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FRUITS of OCEANIA Annie Waiter and Chanel Sam with Collaboration from Marie-Claire Bataille, Jean-Marie Bompard, Pascale Bonnemere, Serge Tcherkesoff

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FRUITS of OCEANIA Annie Waiter and Chanel Sam with Collaboration from Marie-Claire Bataille, Jean-Marie Bompard, Pascale Bonnemere, Serge Tcherkesoff FRUITS OF OCEANIA Annie Waiter and Chanel Sam with collaboration from Marie-Claire Bataille, Jean-Marie Bompard, Pascale Bonnemere, Serge Tcherkesoff FRUITS OF OCEANIA English translation by Paul Ferrar with collaboration from Christine Moulet, Harry Ferrar and Klara Beresnikoff First published in Fra nce by IRD Editions as Fruits d' Oceanie. © IRD Editions. ISBN 2-7099-1430-1. ACIAR Monograph Series This series contains the results of original research supported by ACIAR, or material deemed relevant to Australia's research and development objectives. The series Is distributed Internationally with an emphasis on developing countries. This edition created in Australia with the express permission of IRD. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (this edition) Suggested citation: WaIter, Annie and Sam, Chanel. 2002. Fruits of Oceania. ACIAR Monograph No. 85. Canberra. [trs P. Ferrar from Fruits d'Oceanie) . ISBN 1 86320 331 1 Design and layout: Catherine Plasse and Design One Solutions Printed by: CanPrint Communications Pty Ltd - Canberra ACT Acknowledgments 7 Presentation 11 Glossary of terms 13 The four study regions 21 Introduction 31 Traditional alimentation in Oceania 37 Traditional arboriculture in Oceania 65 Ethnobotanical inventory of fruiting species 79 Bibliography 261 Fruits and nuts eaten from New Guinea to the Cook Islands 277 Species names and main synonyms 285 Vernacular names in detail 289 Index of scientific names 299 Index of common names 311 List of herbarium specimens 315 Index of species distribution maps 321 Index of botanical illustrations 323 Index of photographic plates 324 « z « w u o LL. o French edition drawings were comple­ Production of this book mented by those of was made possible with the F. Yoringmal and S. Seoule; assistance of the Ministry of B. Evans, who generously Foreign Affairs, which funded gave us the benefit of his the research in Vanuatu, knowledge of the nuts of Papua New Guinea, Tonga Solomon Islands; P. Ferrar and Samoa and also part of (ACIAR), for having funded the cost of publication. From chemical analyses of the Melanesia to Polynesia men fruiting species ofVanuatu; and women, heirs to and B. Aalbersberg (USP Suva), guardians of a long tradition for having conducted the of knowledge of the natural analyses and C. Dignan world, assisted our research (SPC) for having initiated and patiently passed on them; G. Philips and to us their comprehensive M. Alpers, respectively in knowledge of these fruiting charge of the laboratories species, so poorly known by and Director of the Papua the scientific community and New Guinea Institute of so full of potential for the Medical Research, Goroka; future. It is to these people, Haniteli '0 Fa'anunu, working in government Director of the Ministry departments or belonging of Agriculture of Tong a; to rural communities some­ D. Eastburn (Murray where in Oceania, that we Darling Basin Commission, convey our sincere thank;;. Canberra), for the very fine It is to these people also photographs that he kindly that this book is dedicated, provided showing the in the hope that this preparation of highland scientific presentation of pandanus(Pandanus their traditional knowledge jiulianettii); the botanists has not in any way detracted who identified our from its reality. herbarium specimens: Numerous colleagues M. Jebb (Barringtonia), and friends helped with A. Kostermans (Euia production ofthis work. dulcis), T. Pennington By name, for their time, (Sapotaceae) and M. Coode their advice and their (Terminalia). Final drafting assistance, we thank and editing ofthis work was particularly: M. Auffrey, undertaken at the Research linguist at the Institut des School of Pacific and Asian Langues Orientales, who Studies at the Australian during a two-month mission National University in supervised and managed the Canberra. The discussions entire linguistic part of the that we were able to have project; Alfreda Mabonlala, with the researchers of artist at ORSTOM in Port that institution, and the Vila, who with great talent comments that they and ability executed the provided, substantially majority ofthe botanical improved the earlier Cl: Z draft of the manuscript. Cl: illustrations, and whose w U o LL o Note on English edition Christine Moore also by translator provided valuable help I first learned of this work and Annie WaIter explained during a conference on various points of Pacific Pacific nuts in Vanuatu, and culture and other aspects of it seemed highly desirable to the work. Nevertheless, any have it available in English errors that remain are my as well as French so that all responsibili ty. countries ofthe Pacific could IRD kindly made available share its fascinating content. a full electronic copy of the I undertook the translation French text and all the as someone with training illustrations, and permitted in Botany but with only ACIAR to publish the a moderate knowledge of English translation. I am French. In this latter regard also most grateful to my I was helped greatly by colleague Peter Lynch my colleague and friend (Publications Manager of Christine Moulet, whose ACIAR) for his assistance assistance was talented and with technical production unstinting, and by my father of the work. Harry Ferrar, teacher of French and lexicographer. Paul Ferrar Klara Beresnikoff and ACIAR, Canberra C( z C( w u o u.. o FRUITS OF OCEANIA o fffQ CHINE o o iles ,0 "'<> Hawa'i 20' N - iles 'I;, Cl Mariannes 00 o o o OCt"! o o 0.... • rv P"!CIFIQUE ~ . \ '. ~ ..... 0 1, iles ' .- Marshall 0.: ~o°'; .!O '\ lies '. Ca rolines 00' ~ , hes '. Marquises" ~ d.. Samoa o o~ Coo. iles de """"'. P " Societe ,'!,. • (I • ~- ()~~ V.nu.tu d' la r. ,~ ~ . • Ob (I Q. "", ,0 ( .; I: Niue 0' 0 ~ .. Tuamotu ", Ib Fiji 0 ~.:. /", I lies ..... 0 .... "20 S- Nouvelle- '~o() • '. Cook o 0 ~ 0/ Caledonie ' • Tong" iles ~1- AUSTRAL I E 120' 160' Australes The South pacific For key to French names see map on p, 82 The first two sections of the book deal with alimentation I in Oceania and with The fruits and nuts of traditional arboriculture; Oceania have been little they provide evidence of studied to date. This book the great differences in deals with those plants that utilisation of the local fruit are specifically Oceanian, trees between Melanesia i.e. were present in the and Polynesia. vVhile in region before the arrival Melanesia the strongly of the fi rst Europeans (in rural communities still the 16th century). It covers gTow and eat their local the woody species which, fruits to a great extent, in cultivated or wild, produce Polynesia these species are the gTeat majority of fl eshy less utilised and are tending and non-fleshy fruits of to disappear. The reasons, the Pacific. historical and social, and the practical details of this Four regions served as study progressive loss of interest areas for this work: Vanuatu in traditional foodstuffs, (the reference country for which in time could lead to the whole work), Papua nutritional imbalances, are New Guinea, Samoa and presented in broad terms. Tonga. These countries are introduced by capsule The last part of the book, summaries of general and the most important, information at the start is the ethnobotanical ofthe work (p. 21). inventory of individual species, arranged in The inventory of fruits that alphabetical order of we have given here is not genera. The entry for each exhaustive; for Papua species is introduced by: New Guinea, for example, the scientific name of the it concentra tes on fruits species and its family, the utilised by the Ankave, common names in English, a people in the interior French and Bislama (the of the country whose lingua franca ofVanuatu), nutrition depends largely its mode of consumption on the resources of the and its possible toxicity. forests. This society bears This is then followed by: testimony to the wealth the botanical description of the forest species in this and the morphological part of the world, and to variability ofthe species, the nutritional and cultural observations on the species, importance of certain plants the alimentary usages and such as pandanus. other usages, other edible This reference work thus species in the genus, and mainly covers the local finally a list of references fruiting species, and excludes cited for that species. The those introduced after geographical spread is European contact, palms, indicated in the form of shrubby plants and vines. a distribution map. The ""z ""w (J o u.. o 1 Alimentation is defined as the supplying of the necessities of life, including the processes of giving and receiving nutrition. It is therefore wider than just nutrition. botanical description a detailed listing of inevitably includes some vernacular names, an index technical terms, but of scientific names, an index a glossary provided of common names, and a immediately after the listing of herbarium present section will help specimens. to understand the meanings We hope that all who are of these terms. interested in the na tural The book concludes with resources of the Pacific, a series of summaries to whether it be to know them help the reader, whether better, to protect them or to amateur or specialist: a develop them, will find the bibliography, a list offruits information that they need eaten in the western Pacific, in this reference book. synonyms of species names, LJ o LL o I-'" each other (the alternative condition to this is opposite). Annular - banded or thickened in rings or circles. The glossary for the French Apex - the tip of a leaf, text was taken mainly from flower or fruit, away from the Florence (1997)2. The glossary stalk or point of insertion. for the English translation Aril - an exterior covering has also drawn extensively or appendage of a seed as on Willis (1904l Some terms, an outgrowth that envelops already defined in the text, the seed to a greater or are repeated below for the lesser extent.
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