Análise Da Regulação Transcricional Da Rota Metabólica De Antocianinas E De Seus Transportadores Em Diferentes Tecidos Do Fruto De Tomateiro

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Análise Da Regulação Transcricional Da Rota Metabólica De Antocianinas E De Seus Transportadores Em Diferentes Tecidos Do Fruto De Tomateiro ADOLFO LUÍS DOS SANTOS ANÁLISE DA REGULAÇÃO TRANSCRICIONAL DA ROTA METABÓLICA DE ANTOCIANINAS E DE SEUS TRANSPORTADORES EM DIFERENTES TECIDOS DO FRUTO DE TOMATEIRO LAVRAS – MG 2017 ADOLFO LUÍS DOS SANTOS ANÁLISE DA REGULAÇÃO TRANSCRICIONAL DA ROTA METABÓLICA DE ANTOCIANINAS E DE SEUS TRANSPORTADORES EM DIFERENTES TECIDOS DO FRUTO DE TOMATEIRO Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Lavras, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Fisiologia Vegetal, para a obtenção do título de Doutor. PhD. Vagner Augusto Benedito Orientador PhD. Antônio Chalfun Júnior Co-Orientador LAVRAS – MG 2017 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo Sistema de Geração de Ficha Catalográfica da Biblioteca Universitária da UFLA, com dados informados pelo(a) próprio(a) autor(a). Santos, Adolfo Luis dos. Análise da regulação transcricional da rota metabólica de antocianinas e de seus transportadores em diferentes tecidos do fruto de tomateiro / Adolfo Luís dos Santos. - 2017. 221 p. : il. Orientador(a): Vagner Augusto Benedito. Coorientador(a): Antônio Chalfun Júnior. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, 2017. Bibliografia. 1. Tomate. 2. Antocianina. 3. Antioxidante. I. Benedito, Vagner Augusto. II. Júnior, Antônio Chalfun. III. Título. ADOLFO LUÍS DOS SANTOS ANÁLISE DA REGULAÇÃO TRANSCRICIONAL DA ROTA METABÓLICA DE ANTOCIANINAS E DE SEUS TRANSPORTADORES EM DIFERENTES TECIDOS DO FRUTO DE TOMATEIRO ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF THE ANTHOCYANIN METABOLIC PATHWAY AND THEIR TRANSPORTERS IN DIFFERENT TOMATO FRUIT TISSUES Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Lavras, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Fisiologia Vegetal, para a obtenção do título de Doutor. Aprovada em 31 de março de 2017 Dr. Antônio Paulino da Costa Netto - UFG PhD. Joni Esrom Lima - UFMG Dr. Luciano Vilela Paiva - UFLA PhD. Vagner Augusto Benedito Orientador PhD. Antonio Chalfun Junior Co-Orientador LAVRAS – MG 2017 A Deus, DEDICO. AGRADECIMENTOS À Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) e ao Programa de Fisiologia Vegetal, por toda minha formação. Ao meu orientador, professor PhD. Vagner Augusto Benedito, por toda paciência, pelo enorme aprendizado, treinamento e confiança depositada. Obrigado por toda essa oportunidade, com certeza ela será o diferencial na minha carreira profissional. Ao meu co-orienador PhD, Antônio Chalfun Júnior, por me acolher junto aos seus orientados durante minha estadia no programa. Aos membros do Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas pelo acolhimento e companheirismo. A todos os amigos da UFLA que de alguma forma me ajudaram nesta fase. Em especial ao Cardon, Wesley, André, Renan pelas discussões durante os lanches. Ao casal de amigos Lucas Maia e Dayane pelo acolhimento, amizade e companheirismo durante minha estadia nos EUA e depois. A minha família, que mesmo não entendendo ao certo o que eu fazia, sempre apoiou. Em especial a minha namorada Pamina que suportou toda minha ausência e meu estresse durante essa etapa. A West Virginia University pela hospitalidade. A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pelo financiamento tanto durante minha estadia no Brasil quanto durante meu doutorado sanduíche em EUA. A todos meu Muito Obrigado! “A mente que se abre a uma nova ideia jamais voltará ao seu tamanho original” Albert Einstein RESUMO As antocianinas são compostos do metabolismo secundário das plantas e estão inseridos dentro do grupo dos flavonóides. As antocianinas são responsáveis pela pigmentação roxa de frutos e apresentam importantes funções não só para os vegetais, mas também para a saúde humana. Sendo assim, o enriquecimento de antocianinas em frutos torna-se importante, sendo o tomate um candidato ideal para este enriquecimento por estar entre as hortaliças mais consumidas no mundo. Além da engenharia genética, o melhoramento clássico de plantas por meio de cruzamentos de genótipos é uma técnica viável para se conseguir tal enriquecimento. No entanto, é necessário ter conhecimento não só sobre a rota de biossíntese de antocianina em tomates, mas também sobre os genes que regulam esta rota, tal como transportadores desse pigmento na célula. Atualmente já se sabe que em dicotiledôneas a fase inicial da rota de antocianina é regulada por fatores de transcrição R2R3-MYB, enquanto a fase tardia é regulada pelo complexo MYB-bHlH-WD40 (MBW), além disso, transportadores da família MATE (Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion) ou ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette), são responsáveis pelo transporte de antocianina no vacúolo. Recentemente, um mutante triplo de tomateiro envolvendo os loci Aft, atv e hp2 foi gerado. O genótipo apresenta acúmulo de antocianina, o que confere coloração roxa ao epicarpo dos frutos. Trabalhos recentes identificaram por meio de ensaios de RT q-PCR dois fatores de transcrição (SlMYB114 e SlTT8), que provavelmente são responsáveis por regular a biossíntese de antocianina no genótipo Aft/atv/hp2. Neste trabalho nós estudamos o acúmulo de antocianina em alimentos carnosos comestíveis, relatamos características do desenvolvimento de plantas do genótipo Aft/atv/hp2, caracterizamos a família de proteínas MATE em Solanum lycopersicum e apontamos uma provável proteína MATE responsável por transportar antocianina em tomates, além disso, construímos vetores binários para futuras transformações de plantas de tomate afim de comprovar as funções dos genes identificados anteriormente por meio da superexpressão concomitante dos fatores SlTT8 e SlMYB114 em tomateiros selvagens de fruto vermelho, bem como a supressão da expressão gênica específica do SlMYB114 em frutos roxos via CRISPR/Cas9. Este trabalho traz dados antes desconhecidos sobre o recente genótipo Aft/atv/hp2 e sobre proteínas MATE em Solanum lycopersicum que servirá de base para novas pesquisas sobre o transporte não só de antocianinas, mas de vários outros compostos importantes para o metabolismo e desenvolvimento tanto do tomateiro, como de outras Solanáceas. Palavras-chave: Antioxidante. Fitonutriente. Filogenia. Heatmap ABSTRACT Anthocyanins are composed of the secondary metabolism of plants and are inserted into the flavonoid group. Anthocyanins are responsible for the purple pigmentation of fruits and present important functions not only for plants but also for human health. Thus, the enrichment of anthocyanins in fruits becomes important, being the tomato an ideal candidate for this enrichment as it is among the most consumed vegetables in the world. In addition to genetic engineering, classical breeding of plants through genotype crosses is a viable technique for achieving such enrichment. However, it is necessary to be aware not only of the route of anthocyanin biosynthesis in tomatoes, but also of the genes that regulate this route, such as transporters of that pigment in the cell. Currently known that in dicotyledons the initial phase of the anthocyanin route is regulated by R2R3-MYB transcription factors, whereas the late phase is regulated by the MYB-bHlH- WD40 (MBW) complex, in addition, MATE (Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion) or ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette), are responsible for the transport of anthocyanin in the vacuole. Recently, a triple tomato mutant involving the Aft, atv and hp2 loci was generated. The genotype shows accumulation of anthocyanin, which gives purple coloration to the epicarp of the fruits. Recent works have identified two transcription factors (SlMYB114 and SlTT8), which are probably responsible for regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in the Aft / atv / hp2 genotype. In this work we studied the accumulation of anthocyanin in edible fleshy foods, we report characteristics of the development of Aft / atv / hp2 genotype plants, characterize the MATE family of proteins in Solanum lycopersicum and point out a probable MATE protein responsible for transporting anthocyanin in tomatoes, In addition, we constructed binary vectors for future tomato plant transformations in order to prove the functions of genes previously identified by concomitant superexpression of the SlTT8 and SlMYB114 factors in wild red fruit tomatoes, as well as the suppression of the specific gene expression of SlMYB114 in fruits Purples via CRISPR / Cas9. This work brings previously unknown data on the recent Aft/atv/hp2 genotype and on MATE proteins in Solanum lycopersicum that will serve as the basis for new research on the transport not only of anthocyanins but of several other important compounds for the metabolism and development of both the Tomato, as of other Solanaceae. Keywords: Antioxidant. Phytonutrient. Phylogeny. Heatmap SUMÁRIO PARTE 1………………...……………………………………………………………. 11 1 INTRODUÇÃO............................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Objetivos........................................................................................................................ 14 2 CONCLUSÕES E PERSPECTIVAS FUTURAS.......................................................... 16 3 REFERÊNCIAS............................................................................................................. 18 PARTE 2 – ARTIGOS……………………………………………………..…………. 22 ARTIGO 1. Understanding the genetic regulation of anthocyanin metabolism for boosting antioxidant contents in fruits and vegetables.................................................. 23 ARTIGO 2. Cultura do tomateiro e características do genótipo aft/atv/hp2.................. 90 ARTIGO 3. Análise funcional dos genes reguladores da biossíntese de antocianinas em frutos de tomateiro:
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