pile Building « Looking Southeast (10/11/45) 30 Photo * Conpleted Exhauster Building «* Looking Bast (lO/ll/45) 31 Photo * Kr&xustor Building and -xhoust Stack * Looking ^orthoturt (ll/l]/49 ) 32 Photo «► Bast End of Clinton taboratorie* Aroa (12/20/43) 33 Photo *■ Completed Pile Building and Separation Building (12/T2C/43) » h Doaorlptlon

84 Phot® * vfegt* Storage (306) Area under Construction (7/M/45) Photo • Completed v/aate Storag* (206) Ares 56 Photo • Shito Oak Creek Dan and Sluioo Sat* ( V ^ T A s ) 5 T Photo • Coorsplotod \mt*r Treatment (80f) Building 2 Photo * Cocpleted Puap Bouse (814) Building (aAq/i 8) 59 Photo ♦ Stows Plant under Construction (7A 4/ 45) 40 Hwto • Stoaa Plant and ^serroir under Construction (lC/flAs) 41 Fhoto • Completed Steam Plant • Looking ’brthweet (sAaAi) 4* Photo ♦ Chepjatry^Laboaratory^(706 A) Building ♦ Locating 43 J Photo * "Hot* Laboratory (706 0) Building * Looking Uorthoaat (3/13/44) 44 Photo «* Propan* Storage Tanks 49 Photo <* Ordinary Chemical* storage Platfora 46 Photo • Air Cooling Syotea fan 4f Photo *• Pil* Control Panel 46 Photo * Charging Pace of Clinton Laboratories* Pile 49 Photo * Charging Face of Clinton laboratories Pile 50 Photo * Apparatus for Con*tact Surveillano* of Cooling System 31 Photo * Control Panel* in SmiHferfao Reparation Plant 5J Photo ♦ denote Control panels in Separation (206) Building 58 Photo ♦ Typical Counting Room at Clinton lab oratorios 54 Phots • Section of Isolation Laboratory OS Photo • HSsstrio Oran* for JlHtot Testing 56 Photo - Bldg. No. 735-B - Training Building 57 Photo - Bldg. No. 706-C - Chemistry Separations Laboratory OCPAWTMgNT

FI LE NO CH-O III-1.4

■Si/,?,,

Clinton Laboratori^j

Fill NO CX-OIIH C0WP8 Of EW8IWEEW. u. a. a r m y

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MO^fHTV LINC - ~~~

IN 4 SHEETS :I ol ' I ' ! 0 -· ~.. # ~ 1 Q:i -· I fl JC

I • f / .. I ·-' THIS DOCUMENT CONSIST* O f ___ P*8E S E R IE S NO.___, COPY N

WVISIW

_ t.4 0 4 *tq*vfM iir AMO A f P STATES OF CONtTtraCTION £ 1 twx

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206-A Ssttling Baain shad

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713-a old Storage at 706-4

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7 1 3 -P Storage warahoaee

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700 KRVA (Continued)

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\ OPENINGS IN M ETAL CHAR6IN6 FACE.

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34. N o I G alvanometer S h u n t 3 5. Interval Timer Ano Control Switch 36 No 2 6ALVAHOMfttH S mvimt

3 7 '* ” Vernier "SliDEWICE A ojUSTMENT 3 8 N0.3 5 him Rod C o n t r o l 5witcmes Ano Position Indicating Lights 39. Shim Roc Selector .Switch 4 C No 4 Shim Roo C o n tr o l S w itc h e d And Position Inpicating Lit>*TS 41 No. 5 " '* " " * “ " " 42. No 6 " - j .. » " •• 4 3 . No 2. R e g u l A t in o R oo M a n u a l S l o w S p c c o C o n tr o l

44. " ” ■' •' Variable H i6h S p eed C o n t r o l 4 5. No I •* " " " S peed Co n tr o l t ; ' CELL m CELL N»2 m y ? 1-DISSOLVER I-PRECIPITATOR 1 - PRECIPITATOR 1 - PRECIPITATOR 2- NITRIC SCALE TANK J-CtNTRIFUGE CATCH TANK 2 - CENTRIFUGE CATCH TANK 2-CENTRIFUGE CAT 5 -WATER MEASURE 5-CEHTRIFUQE 3 - CENTRIFUGE 3-CENTRIFUGE TANK 4- NEUTRALIZED 4 - NEUTRALIZER 4-HEUTRALIZER I 5 -PRECIPITATOR WEIGH TANK 5 -PRECIPITATOR WEIGH TAHK 5 - precipitator V» 6 -CENTRIFUGE WEIGH TAHK 6-CENTRIFUGE WEIGH TANK 6-CENTRIFUGE. w e 7 -CHARGE FUNNEL TO PRECIPITATOR i 7 * CHARGE FUNHEL TO PRECIPITATOR ^ 7 : CHARGE FUNNEL TO

PLAN m i n°s 1 -NEUTRALIZER H TANK 2-CENTRIFUGE 3 -PRECIPITATOR 4 -CENTRIFUGE CATCH TANK IGH TANK i 5-SKIMMER TANK I jH TANK 6-NEUTRALlIER WEIGH TANK RECIPITATOR T-CENTRlFUGE WEIGH TANK 8 - precipitator WEIGH TANK 9-CHARGE FUNNEL TO PREC1P1TAT0W

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2 m o —a—1 SHOWER r ! H.W. u .______i Q E) O LOCKER m ROOM rTTTTT TOILET TOILET < ROOM (B) *>

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© ..r 0 -~ · I. W*T*« lb Cell 5 POAYS 2-3-4 LouMPMiccai 5 BuS0 l « r 9 For Catch Tank Lou- 6 a6 C 6 8 uBBLeR For C ill Pressure 7 S te a m Reesjoac 8 A c Pressure 9 6oeet.cK» fi»« Precipitator L e v e l 6 a « k 1 0 HF FVe^urc, C c l l 2 O h l y 11 S|6NAL Ll6 «TS 12 B ubblers For Ncu tr a lize r Lc v c lGaac 13 B ubbler For Cen tr ifug e Level 6a*e 14 CtttTRiFuie Level 6aoc 15 Safety Meter 16 Centrifuge Tacwomstcr 17 £(liT(iruK CohTHOLS Id Neutralizer Lcvil 6«u Id S * n Y M c t c r 20 Eecoroinc Thcrmametkr - 4 PtH £1 Catch Ta«k Motor Control 22 Phone J AclC 23 Rkcipitator Level Cm*. 24 2ECORDIN6 THERMOMETER " I P«.M 25 RicctPiTAToi*. M o to r C o n t r o l . 26 Cell Pr essure Gage. 27 Catch Tahk Level Gage P5r4l Inc. Prcjs> Awe W*«. Alarm 6a« s On Syphon Limes 42 CcNTRtFuftK F l o w Co n tr o l . 43 " Skim m er " 44 Precipitator S parser-- Control Va l v e s #■ 4 5 " 5 yphon 1 •1 II II 4 6 >1 2. M 4 7 Cemtrifuac Catch T am k 5pa rw r~ C ontrol. Valvcs 4fi <1 •• '• S yphon 1 •1 u 4 9 « H II - 2 H M 50 H F 5 par*cr. C ontrol- Wllvks 51 Ne u tr a liz e r S pmRCCR - C o n tr o l Valves M 52 5 p^ « II 53 NeUTRAUZRK SrPMOM 1 tt * 54 m n 2 «l ll' 55 S p a r e M II S6 Precipitator * 4 H M * * 57 • « • 2 a 4 5 8 Water To Neutralize* Jacket 59 •» " Precipitator " # T ^ m r -W a y A ir A n d S t e a m Va l v e s XX Linkages Ark Used,Oh All. Control. Valves ...

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, PLAN OF LOWER VESSELS a CATCH TANK LIQUID LEVEL GAGE LEADS -L IQ U ID LEVEL GAGE LEADS-NEUTR ALIZER NEUTRALIZER THERMOMETER NEUTRALIZER SAMPLER - CATCH TANK TO NEUTRALIZER. CELL N«5 - NEUTRALIZER TO PRECIPITATOR - CATCH TANK TO PRECIPITATOR, CELL N13 - " ' " NEUTRALIZER -CATCH " THERMOMETER - CATCH TANK VENT -CATCH " SAMPLER - NEUTRALIZER JACKET OVERFLOW ijrcci! £ N R ~ LEGEND FRONT ELEVATION CENTRIFUGE CENTRIFUGE * SCALE " TANK TO NEUTRALIZER ■ 2 , " " * M£UTRAUZEB CENTRIFUGE CATCH TAJIK TAJIK CATCH CENTRIFUGE I -I NEUTRALIZER OVERFLOW I-CENTRIFUGE " ■ -I DELIVERY SYPHON 1 NEUTRALIZER , AND STEAMAIR (-NEUTRALIZER DELIVERY SYPHON 1,AIR ANO STEAM " " 2, " ’ * > ~ CENTRIFUGE> ) - WATER TO NEUTRALIZE!* JACKET ) ) - PRECIPITATOR ) - TANK CATCH SPARGER, CENTRIFUGE AIR ANO STEAM ) - NEUTRALIZER SPARGER, AIR ANO STEAM

EQUIPMENT OF <^ELL HO. 2 LOWER VESSELS PLAN OF UPPER VESSELS PLAN OF UPPER VESSELS

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a (SL. Ska JfiL FRONT ELEVATION o c ■o --L E 0 6 N P PRECIPITATOR 4 - PRECIPITATOR SAMPLER ttHTJOTKil 6 - PRECIPITATOR THERMOMETER CENTRIFUGE CATCH TANK PRECIPITATOR LIQUID LEVERAGE o NEUTRALIZER n BUBBLERS # o PRECIPITATOR SCALE TANK TO PRECIPITATOR ) - PRECIPITATQR JACKET OVERMOW ' TO SPARSER-AIR ANO STEAM ) - CENTRIFUGE THERMOMETER / CHARGE FUNNEL TO PRECIPITATOR ) - CENTRIFUGE LEVEL MONOMITER ' TO DELIVERY SYPHOIUOCENTRIFUGE, AIR » STEAM ) - PRECIPITATOR TO CENTRIFUGE *> Z ) - CENTRIFUGE T « CENTRIFUGE C MTCH TANK P WATER TO PRECIPITATOR JACKET N TO EMERGENCY PRECIPITATOR SYPHON, AIR ANO StEAM 6 - CENTRIFUGE CATCH TANK TO NEUTRALIZER.CEU.S TO DELIVERY ■ • • > • J - TO PRECIPITATOR FROM CELL Ntt { CENTRIFUGE SCALE TANK TO CENTRIFUGE BOWL SPRAYS Sfifl*-CENTRIFUGE TO NEUTRALIZER,CELL N05 PRECIPITATOR VENT TO CELL J - f PRECIPITATOR ) - NEUTRALIZER TO I • • ORAtn FROM 100 AREA

F.O. , F.O. w.o.

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5 ’ S.S. BY-PRODUCT WASTE TO BY-PRODUCT WASTE STORAGE TANKS 206-^(121-122)

3" S.5. METAL SOLUTION WAgTE TO LIQUID WASH STORAGE TANKS 206(111-11

15“ l.C. COOLING W ATER TO STORAGE POHDS m a n h o l e ± r & C V i FLOOR DRAINAGE TO TEMPORARY STORAGE TANKS ZQGOoMOS)

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DRAINAGE AND WASTE SYSTEM FOR BUILDING 205

- L L & m - FQ - FLOOR DRAIN , C O. - CLEAN OUT (TO GRADE) VtO. - WATER OUTLET M.&O-METAL SOLUTION WASTE OUTLET ft.P.a-BY-PRODUCT WASTE OUTLET

/)2 o LABORATORY WASTE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM EQUIP PC. 2 0 6 -/3 S

J TO P O N D

/- B Y- PROPUCTS i. METAL SOLUTION 3 COOLING WATER 4. QUESTIONABLE l^ASTES, WASHOUTS, ETC.

BY-PROPUCT STOHACtC LIQUID ANP METAL WASTES

EQUIP PC.£06-

EQUIP. PCS 2 0 b -/ II. IIZ.II3,114,US, 116 PZAINS FROM BLOG.

* % STACK PBA1N

EQUIP PC. £Ot-/OI*

HOLDUP TANKS £ $ U !P PCS. d o t -102.109 O TO TWO PONDS

:b MAIN OCTAL AND LIQUID WASTES 5T0£AC>C TYPICAL SECTION ;J»PEHDLX A 23

AJ2KIAL VIEV. OF CLINTON IABQR/vTQRIBS % p it* b b h m w gum® ccasmcsxas (6/4/43) lb# farsgrcnssd s h o w the wtiar ean&l f ro m th* file SaiMing t® tim §«»&ratlt» SuiMing uncUw eanatruciioa. fbla canal wus to prcrriaa a. m o m of transferring irradiated mrnlua slugs, v o t e sator, to th# Separation Building*

* v *

Af P&fDIX A 25

FILE BUILDIIiO OMBSi COteiaUCTitiS (6/27/43) fh® yjght fttegvetttid «faowa tsfan Fila StiiMiag wli»r M urtntttlan. 'Th» buUUilog i» tb« baek^round house* a special shop for aidilB * lag th® granite u&ad in tha Fila*

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j^SffljDC A 31 s&kwssk mimwQ a® z&feoss s m i - lookzhg u q b b m b x ( u / n / 4 3 )

^HPSN&XX A 32

' mm of gs&boi MM&foaiis AS8A (12/20/43) fh& right foreground shows to Chaaiatry laboratory {7064} BuiM- lags tha l* ft forsgram^i showt the i«ast# Stor&go V20o) Ajwhu Pil# (105) Building Is located in th# c«at«r background, to tfaa right of tha Separation (205) BttiMin*. : * ..

( A 33 carcase fix* uoiLoaa {m t) asd sm u iii

SaKttXttt (RICH*) (12/20/43) ~.

' APPmOU A M

WASfltE. SfOMCB (206) ABM. JMDER C m m m fim (7/14/43)

CiMtflMM) n ^ s S (206) ABlfc

Six letxize storage tanks with a total e a p m ity o f aboat «M *1334.®** -alloa® are truriad six feet below the surface of th* gpote«I* ftM * tarto s^rv# as storage apac® for the processed wnaaiuaand. th e radieeetive mate solutions from the Separation (205) Suildiag. Waste solution# .art held in tfci# area ‘until htfwuni* before 0ia~ obarg* into White Cak Creek, which flows throng ti» roar of the axea. I A pm m ix a 3 6

HI' 3 0 ; V . » dfa .„v SLJ i. c-] (6/ 27/ 43}

APFEXDIZ A 37 coKrumED m tsi T m m m (serf) auiniiaa , ■J

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APKSOtt A 42

G K a x s m xabqmiqex (706 a ) bu ild in g - luokbg

S0U2H&&X (3/33/44} Th* addition at tha laft and of thlc building bouses th® Saparatictt fr & m m f© tha rl#it «f th» tostMJteg i* tha •Hot* _ laboratory (706 C) Building.

m m m a 4 3

•BUS* (706 C) 3U1IDISS - fjXKiss

K0ttfKS&3i (3 /1 3 /4 4 ) fill# bmildtBg hs«»a» a special cfeeisieal laboratory r

APPENDIX A 44

mcWMm s s m m iau ss thftMw taa’ss prafiA© Itar tho pp«p«» gas mscl as fasti for li&omtcay barsers.

< --···- ...... _~--- A}rm m u a 45

CRDI&ABI ©IffilCAXS STGIt'iQS rBIFOtt: ' .. ■».

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m w m u a 46

Am COOLER} SXS3M FAX th is fan, one of th« two larga fun* (70,000 cubic fe#t jx*r «inut« capacity} uMd to cool th« Cliatea Laboratories Pil», is dr&rc* tar a 4J00-bor©«pcKwr 9 l#etric actor at a gp#«d of about 3600 **¥©■> a ltia a e p#r niauta* Tha two fans opor&t* ±n parallel to pull air through tha f ll* «

» 4 APfSNDU A 4?

n m control pahzl to ODorator at thi* pmial im© oowjflste control of xiae tothavier of th* ail© «t *U ti**m. fhrmi# the aid of aeter* am ot«or recoil dovices, it is v o w i b l* fo r %m o^tor U o^w m , «A«ff in s ta n t, the Btodmun tesiperat-ure of tt» wrfcal in the t t l o , ia le t ajid o u tle t t*tperate>@s of tfa» eoollng air* operating power 3 * * * 1 * and t«EJj*r*tur«a at various p o in ts tfa^utf*ufc ^ tbs m fety and control features ca= fe® oporataa from felt pain*.

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Apmmxx a 4 8

tiliiaGiSa FACtt OF G&XHTOK ZABQfUXQRZS fJ£K ffe* eleeirlsaily-apez'a^toi #X«¥&fc«’ tm x ‘U» |w |t» of tbe photograph.* «*rv#s as a loading platform.

m m m z k 4 9

FMS, Qjt tlSBQU lABCE4lOa2S> PBS ■ '' He .;. _ ‘ • •' * '! v ' • • / v.' '■ ’ , < th » ftlemtor ia &kmm m m tkm fcottee of the ptw to^pfa* fti® p ife eoiitTOl p«j#l is Jdeatad «? the plstfors® at the 2*ft c«at#r of the pliotogr&pfa*

♦

mmmm & 50

nxma&m for coistaot survsiiuhci of coolxsq sxstem Th# l«r;p electric Motor, in tho canter of th* photograph, drives om of the large fans aaed to circulate cooling air through th« ■ File. The *aali m ows, m lw s, pipes, and gaugas are part of th» ayatea which cireulataa o il continuously to u ll beariaga of the mat or and fan# fh# p&ssl, at tfca right* contains eosAiMim’m record in g m%®m for atkteg a m cm vi o f th# of the bearings, oil, exit air.

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AH'INDXX A 52 m k W i CONTROL FAMLB IN SEPAHAflGH (205) W H in m

L 53

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Apmmm a 54

SaCIIOH <& IS G U Iia '• • • The VKS&eXe, counactiag pipes, arui valvas in thci laboratory are asde of sta in le ss e w e l. A ll work in %m lafeomlwacy m t oiirrind os' unfi® boods to avoid irfiaU tion o f toadc mpors by «po*ati«g

APPENDIX A 65

ELECTRIC OVEHS FOR JACKET TBSTI1G fhese large electric ovens were used la testing the uranium slugs prior to their use in the Pile. The rm te on the truolc ©entails® slugs ready far insertion into m oven* Slugs were nabjeeted to a teaperature o f approximately 500 degrees Centigrade in these orens for a period of about ten days.

JlPPBHDIX A-5«

11%* V»* 736-1 - fralatMg Building

♦

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I I l I r I s f .No. 735-B Training Building Laboratory

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WX AR3A j . Bldg. No. 706-G lernistry Separations Laboratory * (.Concrete cell block in foreground)

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Sheet No. 2 of ^ 3heeta.

S 3 wo.. .iUl MONTHLY C< cowmucrtON oivmtoM -aanai.aioaBBB TITMt Oft »U *O IV I.io« « ™ » MMMMTuan —; commitMm n form. LA mm mtnmiM. til «♦«**> rs rau* m*Hm» t *> W> « ''j-a 0on»traction DmjMurtra at - Cl*rle*l 171,067 15,485 611 « 7 , W J rj-a Con*truetlon OapartauA - £n«ir»*rin£ 186,457 21,430 2,398 210,285 rj-j 4*0u(«Aing and Auditing Mfartaant 41,331 3.174 44,555 rs.4 PwchMinj; 0«f*art*«nt 30,444 2,9*3 33,427 OiM.r Division (n\mingl 3ub-Tot*l 457,746 45,639 3,009 K no*) u.l«IUj 506,394 r§-i Fir* ttoU cllon 3,966 458 4,424 «W iolle« Protection 1X0,296 • rs-3 MOikU,* 235 110,531 6 ,1 ® 2, 1 m 8,221 FS>»4 Sark* Jif.tj- is,* ® 4,953 23,235 ra-5 J«rvic$a 17,948 6 ,s a 24,750 Fa-t. -a«'l»ymnt of utK>r 91,387 70,873 162,2*0 fa-7 iX}0 !ri»bJ« uviMi-kl Office SU|.-,41«a 3,650 »0,7<52 413 rM **r*nJ«bX» Bagimwring iut.f.ljes art 84,845 •ienUl impairs of XnatruBwaits 509 735 1,244 PiS-V ~i(>ht, H»st, J'*> ,-r .tfni HaUr 168 2,012 2,190 MMtC f^rciit F#« 1,374 &-11 Xnairone* 1,374 116,104 116,104 rs-12 Clhauffaurs fcr . '. Cars uf vit 5,731 5,731 • rofTtta. »;./U ,-r«fh j 135 135 FS-14 V»ea(: Mm at ,22 V 4,375 y>.,6u. rfcas 10, 05V 3,64? 12,726 Fj-io Ft 4 *nJ I’n-r ~o;,-wrnt Tax** 195.7M 195,751 rs-*.f fit -u>i «t f- »r$& '* K ^ 5 * ■mi tixrrmzt. ? .. .i m. ;ni,<, >o '*!<♦ ','47,~33 IM l «j nim 59,126 51 i'A , ■« l»Jor ... i ,.n ; 34, a o tin 1 or ?u* ■ :nt

* , i;. 1 ♦: ■ sm% 2 r m p o i f

„_WO*K* IMCUNMI PAYWOU. W ( WOWW rflW IT II. „ ...Il t i TO i*»ie*r«» t*r»i « » if~ «KS»»iff#»»ar*"...... —----- r#iK ’S'jiw- stST MW» m n im t. m ***** m m M m .. -i.f mi iw m 0 *

371, m 4 7 ,X » 419,290

! 1

1 ■

371,790 47,500 419,290

138,090 145,000 283,090

13«,J10 2,500 140,810

170,000 170,000

162,000 162,000

r- 27o,*00 479,500 755,900

171,650 134,400 306,t 50 • 4 ,W 240,000 244,£70

12,19© l e i , * ‘ 1 7 j,« 0

lf»,710 536,1V- 7* 4, *8 Sheet No. 2 of £ sheets. P&QMCT N O ACCOUNT 0-1 • MONTHLY C CONSTfty^TJON DIVISION cr ::i»'S M'f wAfc r * ?«**:,* C. «*%*%» ■ I I T M U 4* #9; i.A m m

•* ■* -■* ■ raft. -*;;*■ riiit«at ii'tnji itw r - l i n » ^ ‘i a . i ?, •»*■ 1 I MS r t:»c«iian«ou-i Irstr.icm tj *** oerv.cidg » f Uo*«rM»nt i**20 kauitena»i..'« of -iassis ,v?...... * -

,v • A.. .. -

. I0t< l*Ai

i t i i-'iiilsKiie «i ,XiM 16,^ > «>,?>' .101-1 9'} 25,i>V3 ii<2 ‘’i.ild.jif ,S»ClS<4 .1* ■*>& A'*-' ~4Ui|».Ml4 *&-9 iCi *i.iistne l,u%> ,»>* jxMiit Wt*m i , t4>?» 1 j . 2,°>- 2,2.Ci,6i* iX5 77, OH 25, 2a. t o , 27* U5-* 115 *s|u -;«s«nt - ...... j * 4 r ; ...... Al*iss ...... "i 0 ft •• ;■: >r ■ L * 4> 1 -'t,f. *♦' v, ><+$ 5, V .,', ■- * * ' ,, # ,s / J -.: > <2(x» 20C- *r*a *jU4 **uii*fci >»2VJ ri,. 1 V.WJ ^ £%«*»> '*lQU ?, <* 6 12,t>7J 1 , X62 205-S ZOp %134iig 201,£22 ■ *<>>/•¥ 3 ■ l6C#-,‘2(] 32.1,3 3

Totai • W h ^ f 3 ,K t 3 >j, o5y

500 Outaltf* E lectric i-ines sti Ai* « trlc <*ub statio n and Cut add* f *irln£ 53.666 . Jub Total 6>,Vy9 53,6^6 U9.5SS NTHLY COST REPORT f'J r c m o o c h o i h g ■ * t 19*? WORKS INCLUDES PAYROLL WiZK CNOfNtt '•1*n- JI| tStlMHl to iOMPLin if ^ t Atmm mai'niai » u t i c i n i O T O T ) L C Cl * T I*n»i»r* otrto „ (**+}**to r * ! , <«> : o*j

*.'/ , i'€u ?, 31 v : ~:,«v , v ;*M . v, VOu «' V* ? ,/s> >, *? ,v 1 /<*,? S' * $%*>*♦,.' 1:- ' * * :". t " : s - * i:- '*• # - ^

.,aoo , $>&<* V 'V.& *-«1X0 I-- , m>cm >•5,0: 31i,W * 100 ICt>,$£, *;■,«& , , i*C'- i,,??/,*-.>-

f . »,«|s *9,$eo

1 ... 1|r ... _ ■ . „ ...... „ ...... , __ _ ^ ...... * * i . i hctum. n n m iv M i wWe*WH * MQW19 WWJM, le fts * m w . »»»«* union ktatamat. j M««HI ■... ~m~~ * “IB— n r" -w too OMMMi FM iUUn Ult.lde U n i 603 Ki»*4a »M l&lita 88,259 142,546 230,«» m Aute», trucks an) Crami 1,822 ujuu 12.9C9 m fM M 23,973 5,163 29,136 6U Cr«R Drainage OitehM 4,796 2,417 7,213 6M fwnwnwit Farting Lot 2,753 1,401 4,154 w, Otard »o**ra 6,450 , , V** 11,154 m fence Unities 8,184 6,456 14,440 622 Overheti 46,471 19,797 66,268 m Satar 125,483 124,917 250,400 624 Air Uutwa 2,518 671 3,1*9 m Jwrera and jertie tank* 42,425 25,678 68,109 m Frsttw Unea and Jewere 97,024 55,369 152,» 630 Fire fro tret inn ) % m 18,098 57,175 m uutsM® 0e»rhr»}Z Dae am sluice Sate 19.433 8.158 27.591 Jub Total >34,101 434,509 968,ao

jmrvie* »»rea So. 1 ?Ui-B <3&t® House in i Cloek "Hey Buiiaing 14,556 5,359 19,915 751-S *.♦« ibus*> aru iiock »U*)f 2>p»iix:«nt 4,541 4,275 8,816 » 4(-st«s 1,631 4,019 5,650 TOBltiin wfrif* Bulling 104,016 • t>3,7ia 167,734 7v'i-S l^in Office ajuifsarn*. 7,033 22.4C7 29,440 ?C4-£ dujieryijor** Crffce Siiiiln,; 4,429 1,614 6,043 704-S jBjvnriMr'a CfflUe Sjuli^ent 143 62 205 ?.t-B Labar&torj- fciilXtij; 391,061 161,930 553,011 70s>—&iU'. ar »t jrj S^ulfwnt 291,844 ’ 323,364 250 615,458 717-8 Out** ;:oa»« Bulidtos 32,977 16,913 55,890 ?w-~ uhar^e House &j«ljw>nt 1,837 2,777 4,614 77,7«7 "US-B CaJ’ssteria Suiliisijj 6C,459 17,268 .j&% at,6C8 7>«§»g C&.fet5 «it.-r»h'.»»<■ Bwi - — if: 64,23. 27,714 91,944 71 >S U«rte!*a± 4i«renetjj<» 4 98^ 2,263 7,251 714-B itc*a£« . Jtfoit; tt,X?4 4,524 tt,696 715-3 Flag ' n* 'Fla p 38 35 73 ?i7-t- Acf an; ie.jij' tiXeragt KiSi»♦ Sui.5ir\* a. ,899 37,01 »4,130 AC}, an. JlHiif jtei*..,:e Hew ^fi'.jcer.; 1C»5S1 76,457 171 95,179 ?.?-2 r ir ' -vi : ■ - . t : ; .,*> r- - ; ■ Hiiili rv: 52,337 25 ,«77 78,214 7i9»i .'‘*rst U"* ■. r,; «rvi^ - .,£*• nt 15,731 53,753 69,484 7X-B. jratrcl : . . - t ; ‘ jui.ii tv , 9, it? 32,^4 «■»»»• . fiipaent i,4i6 4C~ 1,823 723-5 i-.~rc ly t .11 ; - ia,i?9 3,512 13,691 72 3-i. ri.•.■jVsljjaiT.t .,86? 7,686 724-- *. -, t j;.., r,t a.3 646 1,439 8,620 6,5*0 15,200 10,490 3,50» 6,990 1,880 UtfKfl 45,880 59,7*0 57,300 117,040 5,710 35,500 a , a o

312,590 215,900 528,490

356,9» 5 % ,800 861,760 25,050 19,760 44,810 1,680 2,080 3,760 45,4&> 24,900 70,360 03,470 28,500 41,970 * 19,980 »,Q00 31,980 120 1,500 1,020 2,440 2,500 4,940 120 100 220

39,490 27,900 67,390 22,800 63,300 86,100 33,750 27,900 61,650 12,m u 55,^ 0 «?,660 30,860 10,000 30,860 >2,330 7.LU0 9,320 8,970 3,970 12,940 3,910 8,230 12,140 1,220 600 1,820 Sheet No. 4 o f £ sheets. maiter no 1 2 » ._ ACCOUNT ------MONTHLY C O S T R IP O R **it_____ CONSTRUCTION DIVISION _ c u w p h A m wam ___ w o r k s ACTUAL tX M H Q IT U K M eoMMttM««rT* nmol Ttrur ©*> #«»*©*vhmo« UKM fl+i+u tftWM’ UMKMH MATftNiAi. »} *rt * m * *»* »»

-*»rv5i0* i m So, X 'Seat'd. 28,980 7'5-B »«rUog G«r«t« Butlisr^ 2U.72J «,?V7 725-S * arnitvg Sarage &^lpaar4. 2,150 5,067

ir.l-w storage - Titsks & C,.i.Lln«a 11,626 4,9o7 14,593 2,961 729-B k»ciii*r>- ■H.orage iJuilitlng 2,C«s> t$7o 7 >-! Training; «eh«wl 2uiiaiKg ■&>,m 7,«65 23,143 735— ^raining •'choel ^idjraent 7 5? 1 ,? * 2.5S5

7>7-<= “•ill jnaitar building %y 139 * 882 7*J-* ;i»u.X “« k« ____Ui_ ___iU_ __ Sil_ jutj Total 1,291,8*3 9U,9» 4a ,209,231

35 vV J*»rvie« **r*& &&.« 2 lb ii«r %a.s* i>u: .;di?v: ?i , 008 43,740 117,«» as 5,192 % i Xer **

Ittw rw ir l3,oag 9,6<£ 23,32» 4^,326 • ur «te 3«ci * ow* r #,g*«6 39,«*0 34,o4£* .&?/-* • ***V.ir *rvat»«m% &>**# MJ 970 *flrii4kifg **«] i ^uilolng 792 1 W 3,uo4 i,,C49 11,113 6XV* *‘at^r **#11 *quij*r#rl 1 a 7,144 x*>«' /> ;*2 . 3. «-• ,V*:«iSrVv i r ;'V U3« ‘'i - lw, ^ J Is ,77V ■Si-v 25,351 . i V-» f i l u r 'l&nt i^ii^ULng !',» ■ • "■ i. ,554 *; i t«*r i l vit -<$* 4 f;«r< i «0 » 3»,}V7 „v} # ^ s?> 43,112 .ilver '-u-r. ;*oti •>'<. iv ri: 1J.24! / '*/ / 12 ,54"' 1ft,793 **U-~ >»iv 1=3* , w ,t ■ '■•••• **#♦ ‘^sf - i J •*• *>t REPORT 0 «w oo Ptotwo..aft. a> .._w 4i WORKS irnxmm mmou. mm w w w ^jgkA ...... ,M O COMflltl '»»lt»T«P TOTAL COIf m*i, vin w * m •) »*>•! . m («) ’ ran * (•*> * «M> £ ' . j

5,1* 4,000 850 2,200 3,0}0 5,m 6,500 U,790 ■ | 12,920 A, TOO 21,630 1,220 4, COO 5,220 930 200 1,130

1,029,030 1 ,19a ,m 2,221,540 | 1 53,620 a ,ioo *,720 164,51v 155,000 319,510 12,SCO 13,300 26,160 2,4*0 54,5«» 56,940 2c,590 12,300 32,e90 30,djC 67,100 w .vjo 100 J4K 5,2*i 7,700 12,9*0 3,0jS 1,S0C <.,850 5,360 13,300 lMfts6£r 1^ ,«*>0 11,500 27,950 S.,ty>0 39,WXJ 7t»,UJU 29,860 21,000 50,860 7,5* 13,000 20,550

•.01,160 «»i,c,00

Shest No. £ of £ sheats.

* PW0JECT NO . MONTHLY COST RE mu XONrriW CTION D! VISION aisTi* ^xsxssa m

ACTUAL KX PEN O ! T im g s .T O T A t EfTIM*tl T8 « T itit *u» COMMITMENTS «»smrts om MATERIAL II ♦*♦»( ■mm i.A»0« **AT«»IA|, «1 I*;* AUCOOK?

«2> it5gln®«i*ia^ 3*ei,g» 28,993 z , 'm 1,3V8 33,l«o SB &>gii»*rtng 3uj*rvi»ion 10,746 1,9 3“> 154 12,835

Fa M eld 3uf *rri» io n 15,162 6>% 754 16,521 FS F ield 2*{*o»« 4,834 8,70? 1 13,538

A vCc iJKTJ

iiS iM i &;sj(T.4J-TIvfc Ai»U*lb 124 a; extra facitiner/ 1*4 227,453 300 30C Area vo,j?a 157,075 117 *44 500 500 Area 22? 600 ink Ar«* ■ .... — Juaau. iVX-J. 131,450 172,132 2,307 99.99 16,012 iiaterlais funjijnwi bjr i>v«rn»nt without ch«r£* 16,OK llat«rUl» tr«*f*rr«4 to oU»r aov«m»ni f-roJ*ete <1 Uiout 8ubailOt£5*fit -.356 . 292,7j ) f e ta l &aw>a»t charged a fa u ia t i w j i t t « j|ro j» -i* tto n >31,450 15t!,V7o 2,3' 7

;1»ini»ne4 Mil <*id direct V>y Ooverrwnt 35,043 ®»GO 2,307 4J,393 Ifeueriau* -ura»«i'*t*r«4 to ©U;*?r i va.re^nt projects witii «ut>.iIiot^a^nt —■...... 249,340 a*i-»n lit up** ty d-i lent 96,407 15-.V33 PCRtOO ENDING ffrb. 2i, ih**t X S T REPORT 'U|-'*w« Gr«ufar, WORKS INCLUDES PAYtKXJL WmK CNDIN© . I tt to cflMi»un I N O IC *tlO TOT Ai, COIT S*T«MAT* PATtO i*»o« ....iMATKMMMk TOtAjU a m m s M* TUMA^ « ♦ *♦*) t A O O * MAT«*MA». <*•> 0«| <«> tm

WU,XXJU 2t*,uuG iM5 Qt i# 3*1*17 3,?U> 3,700 *12? Of I9 '3*u*ry 7r iu 300 $,010 6,030 U‘,5u0

.16^,160 160,100 325,260 270 250 $20 ■— Juveo , i?6,77C

kAnhnttan *istr ist •'imct F^jaarits far «!' ‘•a, Jh tr|;«fS: h1,-M6 C^m*! turn t* • ,

»

I Sheet No. 1 of ^ sheets. P R O J E C T N O ACCOUNT $y. > - M O N T H L Y C O CONSTRUCTION DIVISION

ACTOAC C*F#NCMfU»*K:* tlTtt OH SUB UlViSlOfc T O t A t. V A » 0 * M A T fc fM A l 4 I* * 1 + i!

F*> FiSLJ

1 Construction i**fartnrnt ~ J,3i^ 3,31~ won si rue t ion rts.n (WiJ&lngtaii/ ' 115 115 F*>-Cs ^ iv ia lo n 391 . 391 ?■>»? I r a f f i c I>epar tcer. t - ! £ £ _ •iyt Iota* US 7 5 4 l^5, 5^*

F i r * rrcHecUon 6 8 « e i « ii ce I ro tec Li or. ^ 6 7 . 2 ,2 i> /

r e - ; .i m i t a t i o n 36 JU.X

Hferkf* >jaf # t y m 80 2 7 9 FS/-J kedw&A ferrices 377 <.4 4-21 iaB| ioyssent of Labor Firt, 1,5J« M 4 & i , 8 w , Fi»? iixjerv-icitle Office >,4fj lias U l,4t>8 1.47V &g*niabi« Engineering «*}*=* ris » m I^ntau Yi*~S ana o: instrument u II

F*>*9 Ll,fit, rival, i « « r ari'i '.talar 34 34 F-i-lo / e m i t Fee

In su ra n ce 1,27« 1,278 Jai<*ries of -5f Mr*r.t Jars 101

■ F S -i? i ry>gr« 35 i 1*010?. r :’i ; h 9

F&~}4 V a ca tio n s

F*-i5 Jisa& iiiiy •<*£«

Fi>»j 6 And v?;<^ io /& en t 'IHxea 3,4(52 f *-;8 i"«n?non»» sr*j & i.. ar*4 CJrtHij Lire In i, i-sse f&*19 i npmnt at '•**£#« in Lieu of 7 &>tie«

F ^ ,2 £i. »*> * r i n t : , ih o tc s W ta .* $ £

? % ~ 2 2 c-r.lc# - fLua rrin ta , ffcotoatate TO e v ? F«r-«i* Ifovlng ?a&,c:rary »>f j'icaa to ri^nt Jiie t tiiiltz r y iunil

•>ut T o tal i 3 > 5 JB ST REPORT Jh««t #2 WORKS fWNOO ENWNG i* 45.. « * o cowniri INCU/OE5 PAYROLL W£eK **OfNGrm il, v4Li»iX^. , J l , * < * * * « . COST i»4£ ttSSP MAtritlAt w **t i m a « : o a t i d ♦* T ''*p* ■ L*80» WATOft*^ («> !»*} <*3fOTAC *»i» * * M A » K <*») 7,210 600 a, oio

7,^ j soo

1,720 | 4,1.20

4, ja a 4, JUf

•5»‘xc 5 ,*vc

*

S h W t No. 2 of 2 sheets. MO jt ACCOUNT SO.. MONTHIY COS t o . COWTKUCTION CHVIMON stunt* a : acn***. txPWHmmmm * M *n»ut *• 1 i»j *** a S i u i . *ir,,T„:,,.'Ti .|>

m JN&) Mt i-m »V8 m <•67 m 815 m-i, ** <#*l|«H»*it. *9,m 156,7-7 2^,638 7 v,J7* ‘ 157,<3? 5 m 4UJt4ig apu» «*»«. J yi ~>«rte n ,(JrlR£ _iZ7 ...... 117 ~ 7 :: **, 117 J *-• •«; • :r;.., ur~ .. i m *n4 *.iU!s JH& at? «e ** i» £67 z r*~ wW FH# $*$ J ^ &J3 w 3*4 tC * l!UnrT"'s'.t 235 »:>? ' -A Air l!»i **i*2 59 ! a*. .. m ,vs?vs.i ;;•»* ’ • i.5 * * \! 1,1’e m 1,8% LY COST RIPORT « bwo© &*g>txa....^ *« 4| JJffcfci .. WORKS wcuxsa MVfiou. warn mmtLJmmae.^..»43 t« 11 m * » « ’ t <* ___ i i a x t n t t«th t i n ^ MAT**,At # ft ««' * «|(( w " ' vjwT' *>♦*«! *JMhm Mfc*4a*M> ISBSi #Wf R»1 M «« f i -

1*,950 W.,100 59,050 i43,al 150,000 29WJLO

163, m xfcc.ioo 3*1,260

m ,80 ...... 52ft.. 270 250 M0

UJD 320 750 I JO 40 170 m 1«0 4-i0 240 *0. 520

~ . 50 . 120

1,1% S8C- 1,9*9

« *

*

Sheet No, 2 ° £ 2 sheets. S8 DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT IL PROJECTFIELD bAMOSH . . Wilson D. J. , Irwin V,. CONSTRUCTION DIVISION E 7i E C E it E C G E N E R AM L A N & G B K Mij.il CuNS F, F, 1 ~ k.

LkivAGER TNX P-9

. Mackie H. F. F. 3 ------Wood a RUCTION ASSISTANT CHIEF ENGINEER

CHIEF ENGINEER ahtin st ct raiain Chart Organization - t ic tr is D kanhattiin

. DU PONT . DE NELuUiiS I (IIJG.) E. & CO. . . Ackart G. E. . n Read In. G.

.... ein n Cntuto Diiins ivision D Construction ana Design ■ - T ~ l ENGINEERING DEPaRTLENT ...... uirii«i,^VxoIIiG

. . ade Jr. Pardee, W. F.

ASSISTANT UaNriGER DESIGN PROJECT LAiiAGiSR .1.*■ DESIGN DIVISION 9733-' 9536 . 53 x 53 . P kartel a k P. . J . . Gary C. T. c . Daniels D . I H.

I t ;; x

o signed Not

CUi> nirtCT 23 22 j k J J U i T i ^ X V . i . w* i G ! * ! < 1 J i . i » r . l ' . j t .9891 2 4 3 8 4 u 4 4 6 9634 9757 9803 9595 1 1 : ^ ------C Lawranco * . J ---- — ------g : . . fcieVay S. W. 9733 9536 PROJECT LOCATION 9641 9595 9233 9757 9735 9734 9722 9721 9634 9803 C -l & 0- 0- & -l C V891 PROvECi? i.uriiiiiGEiv key 58 . linton C Clinton ’Wilmington A »0. ;> . Wilmington Hanford Purchasing f-.O.Vi. Wilmington Wilmington Wilmington S.R.O.S. Unknown Wilmington 2 * only i

OH.GAhLZjiX lOi'i CHftXil

CLEfx'ON L't.iO JiiOiili

Director « 0. ^..it«l:er

Associate Director Ci.osearch) ~ R. L. Doan

Special As3t> » L. B. j3q

Division Director (Chematrv) - •<» C« Johnson

Division Director (Separations .Development) - 0 . H. Greaser

Division Director (Analytical) - D« ’.!« Smith

Health Division Director - o. T. Can^ri!

Plant liana ser - S« V1• P ratt i $ o • Froduction Supt* « ■<

‘.'forks iindineer - A. J. Schwertfecer

Service Sixpt. - iI. A. s'ientworth

Chief Accountant - 2 . C. .Yeber

t % *

Sheet Ho, 1 of 5 sheets*

B(o OR&lKI&i.TIOa OUkilT OLIHTOlf IA30;U'i:0HIi53

RiiiiiacH ahd

DXVI3IQK

Pi trial on Director - ■ <'. 0. Johnson

A sst# to Director x* • Broftn Sect.!on I - Section Chief I« Perlman

S ectio n I I - Section Caief - C. J. Coryell

S ectio n I I I - Section Chief - G. is# Boyd

SEPAKATIOK D^LOPiaJiiX DIVISION

Division Director - Q« H« Greater

Section S-I - Section Chief - F, Aoken

Seroi-IVorks Group - Group Leader - D. E. Johnson

Process Group - Group Leader - R« S. Apple

Section S-XI - Section Chief - J, i3« Sutton

PHYSIOS SSCTIGI-:

S ectio n I - S ectio n C hief - K> W. Hewson

Section II - Section Chief - L. ■/. Eordheim

EHGIlEiSRING DEVSL0P2aEMI SSCTIOB

C. Leverett

BIOLOGICAL SECTIOK

Section Chief ~ H« J« Curtia

S Sheet ITo. 2 of 5 sheets ANALYTICAL DIVISION

Division Director - D, H« Smith \ & Chief Supervisor - G. if.- Struthers '

I# Control Section, . Senior Supvr. - R» B« Fennin^or

I I . Special Analyses Section , Senior Supvr « - !•;. E. Hoff

III* Analytical Development section, Senior Supvr.-H. H* Coleman

t t "

Sheet No. 3 of 5 sh ee ts %

QRQflHIZA’IlON CHART

CLIMxAf IAQ0RAT0RI3S

M I 3 H DIVISION

Division Director - S. T. Cantril. N. P.

p h y sicia n s

Clinical Laboratory - Head Technic - Melba Johnston 4

Nurses

Health Physics - Section Chief - K, j,.;« Parker

Vt"'

Sheet No. 4 of 5 sh eets ORGANIZATION CHARI # CLINTON IaQORATORUSS

PLANT

Manager - S, J , P ratt

Production Supt. - >U C, Kay

100 Area Asst, Supt, - J. P, Sinclair

200 Area Asst. Supt, - F. R, Vaurdian

.‘forks Lnnineer - A. J. Schvrertfe^er

Power - Asst* Supt, - J. D, Renfroe

Maintenance - Acst, Sup~c, - K, i). .Tallaoe

Inscruments - Asst. Supt, - p. Q-frerbeck J Project Engineer - Pi. S. Smith.

Transportation & Traffic - Caief Supervisor - P. C. Rose, Jr,

Area Sn/^ineer - Special Assignment,- ,1. D. Webb

Service Supt, ~ &, A. Tfentworth

Asst, Service Supt, ~ J. R« Henson

Cnief Accountant - ,u, G, ueber

Asst, Chief Accountant - G. Limners

t i

|v; % fe

Mpvi 1 1943 a 22 J v m JuJgr m * 353 , m 634 ?g?

January 1944 1QR? Ifc&waagr « ss 1166 1359 A p ril * 1456 Ma^y tl Jww » 1470 » » 1491 » 1443 8*j>tHBker* 1328 0stefe«s‘ » H 1287 1273 Ha©@§i*y 8 1291

1945 » 1317 Wmbnway 126$ fiaroli « A p ril H * 1159 ft 1084 1088

B~7 i I PROJECT :llRECTOR I /> THO,,.AS I

~··· _, . EXECUTIVE OIRECTOA ...---- ! J H LUM

ASST EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR PA ESCO TT SANDIDGE

1' I I I I r 810l0GY DIVISION ~AU..URGY DIVISION PLANT 14ANA~lt AUllAl'IOER HOU.AEHDOI WA JOHN SON R. C TH\Ja.,[R DIRECT'OR DIRECTOR I~ I I I I MECHANICAL OE.PT I RESEARCti SHOPS I INSTRl.JilENT DEPT . HEALTIH'ti '!'SICS DEPT. J S PUTHAM YI E WEIHER HU.F ISHER I< Z MORGAN J SUPT SUPT ._ __SUPT SUPT [ X

ORGANIZATION CHART

MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY CLINTON LABORATORIES _____< j-& 6 KNOXVILLE -TENNESSEE & 14* • 4o a • & S’ />" 8/S-k, S ' /S-+i REV. 8-14- 46. REV. II - 4 -4 6 E-1097 CHEM ISTRY DIVISION

a. r . c o e

d i r e c t o r

E. H. TAYLOR J. G- STA*G8Y

ASSISTANT CMRECTOR ASSISTANT TO DIRECTOR

SROUP LEADERS * GROUP LEADERS s. f r e e d J. S. ROSS A E. HUOSEM C. H. SECOY

5. H. JE R K S E- SHAPIRO K. A . KRAUS R. W. STO UGH TO N

H. A. LE V Y J. A. SWARTOUT

ft. LIV IN G STO N E.R. TOMPKINS F, T . M ILES R C. TO M PKINS

L.T, NEWMAN W. H. S ULUVAN R. I OVERWAR L.R. ZUMWALT

G. W. PARKER W. C. PEACOCK

O .K . RICE L 8. ROGERS

ORGANIZATION CHARTS

RESEARCH a DEVELOPMENT DIVISIONS

MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY CUM TOR LA&ORATORfES’ «**o*v»t.*,«.-& *)tm.

s c a u : mm E~ 1615 GROUP LEADERS A. O. A LLE N E.G. 80HLMANN E.O. WOLLAN S. DI8ENEDETTI C. J. 80RK0WSKI SECTION CHIEF SECTION CHIEF G. E . 80YD W. M. P R ESTO N M.A. 0REOIG A. R. BROS I W. M. B Y ER LY

C. V. CANNON W. E. COHN

ARGO*u FARRIC j 5

*

1 I 4

SERVICE DERftRTMENT H *. BISHOP SUPERINTENDENT

M V.FIRMIN

ASST. $UPT.

PERSONNEL SECTION EMPLOYEE SERVICE SPECIAL!ZED SERVICE SECTION SECTION L. P. * JORDAN m. v mmm J. ft FLANAGAN SUPERVISOR ASST.SUPT SUPERVISOR

e m p l o y m e n t WORK ANALYSES R L H U TC H IS O N MARVIN 8VROM SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR

EMPLOYEE RELATIONS HOUSING TRAINING R H iglDEL W H SCH AW AC K ER R E . C A L H O U N SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR

PUBLIC RELATIONS CAFETERIA PERSONNEL STATISTICS W V. ATK INS MRS L M. TH IS P EN SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR SUPrRVISOR

LABOR RELATIONS L A U N D R Y PHOTOGRAPHIC Saw forkner FRED WILLIAMS SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR _SUWSVISOR

c u s t o d i a l c. F. WEST, JR. SUPERVISOR

I I D ES IG N GROUP LEADERS

% ORGANIZATION CHARTS ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS

MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY cum ton lasesaTcBiEs .r~~ *»/%!# PROJ. Cl £«0 9CAL1 HO«€ £-161? | ' HfALT H DE""'RTMCNT J. S Ffl.TOfC • II 0 ~--T~llT.

AOMWISTRATIVE SECT10N t40ICAL ~.UION £ f ~l.0094L,. A 14 . HlYIUGf" SUf'fllVISOll :~ "'""""o•

I I PWYSIO IANS NUltSING Sf:CTIOfl LAIOllATOllY RCTION llf:COllD llCTION CUSTODIAi. >t llO&TWllllilT .•O ll J .llAlflll," If l •- •U~ • 11A1nte• Jwwu ~S Cll:Lllll T."-D llftllVI SOii J L 'llllST DOI, .. D -~" -UV!- IUl'U

ASST MSEA~ i. OC\1£LOPMENT ~ t: J .,.,""

TECHNICAL ASSISTANT

J A'°- . I CENTllAL ,.IL[S TEOHHICAL Ll8111AlllAN II l WAl""'ll l ' llPITZUI

I T~NING SCHOO L C!4EMISTllY llllRAlllY PHYSIGS LlllllA'll LllRARY J •-llCO I JfllAI « I •HUl•t % f[ • I .

I

ORGANIZATION CHARTS H E A L T H a MISC. OTHER DEPTS MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY CUHtON LA8»«TORl£S KHOXVItLt, ft** j ' $ 1 i f JB rt& l#*#-*■+> ...... - ...... p R O J c t i e o F - 1618 *6a l £; NONE , C ...... I

HEALTH-PWSK

%UPZfWTm

CUSTODIAL SECTION J.W. WEATHERLY sureawsoa smmmm a

,jf m *l j 3> im -'A rm . im t o s m m m

boos nr - pit-; mojt,ar

m m m z - k s a & a

E4Rf ii * au.wos iabor/licki.^

API S®IX 0

f«SE8 iftfii

i.oeaticgi

1. Cc«fcr«ujt 36* .—7412 ok~ ^ 3, betmeii the District Ofilee

2 . CmArmi I®# = 5-7423 m ^ fS$ Wbmm liffcrtot Gffie# tmm® 09 m%@y > iunrity ®4 kiJmttaa »lstrte% i & i

3* Contract -o* v:-740S m$*>3§0 hotmtm IMiror*- D istrict Office s ity of Chicago arM :caslmtta. - u iatrio t F ile s 4* C lin to n lofeontorios Brooses !fenua„» 0X#triafc ojSfito* faction 3 « wrllts» Tfwery tmd 0p©mt2©»R f ilm S* of t!® cila&st* ® ;is*0 |4 i i 4 §., m e tric s Offio^ Jtifort r«, CJp»18Q0 lif e f

rnsMm tMmmMm-im Bejiarts i%m tt* QtetariM Of Hoe l kvxth of fe fjw y 1944 Film

f* wn#scsi2aistetias f«r Coalition® a* Ktfitrlst f f t» :& rfori JrgbXi* Dorics -vud -.wvicw -tf Pile® Sepercgttaft Trmma ^mdMtwfBn I OtftaftHNr 1964* Sapcrt ISa* 015-2021

C* "niximry of 3cp©yl®»t&l fata P&rtainiiig to Dfr&rlat a m « th e ~li Qatx:k V::;p»u; to o p s^ n li >ru» Proves a * %pcrtod i*o 104*1,« 20 -July 1345. ' 7’ port llo* 073-2045

'>♦ '^Vodticft Isolation a t ;iarsf«rd,w 27 "oire-.-ber 4. strict -filce 2044, Roport -br* CH-5051 511®#

10# for W«a$t yatal feww/ ■ ■ifltrict Offio® 28 Aaoni I X % -rjort f # , a « t 4 « F ile s

i L-aoatl.-aa

11* w ia^oual if to si .-a dI ^ •£,* D is tr ic t o ttlm IS tW j IMS* feaporik KSbm* tff*ISSI m m

12# "l^wtcrt Infliaming tl* (ferrying of n u tr ia * Plufeoalm by 3i?0$ fr-:a Ctay^rl i&trr.to * X-tiMttNPr 30 «mi© 1946, oport Ho# 011*3103

13* *^&te o f Failure «£ ■■'cJfeotl** '•lucp** 14 istriot Off loo . > A pril 1 0 a , 3 .port la. JP-1430 P lies M%. mCm*tmim t& Mfc * l« |4 It An* IS*!# District omeo TlepaEij 'To* 03*1«€4 m o t

15* vs* Oorroslom (terraaiai Jistriat Hfflc® "Vjport lb* CJ»13S8 F ile s

10* ” v:.* ;orrof I.m** ? % ril X04fj# D istrict Cfffioe ' fc ,:•% ^ -2010 Pile# lr* w lufccx'ilwi VoJ-x?!; sard, and ai«iri«i Ofr&ft .--oetlon,” M itres 6A s.. d SB - ‘*0*ti»{p ar^ Corrodo#

IS* ^m i0> in Imbops M m A m « Jit M s t r js l caid fltes#tisi SilSrse M leat § Iwret* lt# 4 # 3 d# CP-153?

10* Shield reot «* 2&rfc 1 » J-.^e>rforato ?’&eM i)istricrb *f£ie© 20 Jftaiisry 1344, 'apart "Jo* F ils* CP-1202

SO* **¥ Shield vast ** Part B * forforate .'«otlon#" District Offio© ID Sopteabar 1344, ‘’cpert Mo* CP-8058 ? il o s

31* ^’Radioactivity 2aduoad is Ccctaoreial a#trist Ofllss c.teriE .ls,3 26 /..uyiest l$ i4 t ^ o rt To* r ile s CiVlGBX V,

.32* ”?!i0 ilfjpteet o f rad ia tio n ©a W&t&r sa:d on D istrict Offio® .•■Guoous 3oii*bi

* o u m m &llKUTU DJSTRICt RISTQIT

BY>I 1Y '- PILE PR!lol!IOT

YaW• I - USIUCB ,.., n - CLllTOI Ul!OllA'l'J!tm

.LP'llltlll D OUEUT :i(

ld1orption Golmm. - i.o adsorption oolua.D 11 & tube or pipe, p&oked

with an ad•orbent. thrwgh which • •o1ution l• pqaed with 'ill•

4N1rftd portton ot th" •oluUoa Min; -.d.aorbed on th• adaorbtot:t.

Di~e1tlon. - Dig••tio• i• tn. t•ra applied to the tre.a..nt of •

preolp1t•t•. la th.la out. U64ar he•\ •Gd arttatton, to produOI

• 110r• ua11orm preotp1~ . Poll•. - Polls a.ro thin 1 tTlpe ot •tal that are ia11rt•cl into optn-

1~ 1.n tho 1hlold to ~teral."" tilt ro.di&tion 1... 1 h th• Pile

or in th• llbi•lt, ~ toll.I are U..a oh•ok.td sith • Gelger

ooant.er &Dd \ht ooth1'1 doto.-.i..•.

0.1pr Cew1t

Lat\ict )}1.on.tion bzperi•n.t.a. • lrptrri•dt.I to det.lralne .~ lffeot of •aciou1 vWua·,,.•phit.1 1p41ooiap DTI P'ile r•14tlv1ty are tArm4 lattlo• dt.. n.lon ISJ)9t1.,nt...

Weoprene, • A 1yathet1c rubb9rl1P plutio f0!"1llll'd "?' tho polyaerlu.tion or oblcroprenc•

..utron. Vlu. - Th• D11utron tlu1 11 tlw rat. ot tln ot DRtl'OM ••ot•

Dl or through a surface*

A precipitatdr is r vessel in which a substance la

solution is concerted into the solid state by tit® action of a

chemical reagent or raageatt* The m « tl it afmipfad vith an

agitator to iaswr® intis«t© mixing of the reagent#. therm 1 Shield* - The thera»l shield is a^iieM eeapasei of east

ires blocks, nhich *urr©«de the graphite in the Pile and absorb*

* heat* wwfcrmm, and beta 'particles prodaeed in the HI©. I I H I XRJEX

Aokart, S. S., 8*1 Maahlaea* 4,7 Misiaisfe*att®a SMg,# 1,§ Tybes, 4*6 Adsmrfiioe Olitmieal ft*oe®sslRg Plant, f,4 , Celama*, §«8 6 . I f f , Processes, 6.1, 6*Tff* Chemistry Laboratory 114g,# 2,C Agitators* 6,4- Chestnut Sidge, 1.2 Air Muss, i,l GM»;-'0, 111,, 4.10, 6,1 Alternate Syoaration Proce*sc*, Ch i e ??.& c e o u s ta n t, 8 , £ fc,g giaiistfieii Censtrustiaa* **‘S # Devftlopsaen* of, E.Tff. 2 , f f f , M i»isaja# 4*4, -4*f# ®*2ff.», fl#f fllintt&n %glisii«r lories, 1,1* 5.1, Jacket** 4,7ff„ 6»2ff, 5 .5 ArcwW«l Siwmxth :lt»sfk«,t®t ' S*1 Completion of Work, %.i0, §,7 i-rocfe&s, 5*7ff* Conpton, A. H,, 8,2 Boron Staal

11 I

Contract rrinkiug fester, 2.5ff. Bo. b'~31~lQ9 eng-39* 2.9 4 Pucts, 4.5 lo. K-35-05S **g-71, 3.5ff. Mu Pont, I. I., de Beaours ic. W-7405 eng-39, 2.1, 3.2, and €*», Inc., 2.Iff,, 3*If 3 .5 £ f« 4 .1 , 6.1fffaff., 8,1 Io/fe-7415 enp-23, 2 .1 f f . Cowtrmetios D iT.,-5^ 8.1 Contracting Officer, 3.3 •* Resign M r., 2*3, 8.1 Contractual Arrangements, 2 .2 , 3.2 ■ Employees, 7 .I f f . Change O u r, 3.5 Field Office, 2 .7 PireMisiBg Dept*, 2,7 2*2 ^SiliiiBgton Office# 2.3# 2*7 © p#r»tie% 3 . 2 f f . **s C entral m « , 4.6 Ilem t*r, 4.6 S «p«»tien Pro©##®, 5.3 Exhauster Bldg., 2 .4 Control Bods, 4. 2, 4. 6,. 4.8 Calibration, 4.® Control Rooa, 5*3 Controls, Pile, 4.6 fromliles, 4»f Cooling System, 4.5, 4.8ff. failure, 4.? Efficiency of, 4*t isms*, 4*5 Corps of Ifej^etr®, 8*3 Fans, 4.2, 4.5, 4.9 Costs fences, 1.6 C#fi8tr»e tie a , 2.10 fie ld Ctffie# (in P e st), 2*7 Design, 2 .1 0 field Project Manager, 8.1 !»#rg*sey additions, 2.10 F ilte r s , 4.5 Operation, 3.1 Fire Stations, 2.6 Cowdry, Dr. I.Y ., 5.10 Piret Aid Facilities, 2.6 Cr«»ii«€ Stan#, 2 . ? F irs t ta r Powers Act, 3.2 Fission, Muclear, 5.9 Fission, Process of, 5«®> 6.5 , I. f., 8.1 Pie®ion. Products, 2.2, 4.1* , John, 2.9 5.1, 5.4ff., 5.7ff.* 6.4ff. Deaeration, 6.7 Studies of, 5.8ff. Dec ortaain alion Factor, 5.4 Foils, 4.4, 6.6 Deflection Teat, 6.2ff. Port Loudon Hydroelectric Tel&ys, Construction, 2.?ff. Plant, 2.5 Design, 2«1 Furniture, Office, 2.7 fesst #3t. Design Bit* (<*u Post), 2.3, 8.1 Design Problem* (Hanford), 6 .I f f , G rtsliM w , 6*5 j Discharge Pit, 4.7 fc*.i l*il&tisii, 4.5, 6.6ff* Biseolwr, 5.3 Oary, f. C., 8.1 tistrlbution Program, 5.9 Gaseous ta s te s , 5.3 District Sngineer’e Office, 8.3 Gasoline, 2.7 Contract §ee.» 8*3 Geiger Counters, 6.7 Priorities Sec., 8.3 Gorerrueent, United States, Selective Service Sec., 8.3 2.1, 2.3, 3.2ff. Dean, I . L ., 8,2 Grafton, Capt. J. P., $.3 Drainage anc* f.'aste Syste e, 5.3 G raphite, 4*2* 4.7$ 6*7 Drainage Bitehee, 2.6 HiioCic s, 4 .2 , 4*7 Matrix, 4*2

12 &mgmr$ 0*1*, #*2 Lanthanua, 4.10, 5.5ff Srsw## I*. S. $ if&j.,. 8#a» , 1 „$ Fluoride, 5.1 Qaard fewer*, 2 .6 Lattica Arrangesent, 4#i Lattice Diaaasioa Experiments, 4.3 Hanford Engineer .-orkg, 1.1, 2.1, Laundry, 2.6 2.3ft, 3.1, 3.3ft, 4.10, S.lff., Layne Centra] Co., 2.5 5.4ff., 5.7, 6.1, 6.5ft*, 7.1ft*, Lahigh University, 9.2 9,3 Lenoir City, Tenn., 1.2 Harrlama, fena., 1.2 Loading Method, 4.3 Haw Bfdge, 1 .2 Location, 1.2 Hay&tte-Barytes Concrete, 4.3, 4.5 Los Alamos, M.M., 4.10 Health Division, 8.2 Lum, Fr. J.H., 3.2 Health Prograa, S»4 Helium, 4.1 H oist, 4.7 Machine Shop, 2,6 Holabird and Soot, 2.9 Mackie, F. I ., 3.1 Horizontal Storage Trench, 4.7 Manhattan D istrict, 1.2, 2.Iff., “Hot8 Laboratory B ld g ., 2.6 3 . 4 f f 4.10 Housing, 2.8, 3.5 latelligeae® and Security Hydroelectric P lan ts, 2.5 Program, 3.4ff. Fort Loudon, 2.5 Labor Policies, 3*5 Morris, 2.5 Project, 1.2, 4.10 S atts Bar, 2.5 Safety Hatings, 3.4 Hydrogen Peroxide, 6.7 Martel, J.P., a.l Masonite, 6.iff. Mattress Fada, 4.7 Ifistrmeat Storage Bldg., 2.4 Memphis, Term., 2.5 Intelligence and Seewiiy Prop*ia, Metal Channels, 4.2ff. 3 .4 ff. Mstall«*gisal Laboratory, 1,1, Xatarrajiiions sf Operation, 4.? 2,lff., 3.1, 5 . 1 f f 5.9, It»is»tio» Chambers, 4.4# §*6 6.2, 6.5, S.lff. lrwl% I*, 8,1 Direct#**, 2,1 tmlaMjan, Process, 1.1, 3.4, 5*5?/# Military Policy Coaadtfcee, 1.2# 2*1 o f, 5*5ff* Uock-Op f a i t , 7.1 feoMen.da'tiofiss f«r, 5.6 Monitoring, 7.2 Isotopes, 5*10 Monorail Crane, 4.7 Monsanto Ckoasisal Co,, 2*9, 3«5f 7 .1 f f , 8.2 W,§,t #,2 y Murphy, iaj. I, J., 3.3 im m , J.A., Soa#tr«€t§bii Co., 2 .9 , 2.10 ® A f 7.3 Segotiafcion of Contract lay, W.C., #.2 Design and Construction, 2.1 M l«x Corp., 2.9 Operation, 3.2 Neoprene, 6.1 llentraliier, 5.3 laboratories, CSlMwleal, 2.2, 2,6 #eutron fixer, 4.8 IMoratory lijpaaiea, 5.10 Itttiross, 4.1, i«4 Labor Morris Hydroelectric Plant, 2,5 Relations Hoari, 3.5 Unclear Fission, 5.9 Shortages, 2.3, 2. laoloar Seiesce, f.lff. fam m e r, 2 ,3 , 2 .j 13 O&Jc IMge*. ■?efja*# 1*2* 2*§* 8*2# lest of iiKtoriti# for, S*f 8.4 Pilot Plant, 1.1, 3.1, ”.S, Objectives, 1,1 4.1, £.2ff., 5.7, 7.1 O il, 2;7 Piping, 8,3 Operating e«striMst*r, P.Sff*, l*?ff., -lant Manager, t# f S .I f f . Plugs* 4.2* €:.§ Pwformac© of, 3.3ff* Pl«toal«ni, 1*1, 2.1* S,2, Selection ©f, 5,Iff. 3.4, 4.1, 4 .6, 5 .I f f , 1.1* 0:f»raM »g Pewrar 3&f*X# 4 .7 ff. 8.4, T .l Operating Probleas (Hanford), 6.Iff# Pci* lament of Preeess ffm Operation of Ollatoa l*s«yat©ri##Jt Separation of, 6«Iff. 2,4* S.lff# Fluoride, 5*1 .4^prspri»tisn for, 5.3 Sitrate, §#§ Cost of* 3.8 Peroxide, 5*S Or g «®i m t i on, 8 * If f . Phosphate, §.1 -orps of Engineers, a #3 Production, 4.1 Design md Construction, 8.1 Completion of ffbrk, 4.10 'msratioa* 0.Iff* Plants* 2.Iff., 8*1* 1.1, 03311* 1.2, 3.1 5.1, 6.1 S -l Committee, 1.2 iiSt# , 4 #3.* 4 .41 f . Schedule, 3.4, 4.7* 4.11 ayrdse, /. 5i., Jr.. 3.1 Yields, 5.4, 5.7 Parking Lot, 2.6 Studies of Qieaigtry of, Patent 2*1* 3*3 5.9 fatro 1 He»d<|ttsxt«rs* 2.8 Pei»anlng, 8.1* S*4ff« Performance Power, C alibration, 4*8 of Const,ruction Conferactor, Power Facilities* 2.5 2 .3 ff. Power Otttpofe* 4*2* 4#?ff. of Operating Contractor, S.Sff* Pratt, i. 3*2 Personnel* 8#i>, 3*3ff« ftreeipitation Processes, 5.1, Photographic Plato®* 6*6 5.8 P&yiiie* Laboratory BMg#, 2*0 Proolpitsstor, 6#S Pile, 1.1, 2.2, 2.4, 4.1ff., 5*8* Brosidost of the Pisited 5 .I f f . States, 1*2, S.2 Area, 2*4* 2.10 trim Contractor (eonetru#* Construction of, 2#Sff* tioa)# 2*7f?*j So# also, 4nJl4ing* 2 #4 dm Pant mtrols, 4*6 Process of Pitstoo* 5.S* f«l Sotting Sy»t©», 4#S Process lattes* 8.8* 3#§ Description of, BrocuroEisnt* 2*f . ’ Graphite tatrix, ' M t * by dw Pont Co., 2.7 Dpetiiags, 4*2, 4*4 ' by- Government, 2.7 Operatiog Level, 4#7ff. of Isotopes, 5.10 Poisoning, ".1* 6.iff. Production Prejoot, 1*E, 3.1 of Plutonium, 4,Iff. laasrablo Core* 4*2* ’4.4 Juj»rint@ ndent, 8.2 Shielding* 4.3ff# Unit, 3.4, 4.Iff. Slug Handling Facilities, 4,Sff# Yields* 5.4, 5.7 .Start-Up* 4.7ff. Purchase Orders* 2.7 Pile* (Hanford)* 4.1* 8.Iff., 6.5ffW Purchasing Dept, (da Pont), Shielding* 8.1, 8*6ff. 2.7

14 1aviation* •'•2# 4*4ff., c*5, r »l# »«waga Syetea, 2*6ff* •S.4* 8* iff. ■hieMiftf'* #*2ff*» 5*3, #*&# inactive Materials, 2*6, 4#10, 8* a Radio tsotope Building, 2.9 3iol04i«al* S«8 UBfiioi*otofM» 6*^» 5.10 C e il, 5.3 Baittfall, 2*3, 2*8fi'* 11 le, 4*2ff• Read, 5* !!*, 3*i Test Jf, 6*6ff* EsgulatiaiJ Hod»# 4*4, 4.3 ?h»raal* t?*6 lasamrabl® Oor*, 4*3ff* Shia Aods, 4*4, 4*8 le iorts, 5 • 5ff * Slu^a, 4*2, 4*8ff*, 8*2, 8* /, S©«6ar’eh, l.lf f *, S*lff*, 4*to, 6*Iff* 5*3ff* Musiii'.L-*”**'* i 1 Icon - :.;'o.d2d , ;>*-•- ^fsaociate Director of, 8*2 Canning* 8*Iff* Piotogieal^ !•-# 3.3ff* Correa 1 on, Is #3ff * Chemical# 1*2, 5*4, 6«8ff* ;'.oteetioa of Swelling* 8*lff* Medical, 1*'.’, 2*3ff* Hfesdllag Faollitiaa, 4*8ff* .1 3.1v-.1, 1«.-■# "#4 TostIng* 8*2ff• M etantion Fesada# 5*3 td th , .•» ;3*ii Roads, 2*8 Solution Tanka, 5*4 ,;»a»e Couaty# :?©»»*# 1*2 Salve at t: xter ftOt i aft ft* s ® *. lubber Tubing, 6*7 £.1 Skmfcharn 5»U Telephone Co., 2*5 S p ecial Kngineer •-‘stachiaent, S afety i?rograia* 5*4 ' 9.S Hoda* *.2, 4.4, 4*6 Stack, 4*2, 4*5, 5*1 Tutstt, 4*8 Activity* 4*8 Stainless 3teal Saraajrilpt* 6*5 3canning M»ohaaiaa# 4*4 Buckat, 4*7 Scavengera, B*4 Chute, 4*7 ’'slwsrifeKW , k , t*» 8*2 Steaa oyatem,. 2.o ff. Subcontractors, 2*8 Scoj?®* l* lf f * "© it*. Dr* Trederielc, 7*3 ■Jmbcsatract* , I * t f f * .;©mi**~ibrk8# 6*2, S#4 Separ&tloa Telephone Worries, 2*5 ^r^a, 2*4, 2*10 Corns tr u st!o h o f , 2*4 Tale type ferric®, 2*§ >aiWiur, 2*4, 4*7, 5*2ff«, Teraperaturo C o e ffic ie n t, 4*8 Xanneaaae, State of, 5.2 g .S ff* Plant, 5*5ff* Tens®#*©® Saatsaa* 7*3 Procss** 1«1» 3*'V. $tome«se* a«*»i%r* fih a fletiea o f :<>Srk» 5*7 2.8 l5cTelo]»3nt of, 5♦iff* f ir e a , 2*7 Pilot Plant, S.S8, 5*4 Title of Property, 2*8, 3*8 Reoaaaendationa for, 5*4ff* CoBstruotJios, 34*3 'aiai-'mrkii, 6*2, "i*4 ^ration, 3.3 Septic 3y«tea, 2*8 ?ra‘ning Area, 2*4, 2*10, Strric# 'facilities* 2*5ff* 7*iff* General, 2.6ff* Conatrv -'tioa o f , 2*4 Process ir©», 2*8 Coat, 2*10 arTiea Superintendent, 9*2 Disposal of Iquipaeat, f*l