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A Study of the Ilitha and Ndev Ana Communities in the E

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A Study of the Ilitha and Ndev Ana Communities in the E THE MISSION OF THE LOCAL CHURCH AMIDST SOCIAL DISRUPTION AND TRANSITION: A STUDY OF THE ILITHA AND NDEVANA COMMUNITIES IN THE EASTERN CAPE. by JACOBUS NICOLAAS ODENDAAL submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROFESSOR W.A. SAAYMAN JANUARY 1996 ------00000------ Dedicated to JULY GEDEZANA and to many others like him who, in the midst of relentless struggle and suffering, kept faith in the liberating presence of the living God. Student number: 497-271-6 I declare that THE MISSION OF THE LOCAL CHURCH AMIDST SOCIAL DISRUPTION AND TRANSITION: A study of the Ilitha and Ndevana communities in the Eastern Cape. is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. .~.n-~.(./'Jt DATE iv THE MISSION OF THE LOCAL CHURCH AMIDST SOCIAL DISRUPTION AND TRANSITION: A Study of the Ilitha and Ndevana Communities in the Eastern Cape. CONTENT Summary I Opsomming ............................................................................................. ix Foreword ................................................................................................................... xi Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aim and Purpose of the Study ............................................................................. l 1.2 The Mission of the Church .................................................................................. 4 1.3 The Missiological Significance of the Study ......................................................... 5 1.4 Thesis ................................................................................................................ 6 1. 5 Participant Observation as Method of Research ................................................... 6 1.6 Locating a Social Situation ................................................................................. 8 1.7 Focus of Study ................................................................................................... 9 1.8 Local Faith Community .................................................................................... 10 1.9 The Contribution of an Outsider. ....................................................................... 13 1.10 Defining Terms ................................................................................................ 16 1.11 Structure of the Study ...................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER TWO : THE CISKEI AREA AND ITS PEOPLE 2.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 TheArea ....................................................................................................... 18 2.1.2 Ciskei ............................................................................................................ 19 2.1.3 Part ofRegionD ........................................................................................... 19 2.1.4 Comparing Region D with the Rest of South Africa ........................................ 20 2.1.5 NaturalRegions ............................................................................................. 21 2.2 The People of the Ciskei Area ........................................................................... 22 2.2.1 General Statistics ........................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Towns in Ciskei ............................................................................................. 22 2.2.3 Closer-settlements ......................................................................................... 23 v 2.2.4 Squatter Settlements ...................................................................................... 23 2.2.5 Rural Townships ............................................................................................ 24 2.2.6 Workers and the Economy ............................................................................. 24 2.3 A Short History preceeding the Present Situation .............................................. 24 2.3. l The amaMfengu and the amaXhosa ................................................................ 26 2.3 .2 The Consolidation of Ciskei in the Twentieth Century ..................................... 30 2.3.3 Political Development .................................................................................... 34 2.3 .4 Resettlement and Urbanization ....................................................................... 3 7 2.4 Ilitha - Ndevana Complex ................................................................................. 44 2.4.1 The Area ....................................................................................................... 44 2.4.1. l Urban Settlements ...................................................................................... 45 2.4.1.2 Peri-urban Settlements ................................................................................ 45 2.4.1.3 Squatter Settlements and "Illegal" Occupation ............................................. 46 2.4.2 The Ilitha-Ndevana Area in Broader Context .................................................. 47 2.4.2.1 Nodal-corridor Structure ............................................................................. 48 2.4.3 The People .................................................................................................... 49 2.4.3.1 Population and Growth ............................................................................... 49 2.4.3.1.1 Statistics .................................................................................................. 49 2.4.3.1.2 Composition of the Ilitha-Ndevana Communities ....................................... 49 2.4.3.1.3. Growth Tendencies .................................................................................. 52 2.4.3.2 Family Life ................................................................................................. 53 2.4.3.3 Housing ..................................................................................................... 61 2.4.3.4 Local Government ...................................................................................... 63 2.4.3.5 Economic Activities .................................................................................... 63 2.4.3.6 Education and Recreation ........................................................................... 67 2.4.3.7 Health Care ................................................................................................ 69 2.4.3.8 Social Order and Control ............................................................................ 71 2.4.4 The Environment and Natural Resources ........................................................ 71 2. 5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 72 vi CHAPTER THREE : THE DEEP TRENCH OF DESPAIR 3.1 TheBurdenofthePast ..................................................................................... 74 3.2 People made Redundant and Dispensable ........................................................... 79 3 .3 Controlled by the System and left with no Alternatives ....................................... 81 3.4 Disempowerment and the Destruction of Human and Physical Resources ............ 84 3.5 Every aspect ofLife being Criminalised ............................................................. 88 3.6 Institutionalised Violence led to Endemic Violence ............................................ 89 3.7 People left Vulnerable ...................................................................................... 90 3. 8 Humiliated and Deceived .................................................................................. 92 3 .9 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER FOUR : FAITH COMMUNITIES AMID TRANSITION 4.1. Faith Communities in the Ilitha-Ndevana area .................................................... 95 4.1.1 Variety of Faith Communities ......................................................................... 95 4.1.2 Church indifference ...................................................................................... 104 4.1.3 Lack of Ecumenical Communication and Co-operation .................................. 105 4.2 Two Local Congregations of the Uniting Reformed Church ............................. 105 4.3 Disruptions, Changes and Difficulties faced by Members .................................. 110 4.3.1 Things were better in the Past ...................................................................... 110 4.3 .2 Types of Daily Problems .............................................................................. 111 4.3 .3 Explanations of Trouble and Problems .......................................................... 114 4.3.4 Handling of Hardship and Problems .............................................................. 115 4.4 Supportive Structures and Actions operative in the Local Faith Community ...... 120 4.4.1 Meaningful Support in the Local Context ..................................................... 120 4.4.2 Church Worship Services ............................................................................
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