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Émigrés and Anglo-American Intelligence Operations in the Early Cold War Cacciatore, F
WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch “Their Need Was Great”: Émigrés and Anglo-American Intelligence Operations in the Early Cold War Cacciatore, F. This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © Mr Francesco Cacciatore, 2018. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: ((http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] “Their Need Was Great”: Émigrés and Anglo-American Intelligence Operations in the Early Cold War Francesco Alexander Cacciatore March 2018 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Westminster for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract Covert action during the Cold War has been the subject of much historiography. This research, however, is based for the most part on primary sources, specifically on the records declassified in the United States in 2007 as a consequence of the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act. The majority of the historiography on this topic either predates or neglects these records. The study of covert operations inside the Iron Curtain during the early Cold War, sponsored by Western states using émigré agents, usually ends with the conclusion that these operations were a failure, both in operational terms and from the point of view of the intelligence gathered. -
Paul Touvier and the Crime Against Humanity'
Paul Touvier and the Crime Against Humanity' MICHAEL E. TIGARt SUSAN C. CASEYtt ISABELLE GIORDANItM SIVAKUMAREN MARDEMOOTOOt Hi SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION ............................................... 286 II. VICHY FRANCE: THE BACKGROUND ................................ 286 III. TOUVIER'S ROLE IN VICHY FRANCE ................................ 288 IV. THE CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY ................................. 291 A The August 1945 Charter ................................... 291 B. The French Penal Code .................................... 293 C. The Barbie Case: Too Clever by Half ........................... 294 V. THE TouviER LITIGATION ....................................... 296 A The Events SurroundingTouvier's Captureand the PretrialLegal Battle ... 296 B. Touvier's Day in Court ..................................... 299 VI. LEGAL ANALYSIS: THE STATE AGENCY DILEMMA.. ...................... 304 VII. CONCLUSION ............................................... 309 " The idea for this essay began at a discussion of the Touvier trial with Professor Tigar's students at the Facut de Droit at Aix-en-Provence, with the assistance of Professor Andr6 Baldous. Ms. Casey provided further impetus for it by her research assistance on international human rights issues, and continued with research and editorial work as the essay developed. Ms. Giordani researched French law and procedure and obtained original sources. Mr. Mardemootoo worked on further research and assisted in formulating the issues. The translations of most French materials were initially done by Professor Tigar and reviewed by Ms. Giordani and Mr. Mardemootoo. As we were working on the project, the Texas InternationalLaw Journaleditors told us of Ms. Finkelstein's article, and we decided to turn our effort into a complementary piece that drew some slightly different conclusions. if Professor of Law and holder of the Joseph D. Jamail Centennial Chair in Law, The University of Texas School of Law. J# J.D. -
2021 International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust
Glasses of those murdered at Auschwitz Birkenau Nazi German concentration and death camp (1941-1945). © Paweł Sawicki, Auschwitz Memorial 2021 INTERNATIONAL DAY OF COMMEMORATION IN MEMORY OF THE VICTIMS OF THE HOLOCAUST Programme WEDNESDAY, 27 JANUARY 2021 11:00 A.M.–1:00 P.M. EST 17:00–19:00 CET COMMEMORATION CEREMONY Ms. Melissa FLEMING Under-Secretary-General for Global Communications MASTER OF CEREMONIES Mr. António GUTERRES United Nations Secretary-General H.E. Mr. Volkan BOZKIR President of the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly Ms. Audrey AZOULAY Director-General of UNESCO Ms. Sarah NEMTANU and Ms. Deborah NEMTANU Violinists | “Sorrow” by Béla Bartók (1945-1981), performed from the crypt of the Mémorial de la Shoah, Paris. H.E. Ms. Angela MERKEL Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany KEYNOTE SPEAKER Hon. Irwin COTLER Special Envoy on Preserving Holocaust Remembrance and Combatting Antisemitism, Canada H.E. Mr. Gilad MENASHE ERDAN Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations H.E. Mr. Richard M. MILLS, Jr. Acting Representative of the United States to the United Nations Recitation of Memorial Prayers Cantor JULIA CADRAIN, Central Synagogue in New York El Male Rachamim and Kaddish Dr. Irene BUTTER and Ms. Shireen NASSAR Holocaust Survivor and Granddaughter in conversation with Ms. Clarissa WARD CNN’s Chief International Correspondent 2 Respondents to the question, “Why do you feel that learning about the Holocaust is important, and why should future generations know about it?” Mr. Piotr CYWINSKI, Poland Mr. Mark MASEKO, Zambia Professor Debórah DWORK, United States Professor Salah AL JABERY, Iraq Professor Yehuda BAUER, Israel Ms. -
Vichy France and the Jews
VICHY FRANCE AND THE JEWS MICHAEL R. MARRUS AND ROBERT 0. PAXTON Originally published as Vichy et les juifs by Calmann-Levy 1981 Basic Books, Inc., Publishers New York Contents Introduction Chapter 1 / First Steps Chapter 2 / The Roots o f Vichy Antisemitism Traditional Images of the Jews 27 Second Wave: The Crises of the 1930s and the Revival of Antisemitism 34 The Reach of Antisemitism: How Influential Was It? 45 The Administrative Response 54 The Refugee Crisis, 1938-41 58 Chapter 3 / The Strategy o f Xavier Vallat, i 9 4 !-4 2 The Beginnings of German Pressure 77 Vichy Defines the Jewish Issue, 1941 83 Vallat: An Activist at Work 96 The Emigration Deadlock 112 Vallat’s Fall 115 Chapter 4 / The System at Work, 1040-42 The CGQJ and Other State Agencies: Rivalries and Border Disputes 128 Business as Usual 144 Aryanization 152 Emigration 161 The Camps 165 Chapter 5 / Public Opinion, 1040-42 The Climax of Popular Antisemitism 181 The DistriBution of Popular Antisemitism 186 A Special Case: Algeria 191 The Churches and the Jews 197 X C ontents The Opposition 203 An Indifferent Majority 209 Chapter 6 / The Turning Point: Summer 1Q42 215 New Men, New Measures 218 The Final Solution 220 Laval and the Final Solution 228 The Effort to Segregate: The Jewish Star 234 Preparing the Deportation 241 The Vel d’Hiv Roundup 250 Drancy 252 Roundups in the Unoccupied Zone 255 The Massacre of the Innocents 263 The Turn in PuBlic Opinion 270 Chapter 7 / The Darquier Period, 1942-44 281 Darquier’s CGQJ and Its Place in the Regime 286 Darquier’s CGQJ in Action 294 Total Occupation and the Resumption of Deportations 302 Vichy, the ABBé Catry, and the Massada Zionists 310 The Italian Interlude 315 Denaturalization, August 1943: Laval’s Refusal 321 Last Days 329 Chapter 8 / Conclusions: The Holocaust in France . -
Revisiting Zero Hour 1945
REVISITING ZERO-HOUR 1945 THE EMERGENCE OF POSTWAR GERMAN CULTURE edited by STEPHEN BROCKMANN FRANK TROMMLER VOLUME 1 American Institute for Contemporary German Studies The Johns Hopkins University REVISITING ZERO-HOUR 1945 THE EMERGENCE OF POSTWAR GERMAN CULTURE edited by STEPHEN BROCKMANN FRANK TROMMLER HUMANITIES PROGRAM REPORT VOLUME 1 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. ©1996 by the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies ISBN 0-941441-15-1 This Humanities Program Volume is made possible by the Harry & Helen Gray Humanities Program. Additional copies are available for $5.00 to cover postage and handling from the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Suite 420, 1400 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036-2217. Telephone 202/332-9312, Fax 202/265- 9531, E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.aicgs.org ii F O R E W O R D Since its inception, AICGS has incorporated the study of German literature and culture as a part of its mandate to help provide a comprehensive understanding of contemporary Germany. The nature of Germany’s past and present requires nothing less than an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of German society and culture. Within its research and public affairs programs, the analysis of Germany’s intellectual and cultural traditions and debates has always been central to the Institute’s work. At the time the Berlin Wall was about to fall, the Institute was awarded a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to help create an endowment for its humanities programs. -
BICICLETA III Reflexions Sobre El Internacionalismo 8
III Reflexiones sobre el internacionalismo Osvaldo Bayer Imagen prohibida de Alemania Hace unos meses, el Instituto de Relaciones exteriores de Alemania, invitó al historiador cineasta argentino Osvaldo Bayer (autor de La Patagonia Rebelde ) a participar en un encuentro entre intelectuales alemanes y latinoamericanos. Se le pidió un trabajo sobre "La imagen alemana para un exiliado " pidiéndole que se expresara de forma personal y crítica, en base a su propia experiencia. Pero el sin duda esperado elogio de la democracia alemana en contraste con la sangrienta dictadura de Videla, no se produjo, y el trabajo de Osvaldo Bayer fue rechazado y devuelto con una carta del Director Organismo Günter W. Lorenz en la que le acusaba de formular «aborrecibles difamaciones la R.F.A.». Reproducimos el texto de 1a ponencia rechazada por su indudable valor testimonial e informativo. ¿Qué valor puede tener la opinión de un exiliado latinoamericano acerca de Alemania? ¿No significa esto pedir la opinión de un enfermo? Una opinión que puede variar entre el ditirambo de quien de pronto se halla a salvo y no teme ya oír el timbre de la puerta de su casa, con el consiguiente agradecimiento a la tierra que lo ha recogido; o, todo lo contrario, una acusación emocional, amarga, desesperada por saber que justamente aquí se elabora el sistema que ha hecho posible la tragedia del asesinato o la prisión de los amigos y familiares. De ver -en ese caso-en cada alemán el responsable de todo lo que ocurre a miles de kilómetros de distancia. Al decir esto último ya estamos en la dualidad vivencial del exiliado latinoamericano que se ve obligado a vivir en cualquier país industrial de occidente. -
Serge Klarsfeld
Grand Oral Serge 1984 - 2014 1984 KLARSFELD • Écrivain, historien et avocat, président de l’Association des Fils et Filles des Déportés Juifs de France, vice- président de la Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah 30 ANS DE RENCONTRES 30 DE RENCONTRES ANS en partenariat avec le Mémorial de la Shoah et la librairie Mollat « Jury » présidé par Bernadette DUBOURG, Journaliste à Sud Ouest Jeudi 4 décembre 2014 1984 - 2014 17h00 – 19h00 • Amphi Montesquieu • Sciences Po Bordeaux 330 ANS0 INTRODUCTION Les Rencontres Sciences Po/Sud Ouest ont pour vocation de faire découvrir, à l’occasion de leurs Grands Oraux, des personnalités dont le parcours et l’œuvre sont dignes d’intérêt et parfois même tout à fait exceptionnels. Avec Serge Klarsfeld nous sommes face à un engagement exceptionnel qui constitue l’œuvre d’une vie : la poursuite des criminels nazis et de leurs complices et un travail patient, fastidieux de mémoire pour reconstituer l’identité et l’itinéraire des 76 000 déportés Juifs de France. Telle est l’œuvre de cet avocat, historien qui préside l’association des Fils et Filles des Déportés Juifs de France. Cette quête de vérité l’a poussé avec sa femme, Beate, à traquer par tous les moyens d’anciens nazis comme Klaus Barbie et à dépouiller inlassablement les archives. Une vie de combat obstiné pour que soient jugés à Cologne en 1979, Kurt Lischka, Herbert Hagen , Ernst Heinrichsohn, trois des principaux responsables de la Solution finale en France, que soient inculpés les Français René Bousquet ou Jean Leguay et jugé et condamné Maurice Papon en avril 1998 pour complicité de crime contre l’humanité. -
Filhos De Nazistas: Os Impressionantes Retratos De Família Da Elite Do Nazismo / Tania Crasnianski ; Tradução Fernando Scheibe
DADOS DE COPYRIGHT Sobre a obra: A presente obra é disponibilizada pela equipe Le Livros e seus diversos parceiros, com o objetivo de oferecer conteúdo para uso parcial em pesquisas e estudos acadêmicos, bem como o simples teste da qualidade da obra, com o fim exclusivo de compra futura. É expressamente proibida e totalmente repudíavel a venda, aluguel, ou quaisquer uso comercial do presente conteúdo Sobre nós: O Le Livros e seus parceiros disponibilizam conteúdo de dominio publico e propriedade intelectual de forma totalmente gratuita, por acreditar que o conhecimento e a educação devem ser acessíveis e livres a toda e qualquer pessoa. Você pode encontrar mais obras em nosso site: lelivros.love ou em qualquer um dos sites parceiros apresentados neste link. "Quando o mundo estiver unido na busca do conhecimento, e não mais lutando por dinheiro e poder, então nossa sociedade poderá enfim evoluir a um novo nível." Copyright © 2016 Éditions Grasset & Fasquelle Copyright © 2018 Editora Nemo/Vestígio Título original: Enfants de nazis Todos os direitos reservados pela Editora Nemo/Vestígio. Nenhuma parte desta publicação poderá ser reproduzida, seja por meios mecânicos, eletrônicos, seja via cópia xerográfica, sem a autorização prévia da Editora. GERENTE EDITORIAL Arnaud Vin EDITOR ASSISTENTE Eduardo Soares ASSISTENTE EDITORIAL Paula Pinheiro PREPARAÇÃO Sonia Junqueira REVISÃO Aline Sobreira CAPA Diogo Droschi (sobre imagem de ullstein bild Dtl./Getty Images) DIAGRAMAÇÃO Larissa Carvalho Mazzoni Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Câmara Brasileira do Livro, SP, Brasil Crasnianski, Tania Filhos de nazistas: os impressionantes retratos de família da elite do nazismo / Tania Crasnianski ; tradução Fernando Scheibe. -
Despite All Odds, They Survived, Persisted — and Thrived Despite All Odds, They Survived, Persisted — and Thrived
The Hidden® Child VOL. XXVII 2019 PUBLISHED BY HIDDEN CHILD FOUNDATION /ADL DESPITE ALL ODDS, THEY SURVIVED, PERSISTED — AND THRIVED DESPITE ALL ODDS, THEY SURVIVED, PERSISTED — AND THRIVED FROM HUNTED ESCAPEE TO FEARFUL REFUGEE: POLAND, 1935-1946 Anna Rabkin hen the mass slaughter of Jews ended, the remnants’ sole desire was to go 3 back to ‘normalcy.’ Children yearned for the return of their parents and their previous family life. For most child survivors, this wasn’t to be. As WEva Fogelman says, “Liberation was not an exhilarating moment. To learn that one is all alone in the world is to move from one nightmarish world to another.” A MISCHLING’S STORY Anna Rabkin writes, “After years of living with fear and deprivation, what did I imagine Maren Friedman peace would bring? Foremost, I hoped it would mean the end of hunger and a return to 9 school. Although I clutched at the hope that our parents would return, the fatalistic per- son I had become knew deep down it was improbable.” Maren Friedman, a mischling who lived openly with her sister and Jewish mother in wartime Germany states, “My father, who had been captured by the Russians and been a prisoner of war in Siberia, MY LIFE returned to Kiel in 1949. I had yearned for his return and had the fantasy that now that Rivka Pardes Bimbaum the war was over and he was home, all would be well. That was not the way it turned out.” Rebecca Birnbaum had both her parents by war’s end. She was able to return to 12 school one month after the liberation of Brussels, and to this day, she considers herself among the luckiest of all hidden children. -
Symbolic Revenge in Holocaust Child Survivors Nancy Isserman
D 7 SYMBOLIC REVENGE IN HOLOCAUST CHILD SURVIVORS Nancy Isserman Introduction The attitudes of Holocaust survivors toward their persecutors present an intriguing subject for exploration. One component of the attitudes expressed is revenge. The concept of revenge is pervasive throughout literature, religious and legal writings, and history. Revenge is also considered a subset of political intolerance. Research on intolerance has been linked to age, education, and religious affiliation, among other demographic factors.1 Political intolerance is associated with low education, older age, rural residence, and fundamentalist reli- gious affiliation.2 My recent qualitative research found a connection between family-of-origin relationships and intolerance.3 Survivors who evidenced positive relationships with their family-of-origin caregivers also demonstrated tolerant attitudes toward the perpetrators of the genocide; conversely, survivors who had troubled relationships with their family-of-origin caregivers expressed intolerance toward the perpetrators.4 The Oxford Dictionaries online define revenge as both concrete and symbolic. The concrete definition incorporates physical behavior: “The action of inflicting hurt or harm on someone for an injury or wrong suffered at their hands.”5 Examples of concrete revenge are found in Holocaust survivor narratives during the later years of the war and immediately afterward. The most famous example of concrete revenge is Abba Kovner, who believed that “the Jews must seek revenge, answering a crime that could not be answered.”6 In the spring of 1945 he declared, “Yes, the War is over, but no, not for the Germans; it is time for the Germans to suffer; the Germans, who killed the Jews, must now pay with their own lives,”7 and quoted Psalm 94 in which God is called on to take revenge on the enemies of Israel. -
Klaus Barbie Pre-Trial Records
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt509nf111 No online items Inventory of the Klaus Barbie pre-trial records Finding aid prepared by Josh Giglio. Hoover Institution Archives 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA, 94305-6010 (650) 723-3563 [email protected] © 2008, 2014 Inventory of the Klaus Barbie 95008 1 pre-trial records Title: Klaus Barbie pre-trial records Date (inclusive): 1943-1985 Collection Number: 95008 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Archives Language of the Materials : In French and German. Physical Description: 8 manuscript boxes(3.2 linear feet) Abstract: Trial instruction, including depositions and exhibits, in the case of Klaus Barbie before the Tribunal de grande instance de Lyon, relating to German war crimes in France during World War II. Photocopy. Physical Location: Hoover Institution Archives Creator: Barbie, Klaus, 1913- , defendant. Access Collection is open for research. The Hoover Institution Archives only allows access to copies of audiovisual items. To listen to sound recordings or to view videos or films during your visit, please contact the Archives at least two working days before your arrival. We will then advise you of the accessibility of the material you wish to see or hear. Please note that not all audiovisual material is immediately accessible. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Archives. Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Archives in 1995. Accruals Materials may have been added to the collection since this finding aid was prepared. To determine if this has occurred, find the collection in Stanford University's online catalog at http://searchworks.stanford.edu/ . -
Eli Zborowski Dr
Vol. 33-No.1 ISSN 0892-1571 September/October 2006-Elul/Tishrei 5767 ELI ZBOROWSKI DR. MIRIAM & SHELDON G. ADELSON LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD YAD VASHEM REMEMBRANCE AWARD ne of Eli Zborowski’s most cherished childhood memories is sitting with his r. Miriam Adelson was born and raised in Israel with the shadow of the father, Moshe, in the comfort of their Zarki home on Shabbat afternoon Holocaust ever-present in her life. Her parents, the Ochshorns, fled Poland Oreading and exploring the pearls of wisdom found in Pirkei Avot, The Ethics Djust prior to the war. But significant portions of their families, who chose to of the Fathers. That warm and nurturing weekly interlude came to an abrupt halt in stay, perished during the Shoah. As Miriam so poignantly reveals, “I am the daugh- 1942 when the deportations to the death camps began. Soon after, Moshe ter of a mother who, when she was a teen, lost almost her entire family. One day Zborowski was murdered by the Poles. This thrust Eli, the oldest son, into his first everyone disappeared. I grew up feeling my mother’s pain.” Miriam recalls that fol- of many lifelong leadership roles. During the lowing the war, there was suddenly an influx of cousins in her life whom she had pre- war he was a member of the Jewish Fighters viously not known. Responding to the needs of young family members who lost their Organization, serving as a liaison between parents, the Ochshorns ghettos and non-Jewish partisan units. The brought them from family, his mother, sister, younger brother and Europe and helped himself survived the war in hiding with the help them to become estab- of righteous Poles.