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The Effect of Pangium Sp. and Tithonia Diversifolia Leaves Extract As Vegetable Pesticides to Crocidolomia Pavonana (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) Larva Mortality

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The Effect of Pangium Sp. and Tithonia Diversifolia Leaves Extract As Vegetable Pesticides to Crocidolomia Pavonana (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) Larva Mortality + DOI: 10.46909/cerce-2020-039 Original Article Available online: www.uaiasi.ro/CERCET_AGROMOLD/ Print ISSN 0379-5837; Electronic ISSN 2067-1865 Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova Vol. LIII , No. 4 (184) / 2020: 462-472 THE EFFECT OF PANGIUM SP. AND TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA LEAVES EXTRACT AS VEGETABLE PESTICIDES TO CROCIDOLOMIA PAVONANA (LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE) LARVA MORTALITY Eva BAIDENG1,*, Ventje MEMAH2, Hanny PONTORORING1, Hendronoto LENGKEY3 *E-mail: [email protected] Received: Nov. 10, 2020. Revised: Dec. 10, 2020. Accepted: Dec. 15, 2020. Published online: Jan 29, 2021 ABSTRACT. Pangium sp. and Tithonia partitioned with a mixture of ethyl acetate diversifolia have the potential to become and water (EtOAc - H2O), and the extract vegetable pesticides due to the content of from the ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, was then used in testing as a vegetable tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and pesticide. This study used a completely saponins in their leaves, which are plant randomized design (CRD) with six protection agents. This study aims to treatments, namely 0% (control), 0.1%, determine the mortality of Crocidolomia 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and carried out pavonana larvae after application of three replications, where each treatment Pangium sp. and Tithonia diversifolia. used 10 larvae. Larval mortality C. pavonana is one of the main pests observations were carried out at 24, 48, affecting cabbage production in North 72, 96, 120 HAA (hours after application). Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pangium sp. and The results indicated that there was a T. diversifolia leaf extraction separately mortality rate of C. pavonana larvae, so were carried out by immersion method that the Pangium sp. and T. diversifolia using methanol (CH3OH) solvent and have the ability to act as botanical followed by current-current distribution insecticides, although T. diversifolia method. The result of crude extract was extract treatment showed a higher partitioned in a 95% mixture of hexane mortality rate, compared to Pangium sp. methanol (C6H14 - CH3OH). Then, the 95% Larval mortality above 50% (LC 50) was methanol fraction (CH3OH) was further found in P3 (0.3%) treatment after 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia 2 Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia 3 Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia 462 MORTALITY OF C. PAVONANA LARVAE AFTER APPLICATION OF PANGIUM SP. AND T. DIVERSIFOLIA 72 HAA, is of 53.33% (Pangium sp. overcome the problem of using extract) and 63.33% (T. diversifolia chemical-based pesticides, several extract), successively. Then, at 120 HAA, efforts were made, one of which was the same larval mortality rate from both improving the quality of pesticides. extractions in P3 treatment, increased to One of the ways to improve the 76.67% using Pangium sp. extract, while quality of pesticides is the the same mortality rate (76.67%) using T. diversifolia extract occurred in 96 HAA development of vegetable pesticide observations. ANOVA test showed formulations, namely pesticides significantly different results for the two whose basic ingredients come from extraction uses of Pangium sp. and plants. The chemicals contained in T. diversifolia. LC 50 in Pangium sp. vegetable pesticides, especially those extract, at a concentration of 0.136% or from plants, have bioactivity against 1360 ppm and in T. diversifolia extract of insects, such as repellents, food 0.1103% or 1103 ppm. inhibitors, insect growth regulators, Keywords: extraction; vegetable and oviposition deterrents. Vegetable pesticides; Pangium sp.; Tithonia pesticides have environmentally diversifolia; Crocidolomia pavonana. friendly properties, which are biodegradable and safe for humans INTRODUCTION and pets. Vegetable pesticides also play a very big role in facing global Recently, there has been an problems, especially regarding the increase in the use of chemical-based issue of agricultural commodity insecticides/pesticides, which are exports, such as limiting the often used uncontrollably, due to the maximum residue level of pesticides user's lack of knowledge, which in agricultural export products. results in high chemical residues in Pangium edule / Pangium sp. is the products produced. The high a tall tree native to the mangrove frequency of pesticide use can have a swamps of Southeast Asia (Indonesia negative impact on the environment and Papua New Guinea). It produces a and the final crop product, so that, large poisonous fruit (the "football many importing countries reject fruit"), contain cyanide, which can be agricultural products from other made edible by fermentation. On countries because these products young trees the leaves have the shape contain pesticide residues that exceed of oval leaf blades. It grows in the permitted threshold. Excessive use Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia of pesticides can also kill non-target and Papua New Guinea. Pangium sp. organisms, such as when they are has a very dense plant canopy, can naturally the main plant pest enemies. reach a height of 40 m and a diameter Natural enemies are important for of 100 cm. The leaves have an oval maintaining biological balance in shape with a width of 15 cm and a agricultural ecosystems because they length of 20 cm, shiny dark green. can suppress the development of pests This plant is known to have many themselves (Sembel, 2014). To 463 E.L. BAIDENG, V.V. MEMAH, H.H. PONTORORING, H.A.W. LENGKEY benefits, both as a cooking spice, and flowers (Pereira et al., 1997; snack food, cooking oil, fish and food Moronkola et al., 2007; Oyewole et al., preservatives, medicine, fish poison, 2008; Taofik et al., 2010; Odeyemi, natural pesticides and woodworking 2014). (Sangi et al., 2008; Ramdana and Crocidolomia pavonana is the Suhartati, 2015). main pest affecting cabbage in North Tithonia diversifolia, Family: Sulawesi. This pest is included in the Asteraceae, Order: Asterales, Taxon Phylum Arthropoda, Order synonym: Mirasolia diversifolia Lepidoptera and Family Pyralidae. Hemsl., Species: Tithonia diversifolia; The pest larvae C. pavonana attack A. Gray. Tithonia diversifolia, a weed Brassicae plants, such as cabbage plant that has many benefits, one of (Brassica oleracea L., var. capitata), which is used for vegetable pesticides. cauliflower (B. oleracea L., var. This plant is very resistant to pests botrytis), broccoli (B. oleracea L., and diseases, and the plant is not eaten var. itatica) and other cabbages by caterpillars and insects. Initially (B. campestris, var. pekinensis, grown in Mexico, but widely Brassica juncea L., B. juncea Coss) developed in tropical and sub-tropical and radishes (Raphanus sativus L.), areas, leaf-shaped crown, ribbon and can live on wild mustard shape, and smooth. Tithonia (Nasturtium sp.). The part of the diversifolia is a type of shrub with a cabbage plant that is attacked is the height of approximately 5 m. This leaf part, causing the leaves to be plant is known as a medicinal plant perforated and leaving only the with erect stems that are round, cabbage leaf bones (Sembel, 2014). woody and green. The leaves are Grainge et al. (1984) reported single, 26-32 cm long, 15-25 cm that there were 1800 types of plants wide, the tip and base of the leaves containing vegetable pesticides that are pointed. The plant canopy is easy could be used for pest control. to prune and quick to regrow. This Furthermore, according to Morallo- plant has compound flowers and is Rejesus (1986), the types of plants located at the end of a branch. This from the Asteraceae, Fabaceae and flower stalk is round and the petals Euphorbiaceae families were reported are tubular and has fine hairs with to contain the most plant-based green petals and a bright yellow insecticides. As a country that has a crown. contains alkaloids, large biodiversity, Indonesia has sesquiterpen lactones, bicyclic thousands of plants that contain monoterpenes (α-pinene and β-pinene) botanical pesticide properties that can and identified active compounds, be used as basic materials for the namely flavonoids, alkaloids and manufacture of vegetable pesticides. tannins. The leaves of T. diversifolia This huge potential allows Indonesia contained the most pesticide to develop vegetable pesticides compounds, compared to the roots efforts, so that research activities are 464 MORTALITY OF C. PAVONANA LARVAE AFTER APPLICATION OF PANGIUM SP. AND T. DIVERSIFOLIA needed to support these efforts. This inserted with cabbage, which has been study aims to determine the mortality dipped in the Pangium sp. and of Crocidolomia pavonana larvae T. diversifolia leaves extract, which has after application of Pangium sp. and been aerated for 15 min. Tithonia diversifolia leaves extract. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD), namely six treatments: P0 (0% control), P1 (0.1%), MATERIALS AND METHODS P2 (0.2%), P3 (0.3%), P4 (0.4%), P5 (0.5%), with three replications, where Materials each treatment used 10 larvae. The materials used are as follows: Pangium sp. and Tithonia diversifolia The larvae testing leaves extract, Crocidolomia pavonana Each box containing the test larvae larvae, cultured in the laboratory to is put with cabbage, which has been second instar. The chemicals are methanol smeared separately with the extract of (CH3OH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), hexane Pangium sp. and T. diversifolia after (C6H14), aquadest (H2O). being aerated for 15 min. Larval mortality
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