DOCSLIB.ORG

The Status of Traditional Horse Racing in the Eastern Cape

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Status of Traditional Horse Racing in the Eastern Cape THR Cover FA 9/10/13 10:49 AM Page 1 The Status of Traditional Horse Racing in the Eastern Cape www.ussa.org.za www.ru.ac.za THR Intro - Chp 3 FA 9/10/13 10:40 AM Page 1 The Status of Traditional Horse Racing in the Eastern Cape ECGBB – 12/13 – RFQ – 10 Commissioned by Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board (ECGBB) Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, was awarded incidental thereto, contemplated in the Act and to advise the a tender called for by the Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Member of the Executive Council of the Province for Economic Board (ECGBB) (BID NUMBER: ECGBB - 12/13 RFQ-10) to Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) with regard to gambling matters undertake research which would determine the status of and to exercise certain further powers contemplated in the traditional horse racing (THR) in the Eastern Cape. Act. The ECGBB was established by section 3 of the Gambling Rhodes University, established in 1904, is located in and Betting Act, 1997 (Act No 5 of 1997, Eastern Cape, as Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. amended). The mandate of the ECGBB is to oversee all Rhodes is a publicly funded University with a well established gambling and betting activities in the Province and matters research track record and a reputation for academic excellence. Rhodes University Research Team: Project Manager: Ms Jaine Roberts, Director: Research Principal Investigator: Ms Michelle Griffith Senior Researcher: Mr Craig Paterson, Doctoral Candidate in History Administrator: Ms Thumeka Mantolo, Research Officer, Research Office Eastern Cape Gambling & Betting Board: Marketing & Research Specialist: Mr Monde Duma Cover picture: People dance and sing while leading horses down to race. Back Cover picture: A man from Laphum’ilanga Club rides umhambo 2013 THR Intro - Chp 3 FA 9/10/13 10:40 AM Page 2 Imbono (Vision) | We’ll remember the heroes of our land of birth, clothed in the attire of our people, upon our return to them to witness the dancing hooves as our horses compete. Our women ululate and the men stomp (traditional dancing) Mares stampede as we turn the tide to return the tradition where it was born. Izenzo (Mission) | It is the strength begotten on the Sunday (from our faith) that keeps us going. It takes much effort, but we shall rise to the occasion and do for ourselves. In support of our unwavering love for horse racing. The Laphum’ iLanga Club, iDutywa Rhodes University The Status of Traditional Horse Racing in the Eastern Cape 01 THR Intro - Chp 3 FA 9/10/13 10:40 AM Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 01 2 Methods 03 3 Literature Review 05 4 History of Traditional Horse Racing 07 5 The Extent of Traditional Horse Racing in the Eastern Cape 11 6 Horse Racing practices 13 6.1 Traditional use 14 6.2 Race styles 14 6.3 Categorising Horses into Classes 16 6.4 Venues and Tracks 16 7 Management of Traditional Horse Racing 17 7.1 Racing Clubs 18 7.2 The Eastern Cape Amateur Horse Racing Association Horse owners are instructed, by Mr Bidi on how to register (ECAHRA) 19 their horses for the race. 7.3 The OR Tambo Horse Racing Association 20 7.4 Ad Hoc Races 21 7.5 Proposed Traditional Horse Racing Business Ventures 22 8 Management of Horses 23 8.1 Breeding 24 8.2 Health Care 24 8.3 General management 26 8.4 Jockeys and Tack 28 9 The Drivers and Intricacies of Traditional Horse Racing Events 29 9.1 Sport 30 9.2 Identity 31 9.3 Economics 31 9.4 Indigenous Knowledge Systems 32 10 Gambling and Betting Practices within THR 33 11 Other Roleplayers/Stakeholders 35 12 Support and Policy Development Interventions 37 12.1 Support 38 12.2 Legislation and Policy Development Interventions 39 13 Traditional Horse Racing as a Tourism Product 41 14 Findings and Recommendations 43 15 Conclusion 49 16 Summary of Recommendations 51 02 THR Intro - Chp 3 FA 9/10/13 10:40 AM Page 4 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Amaqhirha - Doctors Amayeza - Medicines Bherhi - A Thoroughbred horse Mdyarho - A horse racing event (from the Afrikaans word jag) Umhambo - A style of riding known in English as ‘trippling’ or ‘racking’ (related to a number of isiXhosa words referring to travelling or journeys) Umkhwelo - In the context of this report umkhwelo refers to long-distance endurance horse races (from the verb -khwela meaning to ride or climb on) Umphalo - a kind of horse race in which a horse gallops as fast as possible towards the finish line (apparently derived from the word ‘pole’ in reference to the winning post and used in the sense of “the first past the post wins”) A boy leads a horse to the track 01 THR Intro - Chp 3 FA 9/10/13 10:40 AM Page 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board advertised a tender for research assessing and auditing the status of traditional horse racing in the Eastern Cape. The term ‘traditional horse racing’ (THR) is used for convenience but covers a range of horse racing events, not all of which are ‘traditional’. The term, within the research and this report, is used to denote all horse racing in the Eastern Cape which lies outside of the formal gambling horse racing industry which is localised to Port Elizabeth. Rhodes University, Grahamstown was awarded the tender by breed (EC Horse crossed with a faster breed) and are managed the Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board, and a Service by the owners of the horses. All horses are used in umphalo Level Agreement was duly signed. The research was undertaken and umkhwelo racing, but only EC Horses are used in umhambo over an eight (8) week period from March to May 2013 and racing. EC Horses and cross-breeds are usually bred locally was titled “The Status of Traditional Horse Racing (THR) in and Thoroughbreds are bought off the racing yards of Port the Eastern Cape.” Elizabeth and Durban. Races are organised by Horse Racing Clubs (mainly in the southern areas of the Eastern Cape) and Qualitative research methodologies were used in the process Horse Racing Associations (mainly in the northern areas of of data collection. These included in-depth interviews and the Eastern Cape). Races occur almost weekly, mostly on direct observations. Initially a questionnaire was used to guide Saturdays and public holidays. Jockeys of umphalo and umkhwelo interviews based on the activities specified by the ECGBB. racing are usually boys or young men of lighter weight, and Attending races was found to be the most effective method mostly from within the horse-owning family, whereas umhambo in obtaining information, and provided opportunities for much jockeys are usually older men. Tack (saddles and bridles) and direct observation. the attire of the jockeys varies considerably. Historically Xhosa men raced on oxen as a form of THR is a cultural and traditional practice or sport, with distinctive entertainment at social gatherings. Horses were introduced training methods, riding styles, rules of the sport and horse into South Africa in the early 19th century and replaced oxen care methods. It has been developed over the past one and as a mode of transport, for use in combat and, initially only in a half centuries by the people of these areas. It should thus be the southern areas, for racing at cultural events for entertainment regarded as part of the indigenous knowledge system of the and prestige. It was only in the second half of the 19th century region. THR is still viewed by the people involved as a socio- that the term mdyarho was used to describe a horse race, cultural event that is for entertainment, that carries with it when the amaXhosa raced against Settlers. great prestige, and as a celebration within a significant cultural or other event. It remains predominantly male in terms of The researchers found THR occurring in most Local horse owners and riders. Municipalities of the Amathole and OR Tambo Districts, and in the bordering Local Municipalities of Chris Hani and Alfred Nzo Districts. Three styles of mdyarho are practiced; umphalo (turf/speed/galloping racing), umhambo (trippling) and umkhwelo (speed endurance racing). Umhambo is the preferred style in the northern parts of the Eastern Cape. Numerous tracks have been established in villages. The race track is the only infrastructure that exists at the race venue. Tracks usually occur on communal land surrounding the village. Horses used are Eastern Cape (EC) Horses (also called indigenous or Xhosa horses), Thoroughbreds and a cross- 02 THR Intro - Chp 3 FA 9/10/13 10:40 AM Page 6 No organised betting or gambling takes place at these races, passed on through generations in horse owning families. Race with only occasional private wagers between horse owners, venues are also not specifically protected in terms of local although it was reported that betting did occur about a decade municipal planning and zoning. or two ago at some of the bigger races. Entrance fees per horse per race are paid and this is allocated to administration, Provincial Government has expressed an interest in developing judges and prize money for the winning horses. and promoting THR as a tourism product. The research indicated the potential for tourism as a local tourism project in the Government departments and the private sector have expressed marketing of cultural festivals and events, and at some of the an interest in supporting and promoting THR. Support in the larger races where other cultural activities could be introduced. form of the development of basic infrastructure at race venues Development of the venue at Tsolo Junction could be a (railings along the tracks, shelters for both horses and spectators, possibility, and this would also assist in developing tourism and water supplies), and assistance with information on horse along the Wild Coast.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South·Africa in Transition
    POLITICS OF HOPE AND TERROR: South ·Africa in Transition Report on Violence in South Africa by an American Friends Service Committee Study Team November 1992 The American Friends Service Committee's concern over Southern Africa has grown out of over 60 years of relationships since the first visit by a representative of the organization. In 1982 the AFSC Board of Directors approved the release of a full length book, Challenge and Hope, as a statement of its views on South Africa. Since 1977 the AFSC has had a national Southern Africa educational program in its Peace Education Division. AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE 1501 Cherry Street Philadelphia, PA 19102 (215) 241-7000 AFSC REGIONAL OFFICES: Southeastern Region, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, 92 Piedmont Avenue, NE; Middle Atlantic Region, Baltimore, Maryland 21212, 4806 York Road; New England Region, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, 2161 Massachusetts Avenue; Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois 60605, 59 E. Van Buren Street, Suite 1400; North Central Region, Des Moines, Iowa 50312, 4211 Grand Avenue; New York Metropolitan Region, New York, New York 10003, 15 Rutherford Place; Pacific Southwest Region, Pasadena, California 91103, 980 N. Fair Oaks Avenue; Pacific Mountain Region, San Francisco, California 94121,2160 Lake Street; Pacific Northwest Region, Seattle, Washington 98105, 814 N.E. 40th Street. CONTENTS II THE AFSC DELEGATION 1 PREFACE III POLITICS OF HOPE AND TERROR: South Africa in Transition 1 THE BASIC VIOLENCE 2 ANALYZING THE VIOLENCE 5 THE HIDDEN HAND 7 RETALIATION 9 POLICE INVESTIGATIONS 11 LESSONS FROM THE BOIPATONG MASSACRE 12 HOMELAND VIOLENCE IN CISKEI AND KWAZULU 13 HOMELAND LEADERS BUTHELEZI AND GQOZO 16 CONCLUSION 19 RECOMMENDATIONS 20 ACRONYMS 21 TEAM INTERVIEWS AND MEETINGS 22 THE AFSC DELEGATION TO SOUTH AFRICA The American Friends Service Committee's Board of Directors approved a proposal in June 1992 for a delegation to visit South Africa to study the escalating violence there.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase 1 Aia Heritage Screener Borrow Pits Sterkspruit Eastern Cape
    PHASE 1 AIA HERITAGE SCREENER BORROW PITS STERKSPRUIT EASTERN CAPE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT OF BORROW PITS ALONG ROADS DR08606 AND DR08515, FARM 301 RE/88, STERKSPRUIT, SENQU LOCAL MUNICIPALITY, JOE GQABI DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY, EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE. PREPARED FOR: ISIPHO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS PREPARED BY: SKY-LEE FAIRHURST HEIDI FIVAZ & JAN ENGELBRECHT UBIQUE HERITAGE CONSULTANTS 28 JUNE 2020 VERSION 2 Web: www.ubiquecrm.com Mail: [email protected] Office: (+27)0721418860 Address: P.O. Box 5022 Weltevredenpark 1715 CSD Supplier Number MAAA0586123 PHASE 1 AIA HERITAGE SCREENER BORROW PITS STERKSPRUIT EASTERN CAPE Client: Isipho Environmental Consultants Contact Person: Andisiwe Stuurman Mobile: (+27) 081 410 2569 Email: [email protected] Heritage Consultant: UBIQUE Heritage Consultants Contact Person: Jan Engelbrecht (archaeologist and lead CRM specialist) Member of the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists: Member number: 297 Cell: (+27) 082 845 6276 Email: [email protected] Heidi Fivaz (archaeologist) Member of the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists: Member number: 433 Cell: (+27) 072 141 8860 Email: [email protected] Sky-Lee Fairhurst (archaeologist) Research Assistant Cell: (+27) 071 366 5770 Email: [email protected] Declaration of independence: We, Jan Engelbrecht and Heidi Fivaz, partners of UBIQUE Heritage Consultants, hereby confirm our independence as heritage specialists and declare that: • we are suitably qualified and accredited to act as independent specialists in this application; • we do not have any vested interests (either business, financial, personal or other) in the proposed development project other than remuneration for the heritage assessment and heritage management services performed; • the work was conducted in an objective and ethical manner, in accordance with a professional code of conduct and within the framework of South African heritage legislation.
    [Show full text]
  • Herpetofaunal Survey of the Ongeluksnek (Malekgalonyane) Nature Reserve in the Foothills of the Drakensberg, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
    Herpetology Notes, volume 13: 717-730 (2020) (published online on 25 August 2020) Herpetofaunal survey of the Ongeluksnek (Malekgalonyane) Nature Reserve in the foothills of the Drakensberg, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa Werner Conradie1,2,* Brian Reeves3, Sandile Mdoko3, Lwandiso Pamla3, and Oyama Gxabhu3 Abstract. The results of a herpetofaunal survey of Ongeluksnek Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa are presented here. Combination of visual encounter survey methods and standard Y-shape trap arrays were used to conduct the survey. A total of 26 species (eight amphibians and 18 reptiles) were recorded, representing 29 quarter-degree grid cell records, of which 62% represented the first records for these units. Furthermore, we document the presence of three species of snakes (Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia, Hemachatus haemachatus and Homoroselaps lacteus) for the first time for the whole degree square of 3028 (approx. 100 km2). This study highlights the need to survey poorly known regions to enable us to understand and document the full distributional extent of species. We also discuss the impact of uncontrolled fires on the absence of grassland specialised species during our survey. Keywords. Amphibia, Reptilia, karroid, conservation, biodiversity, fire Introduction has been done in the southern and western regions (e.g. Branch and Braack, 1987), while the northern and The herpetofaunal richness of South Africa is central areas associated with the former homelands of considered to be amongst the highest in the world the Ciskei and Transkei remained poorly surveyed. In (Branch, 1998; Bates et al., 2014; Du Preez and recent years a series of rapid biodiversity studies has Carruthers, 2017; Tolley et al., 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • 40 000 Years in the Greater Eastern Cape, South Africa
    Late Quaternary environmental phases in the Eastern Cape and adjacent Plettenberg Bay-Knysna region and Little Karoo, South Africa Colin A. Lewis Department of Geography, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa Tel: +27 46 6222416, Fax: +27 46 6361199 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Four major climato-environmental phases have been identified in the Eastern Cape, Plettenberg Bay-Knysna region and Little Karoo between somewhat before ~ 40 000 cal. a BP and the present: the Birnam Interstadial from before 40 000 cal. a BP until ~ 24 000 cal. a BP; the Bottelnek Stadial (apparently equating with the Last Glacial Maximum) from ~24 000 cal. a BP until before ~ 18 350 cal. a BP; the Aliwal North (apparently equating with the Late Glacial) from before ~ 18 350 cal. a BP until ~ 11 000 cal. a BP; the Dinorben (apparently equating with the Holocene) from ~ 11 000 cal. a BP until the present. The evidence for, and the characteristics of, these phases is briefly described. Key words Palaeoclimate. Southern Africa. Late Quaternary. Last Glacial Maximum. Late Glacial. Holocene. 1. Introduction 1.1. Purpose of this paper and use of proxy data The purpose of this paper is to summarise the evidence for, and describe the characteristics of, the major climato-environmental phases that have occurred in the Eastern Cape and adjacent Plettenberg Bay-Knysna region and Little Karoo during the last ~ 40 000 a (Fig. 1). The age of these phases has been established mainly by radiocarbon dating. Events predating ~ 40 000 cal. a BP are effectively beyond the range of radiocarbon dating and are not considered in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Epigaeic Invertebrate Community Structure in Two Subtropical Nature Reserves, Eastern Cape, South Africa: Implications for Conservation Management
    © Arachnologische Gesellschaft e.V. Frankfurt/Main; http://arages.de/ Arachnologische Mitteilungen / Arachnology Letters 52: 7-15 Karlsruhe, September 2016 Epigaeic invertebrate community structure in two subtropical nature reserves, Eastern Cape, South Africa: Implications for conservation management Augustine S. Niba & Inam Yekwayo doi: 10.5431/aramit5203 Abstract. Epigaeic invertebrates were sampled at non-invaded (‘Indigenous Forest’ and ‘Indigenous Grassland’) and alien-invaded (‘Eu- calyptus’ and ‘Mixed alien’) sub-sites in the Nduli and Luchaba Nature Reserves using pitfall traps. A total of 2054 specimens belonging to three phyla (Arthropoda, Mollusca and Annelida) was caught and sorted into seven orders, 18 families, one tribe, 45 genera (22 identified to species level) and 20 morphospecies. Higher species richness occurred in ‘Indigenous Forest’ and ‘Mixed Alien’ sub-sites while higher specimen counts were made in invaded (‘Mixed Alien’ and ‘Eucalyptus’) sub-sites during summer months, peaking in January. Canonical Correspondence Analysis results show that some measured site variables, e.g. litter depth, grazing intensity, percentage of alien vege- tation cover, and soil chemical properties accounted for invertebrate taxa composition and distribution trends at sub-sites. Although habitat-patch level characteristics (including abiotic factors) were important for determining species distributions, increased levels of infestation by invasive alien vegetation across sub-sites did not necessarily impact on epigaeic invertebrates
    [Show full text]
  • SA Wioresearchcompendium.Pdf
    Compiling authors Dr Angus Paterson Prof. Juliet Hermes Dr Tommy Bornman Tracy Klarenbeek Dr Gilbert Siko Rose Palmer Report design: Rose Palmer Contributing authors Prof. Janine Adams Ms Maryke Musson Prof. Isabelle Ansorge Mr Mduduzi Mzimela Dr Björn Backeberg Mr Ashley Naidoo Prof. Paulette Bloomer Dr Larry Oellermann Dr Thomas Bornman Ryan Palmer Dr Hayley Cawthra Dr Angus Paterson Geremy Cliff Dr Brilliant Petja Prof. Rosemary Dorrington Nicole du Plessis Dr Thembinkosi Steven Dlaza Dr Anthony Ribbink Prof. Ken Findlay Prof. Chris Reason Prof. William Froneman Prof. Michael Roberts Dr Enrico Gennari Prof. Mathieu Rouault Dr Issufo Halo Prof. Ursula Scharler Dr. Jean Harris Dr Gilbert Siko Prof. Juliet Hermes Dr Kerry Sink Dr Jenny Huggett Dr Gavin Snow Tracy Klarenbeek Johan Stander Prof. Mandy Lombard Dr Neville Sweijd Neil Malan Prof. Peter Teske Benita Maritz Dr Niall Vine Meaghen McCord Prof. Sophie von der Heydem Tammy Morris SA RESEARCH IN THE WIO ContEnts INDEX of rEsEarCh topiCs ‑ 2 introDuCtion ‑ 3 thE WEstErn inDian oCEan ‑ 4 rEsEarCh ActivitiEs ‑ 6 govErnmEnt DEpartmEnts ‑ 7 Department of Science & Technology (DST) Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries (DAFF) sCiEnCE CounCils & rEsEarCh institutions ‑ 13 National Research Foundation (NRF) Council for Geoscience (CGS) Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) Institute for Maritime Technology (IMT) KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board (KZNSB) South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) Egagasini node South African
    [Show full text]
  • Thusong — Bringing Hope to Small Towns
    THUSONG — BRINGING HOPE TO SMALL TOWNS Small towns such as Burgersdorp, Oviston, Steynsburg and Venterstad subsist off the beaten track. The local Community Wwork Programme is creating work opportunities and stimulating entrepreneurship in an area where unemployment if rife – and even boosting the coffers of the local municipality. There is a stark beauty to the Free State and northern Within many homesteads trenches have been Eastern Cape. It’s a part of South Africa that has ploughed, ready to be sown with vegetables and grain. inspired thousands of paintings – a vast rural The local primary school has been completely landscape with potholed roads rolling down re-painted and re-furbished, and feels like a pleasant escarpments into countless plateaus, punctuated by environment where learners can be proud to study. windmills, mountain ranges and the occassional Before the advent of CWP, the members here would farmhouse either fish for subsistence or “do nothing”. Settlements are few and far between. Neighbours can The knock-on effects of the CWP programme in the be many kilometers away. Small forgotten towns such Thusong site is clearly evident. Gideon Mapete, Unit as Burgersdorp, Oviston, Steynsburg and and Manager of Steynsburg municipality and CWP Venterstad subsist quietly out of sight. This was once municipal contact, can undoubtedly see the positives. burgeoning farm country, full of grazing livestock. Not only has there been a small dent made into the From a distance the townships and towns are distinct unemployment rates, but also a small increase in the income of local government. As CWP members and clear. Iron sheets of RDP housing reflect the harsh sun on one side of the road, while a are receiving regular income, more are paying for neighbouring hamlet rests in the shade of large trees municipal services, therefore growing coffers and on the other.
    [Show full text]
  • Amathole District Municipality
    AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY 2012 - 2017 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN Amathole District Municipality IDP 2012-2017 – Version 1 of 5 Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENT The Executive Mayor’s Foreword 4 Municipal Manager’s Message 5 The Executive Summary 7 Report Outline 16 Chapter 1: The Vision 17 Vision, Mission and Core Values 17 List of Amathole District Priorities 18 Chapter 2: Demographic Profile of the District 31 A. Introduction 31 B. Demographic Profile 32 C. Economic Overview 38 D. Analysis of Trends in various sectors 40 Chapter 3: Status Quo Assessment 42 1 Local Economic Development 42 1.1 Economic Research 42 1.2 Enterprise Development 44 1.3 Cooperative Development 46 1.4 Tourism Development and Promotion 48 1.5 Film Industry 51 1.6 Agriculture Development 52 1.7 Heritage Development 54 1.8 Environmental Management 56 1.9 Expanded Public Works Program 64 2 Service Delivery and Infrastructure Investment 65 2.1 Water Services (Water & Sanitation) 65 2.2 Solid Waste 78 2.3 Transport 81 2.4 Electricity 2.5 Building Services Planning 89 2.6 Health and Protection Services 90 2.7 Land Reform, Spatial Planning and Human Settlements 99 3 Municipal Transformation and Institutional Development 112 3.1 Organizational and Establishment Plan 112 3.2 Personnel Administration 124 3.3 Labour Relations 124 3.4 Fleet Management 127 3.5 Employment Equity Plan 129 3.6 Human Resource Development 132 3.7 Information Communication Technology 134 4 Municipal Financial Viability and Management 136 4.1 Financial Management 136 4.2 Budgeting 137 4.3 Expenditure
    [Show full text]
  • Biomonitoring of the Keiskamma River System (R10 Catchment)
    BIOMONOTORING OF THE KIESKAMMA RIVER SYSTEM (R 10 CATCHMENT) Figure 1; Sandile Dam March 2008 PREPARED BY: Mlondolozi N. Mbikwana Assisted by: Tembela Bushula Collection of data: M.N. Mbikwana, K. Mkosana, E. Weni, T Bushula and N. Finca PO BOX 7019 EAST LONDON 5201 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The main objective of the South African National River Health Programme (NRHP) makes use of the instream and riparian biological communities like the fish, macro invertebrates and vegetation to assess the ecological health or condition of rivers. These biological communities are always found in rivers and they are often affected by any disturbance that occurs in the river ecosystem. This report provides the results of the biomonitoring survey that was undertaken in November 2007. Field indices used for data collection included the South African Scoring System version 5.0 (SASS5) for Macro invertebrates and the Fish Assemblage Integrity Index for fish (FAII). Ten biomonitoring sites were selected in the Keiskamma River system; this includes three sites in the Tyume River (a tributary to Keiskamma River) and they are: Site Description Coordinates Site Code 1 Tyume Head waters (Hogsback) S32o 36’ 39.8”, E26o R1Tyum-Hogsb 56’ 52.2” 1a ** Tyume Head waters (Sompondo S32o 37’ 34.2”, E26o R1Tyum-Sompo ** Village) 57’ 19.9” 2 Tyume Fort Hare S32o 46’ 44.6”, E26o R1Tyum-Forth 51’ 21.5” 3 Tyume before confluence with S32o 54’ 06.2”, E26o R1Tyum-Becon Keiskamma river 55’ 40.0” 4 Keiskamma above confluence with S32o 54’ 41.9”, E26o R1Keis-abcon Tyume 56’ 17.6” 5 Keiskamma
    [Show full text]
  • Request for Proposals: Establishing Environment Clubs and Science Clubs in Britstown, Hanover, Burgersdorp, Steynsburg and Venterstad
    DREUNBERG LOCAL COMMUNITY TRUST, JOE GQABI BROAD TRUST, LINDE LOCAL COMMUNITY TRUST, PIXLEY KA SEME BROAD BASED TRUST REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS: ESTABLISHING ENVIRONMENT CLUBS AND SCIENCE CLUBS IN BRITSTOWN, HANOVER, BURGERSDORP, STEYNSBURG AND VENTERSTAD BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT: Scatec Solar develops, builds, operates and owns solar power plants that generate cost-effective, clean and reliable electricity. Scatec Solar works along three principle areas for all employees to focus on; delivering competitive renewable energy, contributing to local value creation and being a trusted business partner. Scatec Solar is committed to value creation and economic development in the communities close to the solar plants. Scatec Solar has identified the need for enterprise development in the above-mentioned towns. It has also identified the small market, coupled with low overall skill levels, as a major inhibitor to the growth of the economy in the towns mentioned. This is a vicious cycle that Scatec Solar aims to address through the integration of a broad-based economic development strategy spanning a 20-year period. One of the tenets of the strategy is a focus on youth development and sustainable enterprise development through the sciences and amongst the youth population. It is against this backdrop that Scatec Solar is seeking to appoint a service provider that can manage the formulation of Environment and Science Clubs. It is expected that this will be a 12-24-month contract. THE STRATEGY: Outlined below is the core strategy that Scatec Solar is following
    [Show full text]
  • Phytosociology of the Upper Orange River Valley, South Africa
    PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF THE UPPER ORANGE RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH AFRICA A SYNTAXONOMICAL AND SYNECOLOGICAL STUDY M.J.A.WERGER PROMOTOR: Prof. Dr. V. WESTHOFF PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF THE UPPER ORANGE RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH AFRICA A SYNTAXONOMICAL AND SYNECOLOGICAL STUDY PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRUGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT TE NIJMEGEN, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF. MR. F J.F.M. DUYNSTEE VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN HET COLLEGE VAN DECANEN IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP 10 MEI 1973 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 4.00 UUR. DOOR MARINUS JOHANNES ANTONIUS WERGER GEBOREN TE ENSCHEDE 1973 V&R PRETORIA aan mijn ouders Frontiepieae: Panorama drawn by R.J. GORDON when he discovered the Orange River at "De Fraaye Schoot" near the present Bethulie, probably on the 23rd December 1777. I. INTRODUCTION When the government of the Republic of South Africa in the early sixties decided to initiate a comprehensive water development scheme of its largest single water resource, the Orange River, this gave rise to a wide range of basic and applied scientific sur­ veys of that area. The reasons for these surveys were threefold: (1) The huge capital investment on such a water scheme can only be justified economically on a long term basis. Basic to this is that the waterworks be protected, over a long period of time, against inefficiency caused by for example silting. Therefore, management reports of the catchment area should.be produced. (2) In order to enable effective long term planning of the management and use of the natural resources in the area it is necessary to know the state of the local ecosystems before a major change is instituted.
    [Show full text]
  • Rock Art and the Contested Landscape of the North Eastern Cape, South Africa
    ROCK ART AND THE CONTESTED LANDSCAPE OF THE NORTH EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA Leila Henry A dissertation for the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Johannesburg, June 2010. DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the degree of Master of Arts in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other University. _____________________ (Leila Marguerita Henry) ________ day of_______________, 2010 i ABSTRACT The north Eastern Cape is well known for its exceptional fine-line rock art. Recently, two non-fine-line traditions have been identified in the high mountains of this region. These corpora of rock art formed part of the interaction between San and non-San individuals in the creolised context of the nineteenth century. My discovery of further non-fine-line rock art, on the inland plateau, offers an opportunity to better understand the development of non-fine-line rock art and the role it played in relations between different groups. I argue that these three corpora of non-fine-line rock art are chronological variants of a single tradition, which I label the Type 2 tradition. The development of this tradition is associated with the breakdown of independent San-led bands and their loss of control of the space of painting, which became a contested landscape as multi-ethnic groups vied for political influence in the region and access to the San spirit world that would aid in their raiding prowess.
    [Show full text]