A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety Transport Industry

5th Edition, July 2006 How to find more information The best way to get further information on any of the topics covered in this Guide is to use the internet. At the end of each section, under “more information on...” you’ll find a web search key. Follow the steps below and you should be taken to a webpage with further information on the topic.

1 Go towww.google.com.au . 2 To use the Google advanced search: This screen will come up: At the end of each section of this Guide, Click on theadvanced search link. where it says “for more information on...”, there’ll be a ‘web search’ category, listing specific information to key in to your advanced Google search. For example, for futher information on safety inspections (page 27), you’d key in: Field A: safe work practices Field B: safety inspections Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au and then click on the Google Search button on the screen. If there’s no field mentioned in the instructions, leave that field blank.

3 A list of links should then come up on your screen. Generally the first one Field A listed will be the one you want, but Field B * those further down the list may also be of interest to you. Field C Click on the link of your choice and you’ll be taken to that webpage.

*

Or, of course, you can ring the organisations listed under “for more information” headings and ask for copies of their publications to be sent to you. A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Preface It is about ten years since the Transport Industry Safety Group (TISG) was formed. It still meets regularly and contributes to health and safety within one industry sector. The establishment of the TISG followed the Coroner’s recommendations on the death of a 14-year-old male pedestrian in a truck-related road crash. The incident occurred as a result of the failure (in part) of the truck driver’s employer, a major Melbourne transport company, to provide the driver with proper training and supervision. The Victorian TISG comprises senior executives from a number of organisations including the Transport Workers Union (Victoria/Tasmania), the Victorian Transport Association, VicRoads, Victoria Police, WorkSafe Victoria, the Transport Accident Commission, the Bus Association (Victoria), the Victorian Waste Management Association and Monash University Accident Research Centre. The TISG meets regularly with the State Coroner to help identify key areas of risk and to develop pro-active strategies to reduce the incidence of death and serious injury within the transport industry. There are also a small number of consultants who voluntarily work with the TISG. The idea for the Transport Industry Safety Guide also stemmed from one of the recommendations in the 1995 Coroner’s finding on the death of the 14-year-old. This Guide, now in its fifth edition, is a tremendous achievement for all those involved in the TISG and the transport industry generally. It will help to improve the safety and health of all those who work in the transport industry and the wider community who use our roads. Graeme Johnstone State Coroner July 2006

A safe workplace is where everyone in it is free fromthe risk of harm. Harmincludes injury, death, occupational illness and disease.

Page 1 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Contents Introduction ...... 4 Health & Safety Reps Who’s who ...... 5 and OHS Committees ...... 30 t Who is an employer? ...... 5 t Designated Work Group ...... 30 t Who is an employee? ...... 5 t Health & Safety Representative .....30 t Contractor Control ...... 5 t OHS Committee ...... 30 t More Information ...... 6 Training and Induction ...... 31 What does ‘reasonably Health Priorities ...... 32 practicable’ mean?...... 7 t Drug and Alcohol Policy ...... 32 t More Information ...... 7 t Infectious Diseases ...... 33 Chain of Responsibility ...... 8 t Preventing Stress in the Workplace . . . 34 t What is the Chain of Responsibility? . . . 8 t Workplace Bullying and Harassment . . 35 t Who is Covered by the t First Aid ...... 35 Chain of responsibility? ...... 8 t Working Alone ...... 36 t Enforcement Powers ...... 9 t Noise...... 37 t Consignor/Receiver ...... 9 t Vibration ...... 37 t Loader/Packer...... 10 t More Information ...... 38 t Driver...... 11 Safety Priorities ...... 39 t Operator/Manager/Scheduler ...... 12 t Traffic Management ...... 39 OHS Policy Statement ...... 13 t Roadside Operations...... 39 Management Commitment .....14 t Forklift Operations ...... 40 Safe Work Practices ...... 15 t Manual Handling ...... 40 Producing an Effective t Working at Height ...... 41 Risk Control Plan...... 16 t Working Near Overhead Wires t Identifying Hazards ...... 16 or Underground Services ...... 41 t Assessing Risks ...... 16 t More Information ...... 42 t Controlling Risks ...... 17 Load Management and Restraint . . 43 t Testing Risk Controls ...... 18 Fatigue ...... 44 t Training ...... 18 t Reasons for Fatigue While Driving . . . 44 t More Information ...... 19 t Dealing with Driver Fatigue...... 44 t Sample Layout for a t Driving Hours ...... 45 Risk Control Plan ...... 20–25 t More Information ...... 45 Rehabilitation Policy ...... 26 Dangerous Goods and t More Information ...... 26 Hazardous Substances ...... 46 Safety Inspections ...... 27 Fire Prevention/Emergency t Self Auditing/Periodical Inspections . . . 27 Evacuation Procedures ...... 49 t Preventive Maintenance Programs . . . 27 t More Information ...... 27 Personal Protective Equipment ...50 Incident Reporting and Investigation. 28 Conclusion ...... 51 t Reporting Incidents to WorkSafe ....28 Reference Materials ...... 52 t More Information ...... 29 Organisations and Contacts .....52

Page 2 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Foreword Working together to achieve an outcome is very rewarding – all the more so when that outcome is safety related. The Transport Industry Safety Group has again combined its resources to produce this publication, in the interests of all industry participants. As we enter a new era of chain of responsibility with new occupational health and safety legislation which will change the working landscape of all industries, this Guide should be of even greater benefit to all industry operators, employees and subcontractors. Previous editions of this Guide have served as an example and reference point for other industry sectors, setting a standard which the Transport Industry Safety Group and the freight and logistics industry can be very proud of upholding. The industry members of the Transport Industry Safety Group express our appreciation for the support and commitment of VicRoads and WorkSafe. All industry participants should use this Guide in the interests of a safe and effective industry. Philip Lovel Chairman Transport Industry Safety Group July 2006

The Building Blocks of OHS Very important, as they provide guidance and can be used Workplace Policies in prosecutions. Provides guidance on howtomeetthelaw. Guidance Notes

Provides guidance on howtomeetthelaw. Codes and Australian Standards

Is the law and must be followed. OHS Regulations

Is the law and Occupational Health & Safety Act must be followed.

Page 3 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Introduction This Guide provides background to the This section requires employers to health and safety issues faced by the provide and maintain, so far as transport industry, and provides infor- reasonably practicable, a working mation and references to aid employers environment that is safe and without and workers, including contractors and risks to health. owner-drivers, in developing a broad There are some specific elements to this perspective in response to these issues. general duty which require the employer, The health and safety priorities in this so far as is reasonably practicable, to do Guide are those that people in the industry things such as: know are the issues requiring manage- n provide and maintain safe plant and ment, so this Guide has been compiled systems of work, following consultation within the industry. n arrange safe systems of work in The intention is not to contest the connection with plant, vehicles, technicalities, but to facilitate whatever equipment, tools, machinery and possible action can be taken. substances,

Effective occupational health and safety n provide a safe work environment (OHS) happens when a company and its (both in the depot and in vehicles), workforce co-operate to: n provide adequate welfare facilities, n develop policies, systems and and procedures to eliminate or minimise n provide employees with the risks, information, instruction, training and n make sure the people who implement – supervision they need to perform their and are affected by – the systems and jobs in a safe and healthy manner. procedures understand them, Employees also have specific n implement effective training in obligations under the OHS Act. Section procedures, and 25 of the Act requires employees to: n ensure the workforce has good access n take reasonable care with their own to safety standards and safety health and safety and the safety of information generally. others,

For any OHS system to be effective it must n co-operate with their employer to have the total commitment of all levels allow the employer to comply with the within the relevant organisation. Act, and

The employer’s main duty under the n not intentionally or recklessly interfere Victorian Occupational Health and Safety with or misuse anything provided at Act 2004 (OHS Act) is contained in the workplace for health, safety or Section 21 (1). welfare.

Page 4 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Who’s Who Who is an Employer? Who is an Employee? You are an employer if you You’re considered to be an employee if employ people directly or engage you work where an employer has, or should subcontractors. have, control when you’re: You may call yourself a subcontractor n employed under a verbal or written but if you employ people or engage contract of employment or a contract of other contractors, you are likely to be training – this includes direct employees considered an employer under OHS as well as placements through group laws. training and apprenticeships, An employer may be an individual, a n an independent contractor engaged by company, body corporate, partnership, someone else to do a specific job, unincorporated association, franchising n a subcontractor, operation or not-for-profit organisation n an employee of a contractor, or in the private or public sector who has n a person whose services are provided one or more employees. through someone else, such as a As an employer, you owe the duty of labour-hire or recruitment agency. providing and maintaining a working People working on matters over which an environment that is safe and without employer has control may be considered to risks to health to independent contractors as well as their employees be employees even if there is no contract of who are working at your workplace. employment. Contracts don’t matter – it’s all about who actually has control. This applies to matters over which you, as an employer, have control or should Contractor Control have control. Under existing Commonwealth and State So, as well as providing a safe and occupational health and safety legislation, healthy workplace for direct employees, the general OHS duties applying to an you must consider subcontractors such employer or contractor also apply to as owner-drivers, labour-hire personnel subcontractors and their employees in and others who could be deemed employees in terms of OHS matters relation to matters over which the employer under your control. (or contractor) has control. Contractors must be made aware that they are subject to the same safety standards as company employees. Accordingly, contractors should be instructed and supervised to ensure that they meet such standards.

Page 5 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

It is the company’s duty to ensure that all !contractors (and their employees) work Contractors are required in accordance with all company OHS to make sure no-one is requirements and meet regulatory stan- put at risk fromthe dards such as vehicle maintenance, driving carrying on of their hours, etc. business. In order to exercise practical control over a contractor working on its behalf, a More Information on Employers, company needs to implement appropriate Employees and Contractor Control measures such as: & Occupational Health and Safety Act n ensuring that the contractor is made 2004, Section 24 aware of the company’s OHS standards 8 Web search (see inside front cover): and procedures before commencing Employers: work, t Field A: who is an employer n clearly defining responsibilities, roles t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au and lines of communication and Employees: reporting between company personnel t Field A: information for employees and the contractor, any subcontractors t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au and other persons, Contractor Control n ensuring that personnel designated to t Field A: contractor control liaise with a contractor receive t Field B: information on engaging appropriate instructions in managing a contractor and controlling contractors (this should t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au include knowledge of relevant legislation, knowledge of standards and codes of practice, understanding of the company OHS policies and procedures and a full and complete knowledge of the processes and procedures involving the use of contractors), n clearly defining operational and other job requirements (for example, scheduling, awareness of the company’s internal reporting and recording requirements, company rules, known work hazards, etc.), and n providing appropriate information (and, if necessary, instruction and training) on working with specific hazards as they may affect or involve contract workers.

Page 6 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

What Does ‘Reasonably Practicable’ Mean?

Some of the general duty provisions in certain hazards if they are known by others the Occupational Health and Safety within the industry and if safeguards are Act and some specific requirements in available. the regulations are qualified by the words “so far as is reasonably Industry safety standards and other published practicable”. information, including Compliance Codes, These words put limits on the duty to Australian Standards, and other guidance ensure health and safety. material published by WorkSafe Victoria, all contribute to establishing this state of The OHS Act explains what has to be taken into account when deciding if knowledge. something is ‘reasonably practicable’. While cost is a factor, it must not be given In general terms, the things to be any more importance than other factors in taken into account are: deciding if an action is reasonably practicable. n the likelihood of the hazard or risk The OHS Act does not allow a person to avoid eventuating, putting a risk control measure in place purely n the severity of any injury or harm to on the basis of the cost of the control health that may occur, measure. n what is known, or should be Where a regulation exists and is not qualified by known, about the hazard or risk and the words “as far as is reasonably practicable”, the ways of reducing, eliminating or reducing the hazard or risk, the regulation must be complied with in full. n the availability and suitability of More Information on Reasonably Practicable ways to eliminate or reduce the 8 Web search (see inside front cover): hazard or risk, and t Field A: summary of the occupational n the cost of any risk control methods. t Field B: reasonably practicable All of these things have to be given t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au weight when deciding if something is reasonably practicable. Reasonably practicable means Common practice and knowledge that if something can be done, throughout the relevant industry are and a reasonable person taken into account when judging looking at the situation would whether a safeguard is ‘reasonably consider that it is reasonable practicable’. to do, then it should be done. Individual employers cannot claim that they did not know what to do about

Page 7 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Chain of Responsibility

What is the Chain Who is Covered by the of Responsibility? Chain of Responsibility? The chain of responsibility means that If you are involved in any of the following anybody – not just the driver – who road transport activities, you may be held has control in a transport operation responsible for breaches of road laws: can be held responsible for breaches n Consigning – commissioning the carrying of road laws and may be made legally of goods. liable. n Packing – placing goods in packages In other words, if you use road or containers or on pallets. transport as part of your business, you n Loading – placing or restraining share responsibility for ensuring the load on a vehicle. breaches of road laws do not occur. n Driving – the physical act of driving a So if a breach of road transport law commercial vehicle. occurs due to your action, inaction n Operating – operating a business which or demands, you may be legally controls the use of a commercial vehicle. accountable. n Receiving – paying for goods/taking Put simply this means: possession of load(s). If you are involved in any of the above roles, Control you also have obligations not to coerce, equals induce or encourage a breach of road transport laws. In addition to ensuring compliance with road Responsibility laws, you have to take reasonable steps to

equals make sure that you do not pass on to other parties any false or misleading information about a vehicle or its load. Legal Liability If you victimise an employee or contractor who raises concerns about actual or possible breaches of road transport laws, it is an From 30 September 2005, the chain offence under the law. of responsibility applies to: n driving hours, speeding and If you are in control of a dangerous goods regulations, transport operation, you can n mass and dimension limits, and be held liable for breaches. n load restraint requirements.

Page 8 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Enforcement Powers If you can show that you did not know and could not have been reasonably On 1 July 2003, new inspection and search expected to know that the road law powers were introduced in Victoria to breach would occur, and that either: support the enforcement of the chain of responsibility. The laws allow WorkSafe n you have taken all reasonable steps to inspectors and police officers to: prevent the breach, or n inspect and search commercial vehicles n there was nothing that you could and premises associated with road reasonably have been expected to do transport, to prevent the breach, n direct a person associated with road you won’t be liable for an offence under transport to provide documentation and the chain of responsibility. items relating to commercial vehicle What You Need to Do compliance, n require a driver or other responsible You should ensure that you can person to provide reasonable assistance demonstrate that you took reasonable to an inspector or police officer and to steps to prevent a breach occurring. give their name, home address and There are no limits to the ways in which business address, and you can do this. What constitutes n require a person to provide details reasonable steps will vary according to regarding any other person who is each individual’s circumstances. associated with a commercial vehicle or Examples of steps you could take its load, and to give information to help include: identify the driver. n ensuring that compliance assurance Consignor/Receiver conditions are included in relevant commercial arrangements with other Responsibilities responsible persons, As a consignor or receiver, you have a n requesting information about what responsibility for ensuring that any demands systems and controls are in place to you make do not require a truck driver to: ensure compliance, n exceed permitted driving hours, n avoiding arrangements which n fail to have minimum rest periods, or encourage or reward non-compliance, n exceed the speed limit. and Under new legislation, you will also have a n complying with an Industry Code of responsibility for ensuring that goods carried Practice. on your behalf: It is expected that individual industries will develop Codes of Practice to suit n do not exceed vehicle dimension limits, their needs, and that these Codes will n do not cause vehicle mass limits to be cover contractual arrangements, exceeded, and equipment, due diligence and quality n are appropriately secured. management systems.

Page 9 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Loader/Packer What You Need to Do Responsibilities You should ensure that you can demonstrate that you took reasonable steps Under new legislation, loaders will have to prevent a breach occurring. a responsibility for ensuring that the There are no limits to the ways in which vehicle’s load: you can do this. What constitutes n does not exceed dimension limits, reasonable steps will vary according to each individual’s circumstances. Examples of n does not cause vehicle mass limits to be exceeded, and steps you could take include: n having a loading diagram for different n is placed so that it does not become types of loads to ensure axle weight unstable, move or fall off the vehicle. limits are not exceeded, Packers will have a responsibility for n if the vehicle’s weight cannot be ensuring that documentation about the accurately assessed at the time of vehicle’s load is not false or misleading. loading, under-loading for the first trip Packers will also need to make sure that and verifying the weight at some stage of the journey – subsequent loads can any goods packed in a freight container be adjusted accordingly, do not cause the container’s gross weight n fitting scales to loading equipment and or safety approval rating to be exceeded. keeping a ‘running’ total of the weight of If you can show that you did not know the load for each trip, and/or and could not have been reasonably n using a pre-printed form which requires expected to know that the road law the person in control of packing or breach would occur, and that either: loading the goods to verify the accuracy of any records, and n you have taken all reasonable steps to prevent the breach, or n complying with an Industry Code of Practice. n there was nothing that you could It is expected that individual industries will reasonably have been expected to do develop Codes of Practice to suit their to prevent the breach, needs, and that these Codes will cover you won’t be liable for an offence under contractual arrangements, equipment, due the chain of responsibility. diligence and quality management systems.

The people who make the decisions about how a task is carried out are responsible under the chain of responsibility – not necessarily the person who carries out the task. For example, if a packer is told by their supervisor to overfill a pallet or box, their supervisor would be considered responsible.

Page 10 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Driver Your load should be checked to ensure it is properly restrained, even if you are not the Responsibilities person who loaded the vehicle. You should As a truck driver, your responsibilities check the adequacy and condition of include ensuring that: restraining equipment (chains, ropes, straps etc.). n driving-hours regulations (time spent driving and working) are adhered to, You should make sure you observe the speed limit at all times. n required rest breaks are taken, n records of your driving hours are kept, Special Defence for Drivers n your vehicle does not exceed mass Under new legislation, if someone else is limits, responsible for maintaining the vehicle you n your vehicle and load do not exceed drive, or its equipment, you won’t be liable dimension limits, for any deficiencies provided that: n your load is appropriately restrained, n you did not cause or contribute to the deficiency, n you do not exceed the speed limit, and n you did not know or could not reasonably n you do not tamper with any equipment be expected to have known of the required to be fitted to the vehicle. deficiency, and What You Need to Do n you could not reasonably be expected to As a driver, you need to make sure that have checked whether there were, or your conduct does not compromise road were likely to be, deficiencies. safety or involve breaking the law. You should know your vehicle’s mass. Examples of ways you can do this include: n keeping weighbridge dockets issued to the vehicle you are driving, n using on-board scales to check your weights, and n keeping any loading documentation that shows the weight of your load. You must not exceed the regulated hours for driving and working. Remember that these are maximum hours. You should always rest when tired and have adequate sleep to prevent fatigue. You should make sure that your vehicle does not exceed legal dimensions.

Page 11 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Operator/Manager/ n ensure that, if speed limiters are fitted Scheduler to the vehicles, they are operating properly, Responsibilities n keep records of drivers’ activities As an operator, manager or scheduler of a including driving, working and resting, business involved in road transport, your and check that they are complying with responsibilities include ensuring that: the regulations, n rosters and schedules do not require n include compliance assurance drivers to exceed driving-hours conditions in relevant commercial regulations or speed limits, arrangements with other responsible n vehicle speed limiters are functioning, persons, n vehicles do not exceed mass or n ensure that employees have the dimension limits, necessary information, instruction, n appropriate restraint equipment is training and supervision to enable provided and loads are appropriately compliance with relevant laws. restrained, and More Information on n you keep records of your drivers’ activities, including driving, work and Chain of Responsibility rest times. ) VicRoads on 13 11 71. What You Need to Do 8 Web search (see inside front cover): t Field A: chain of responsibility As an operator, or an employee of an t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au operator, you need to make sure that your conduct does not compromise road safety or involve breaking the law. You should: n implement systems to ensure that the mass of each vehicle is assessed and recorded for each trip, n have an auditable system for rostering and scheduling your drivers so that they do not exceed the regulated hours of driving and work or any speed limits, and that they have sufficient oppor- tunity for rest and sleep to avoid fatigue, n have work practices in place so that vehicles and equipment are kept in good condition and all loads are properly restrained,

Page 12 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

OHS Policy Statement

The present focus of State and Federal n a commitment to document the functions occupational health and safety and duties of all people in the organisation legislation requires employers to: for maintaining health and safety standards n establish and maintain formal and practices, consultation procedures allowing for n the accountability of all levels of manage- the regular exchange of information ment for implementing health and safety on OHS issues between management, practices and procedures, supervisors, employees and n the importance of consultation and contractors, and co-operation between management and n formalise, through documentation, employees for the effective translation of standard risk identification and policy objectives into action, control mechanisms, and safe n the training of employees and sub- systems of work practices. contractors (including labour-hire A company OHS policy statement should personnel and owner-operators who are be in place. This should be a brief but ‘deemed employees’ in all these activities) concise declaration of intent, and should in, and communication of, health and define lines of responsibility and the safety practices and procedures, and processes of accountability for both n a commitment to regular monitoring and management and employees alike. review of the policy and its effectiveness. It should also demonstrate the joint The policy must be kept up to date in line commitment of management and the with developments across the organisation. workforce to translating that Accordingly, arrangements must be in place commitment into effective action. to monitor and review the effectiveness of the policy statement. It should indicate, in clear and simple terms, the organisation’s health and Indeed, it should be reviewed every year to safety policy objectives, and outline the make sure it remains current and relevant. arrangements to achieve those All employees must be aware of the objectives, including the allocation of significance of the OHS policy statement, functions and responsibilities. together with the strategies and plans for Issues that should be covered in company conversion of the policy into action. OHS policy statements include: The policy statement should be ratified and n a senior management commitment to supported by management and employee the provision and maintenance of reps. working environments that are safe Upon agreement, the document should be and without risks to health, widely distributed, explained to all existing n the integration of that commitment and new personnel and be posted on all into all organisational activities, noticeboards within the workplace.

Page 13 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Management Commitment In demonstrating a company’s OHS These duties and responsibilities also commitment towards all levels of staff apply to all contractors who employ staff and contractors, actions such as the or engage contractors themselves. following are necessary. Consultation Demonstration of Commitment Employees must be consulted when Clearly-defined company policies should decisions are made or planned about be developed, appropriately distributed occupational health and safety matters that directly affect them. This includes and clearly displayed. consulting Health & Safety Repre- Identification of Roles and sentatives, where elected, and Responsibilities independent contractors whose health and safety is likely to be affected. Responsibilities of line managers and site supervisors should be clearly Consultation includes sharing information, identified for all employees and giving employees an opportunity to contractors working under their express their views on the matter, and taking those views into account before direction. decisions are made. Continuous Improvement More Information on Clear responsibilities and procedures Management Commitment should be established to ensure 8 Web search (see inside front cover): continuous improvements in providing t Field A: management commitment employees and contractors with healthy t Field B: criteria for evaluating and safe workplaces. t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au

Page 14 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Safe Work Practices

Safe work practices and procedures should n The reporting of hazards or unsafe be developed from knowledge and assess- work practices at workplaces not ment of the work system as a whole. under the control and management of the employer (or contractor) to Audits and assessments of existing work the employer’s (or contractor’s) practices and procedures should be representative. conducted, and formal risk evaluations and assessments should be documented. n The implementation of effective emergency procedures. All levels of staff should be involved in n Appropriate and documented vehicle !the development of safe work practices. and plant maintenance systems. This will help in gaining a total commit- n The safe interface of forklifts into ment from all employees to the implemen- transport yards, warehouses or other tation of such procedures. shared areas ensuring that pedestrians Safe work practices should address each of are physically separated from forklifts. the following areas: n Other areas where there is a risk of harm. n The design of transport vehicles with regard to OHS considerations such as Each workplace should be assessed entry and exit for drivers, ergonomic !individually, according to their particu- layout, ride and noise level. lar needs and functions – not limited to n The safe operation of plant, machinery these suggested areas. and powered mobile plant (including More Information on Safe Work Practices roadside work) and the prevention of fatigue. 8 www.workcover.vic.gov.au n Issues about working at height, 8 Web search (see inside front cover): including top of load. WorkCover n The safe handling of raw materials, t Field A: risk control plan intermediates, waste and by-products, t Field B: risk control plan etc., including consideration of the t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au weight bearing tasks, the size and or shape of loads and use of mechanical aids etc. t Field A: safety assessment checklist t Field B: safety assessment tool n Appropriate reporting lines and contacts with regard to accident and hazard t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au reporting, contingency planning, National Occupational Health and lock-out procedures, etc. Safety Commission: n The adequate supply, use and t Field A: safety assessment maintenance of any and all personal t Field B: hazards and solutions protective equipment. t Field C: www.nohsc.gov.au

Page 15 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Producing an Effective Risk Control Plan Regulations under the OHS Act describe Identifying Hazards processes for managing risk. Employers Hazards are the things which have the must make themselves familiar with these potential to cause harm or injury. processes. Road traffic, road conditions, driver fatigue, A general description of the processes and and roadside deliveries/repairs are examples some suggestions on how to produce an of typical hazards in the transport industry. effective Risk Control Plan follow. A sample layout for a Risk Control Plan is It is essential to carry out hazard included on pages 20–25 of this Guide. identification thoroughly, involving both management and the workforce. The risk management process in the OHS legislation includes three basic steps: Comprehensive hazard identification Ê identifying hazards, ensures that OHS systems are dealing Ë assessing the risk arising from those with all the safety problems that need hazards, and to be dealt with. Ì putting specific risk control measures in The key issue is that hazard identification place. is about whether there is potential for harm, Despite the value of good processes, it is not whether it is likely. Risk assessment !essential to put risk control measures in processes look at likelihood. place as soon as possible. It is not accept- Assessing Risks able to postpone obvious and common- sense risk control measures because the Risk assessment is where decisions are other processes have not been completed. made about the likelihood that a hazard will generate risk to safety and what the Implement risk controls as soon as possible. consequences of that risk might be. While you are waiting for longer-term solutions, put interim controls in place. This, in turn, helps in decision-making on what risk control measures are needed and Implement any ‘quick win’ controls you how to make existing risk controls more identify while you assess risks. effective. Risk assessment requires good judgement Risk Assessment and awareness of the potential risks of a work process, so a person undertaking a risk assessment must have knowledge and experience in the relevant work process. Assessing risks is sometimes complicated by incomplete data or incomplete information regarding hazards of a work process.

Page 16 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Controlling Risks Don’t rely on score-type Control measures should be implemented systems (such as a risk assessment matrix) to avoid in the following order: doing something about a Ê Eliminate the risk from the workplace. hazard. No matter how high The most effective method for controlling or low the score, any score risks is to eliminate the risk altogether – means that a hazard exists and must be attended to and health and safety law requires you to immediately. try to eliminate risks. The best ways to eliminate risks are to make sure that you don’t purchase haz- Effective communication between ardous materials, plant or equipment management and the workforce makes and to redesign your workplace and work for effective risk assessment. systems to eliminate risks. In some cases, it may be necessary to break Taking steps to do this should be part of down the activity or process into a series of your Risk Control Plan. parts and assess each part separately. Risk assessment should include: Ë If you cannot eliminate them, then you must reduce risks as far as reasonably n assessing the adequacy of training practicable (see page 7 for what ‘reason- and/or knowledge required to work ably practicable’ means). safely, n looking at the way jobs are performed, The best way to control a risk is by doing n looking at the way work is organised, so at its source by: n determining the size and layout of the n substituting something with a lower workplace, risk (for example, making the load n assessing the number and movement of lighter and less awkward for a hazard- all people at the workplace, ous manual handling task), n determining the type of operation to be performed, n isolating the source of the risk (for example, enclosing a noisy generator n determining the type of machinery and within a soundproof booth), or plant to be used, n examining procedures for emergencies n using an engineering control (for (e.g. crash, fire and rescue), and example, filling operations on a tanker n looking at the storage and handling of being done from the ground rather all materials and substances. than on top of the tanker, or using a This step should result in information on mechanical device to handle a heavy where and which employees are likely to or awkward object). be at risk of incurring injury or disease, how Procurement, design, installation and often this is likely to occur, and the potential maintenance actions to do these things severity of that injury or disease risk. should be part of your Risk Control Plan.

Page 17 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Ì If it is not possible to control a risk at its source, use methods that act on people by: Hierarchy of n changing work practices (for example, introducing job rotation to vary repeti- Controls Theory tive work), most preferred n providing training (for example, train- Elimination ing people in particular lifting tech- niques), and/or Substitution n providing protective gear (for example, respirators). Engineering/

Isolation Higher Control These methods are not as effective as risk controls which act on the source of the Administrative risk. They should only be used in the short term as interim measures when it is not reasonably practicable to control the PPE used mostly – risk at its source. least effective Lower Control This series of steps is called the hierarchy least preferred of control. You should choose control measures from the top of the list wherever reasonably practicable, and only use Testing will help to check that the solution methods that act on people as a last resort. doesn’t cause any other problems. It will Health & Safety Representatives, employees also give the workforce a chance to trial and contractors likely to be affected should the new work process without the normal be involved in deciding on risk control day-to-day work pressures. measures. Their knowledge of the work- place will help develop effective control Training measures and make sure that the control Many new risk control measures involve measures will work in practice. training. Training is not a suitable control Testing Risk Controls measure on its own, but it is essential to good risk control. For some risk controls, you might need to test the control measures before they are Training gives the workforce the skills permanently put into place. For example, and knowledge they need to work with if you decide to redesign a work process, controls, as well as awareness of the this should be tested before the final hazards and risks in the workplace. arrangements are made. Make sure that everyone in the enterprise By testing, you will be able to find out if knows about the Risk Control Plan and has there are any unexpected problems with the skills and knowledge they need to play the new way of doing things. their part.

Page 18 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Planning Actions Different people may carry When you have looked at risk control, you out the different jobs in the will probably find that you have different Plan. However, it is the actions to take. Some of them will be employer who is responsible immediate actions, while others will take for making sure everything longer to put into place. happens when it should. Your Risk Control Plan will need to include what you will do: n immediately, The Risk Control Plan should include n in the short term (within a couple of interim controls (the temporary weeks), measures put in place to reduce the risk n in the medium term (within a couple of injury) as well as permanent controls of months), and for the long-term – these are more effective but may be more complex to n in the long term (over the next year or so). implement. To prioritise your actions, think about: More Information on Risk Control n how severe the risk is, & WorkSafe Victoria publications n how immediate the risk is, & Australian Standards n who it affects, & Libraries n how easily it could be controlled, and ) Consultants and other specialist advisers n what other benefits there could be from controlling the risk. ) Unions and industry associations Your Risk Control Plan and its imple- 8 Web search (see inside front cover): mentation priorities should be agreed with WorkCover your Health & Safety Representatives or by t Field A: risk control plan your OHS Committee, if you have one. t Field B: risk control plan You can record your Plan using the format t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au set out on pages 20–25 of this Guide, or or design your own format. t Field A: safety assessment You need to plan and budget for resources checklist to implement your Risk Control Plan, monitor activity and measure results. t Field B: safety assessment tool t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au Like your OHS Policy Statement, your Risk National Occupational Health Control Plan should be regularly reviewed to and Safety Commission: make sure it is still effective. This should be done whether you have one Risk Control t Field A: safety assessment Plan for the entire workplace, or a Plan for t Field B: hazards and solutions each hazard. t Field C: www.nohsc.gov.au

Page 19 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Sample Layout for a Risk Control Plan (RCP) Risk Control Plan Form Area covered by the plan: ...... Date prepared: ...... Who was consulted? (e.g. work groups, individuals, etc.) ...... Workplan

Action Notes/Comments

Put effective consultation arrangements in place: t Health & Safety Representatives elected and trained t OHS Committee established

Identify who is responsible for different jobs in developing the RCP, particularly overall management and co-ordination

Set up working arrangements, namely: t How the Plan will be prepared (e.g. by work area or by hazard) t Identify priority hazards and work areas t Provide training and other resources t Communication

Decide on a plan of action for risk control that includes timetables for: t Identifying specific hazards t Assessing risks t Introducing risk controls as soon as possible t Reviewing progress with the RCP

Signed by: ...... (senior responsible manager) ...... (Health & Safety Representative)

Page 20 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Prepared by: Employer ...... Health & Safety Rep......

Responsibility Status

Page 21 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Risk Control Actions

Hazards identified Risk controls Is there Immediate actions (List where and what already in place a risk? taken to control they are exactly) the risk

No. What and where is it? Yes No

Page 22 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

What other control measures are When is the action Who is responsible for needed? (Use the hierarchy of control to be done by? making sure it is done? to decide on control measures)

Page 23 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Action Table

Hazard What has to be done to control the risks? Who will do it? number (From risk control actions)

Short term

Reviewed by:

Medium term

Reviewed by:

Long term

Reviewed by:

Page 24 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

How will they do it? Resources needed to do it Who is responsible By when? for making sure it’s (Review done? date)

Progress review date (within two weeks):

Progress review date (within three months):

Progress review date (within 12 months):

Page 25 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Rehabilitation Policy All employers should have a rehabilitation policy in place to define return-to-work practices with the aim of helping injured workers return to work as soon as possible. Returning to work early has been shown to be the best way of helping workers recover from injuries as it maintains their job skills and financial security while they recover in a familiar workplace environment. Suitable employment, including modified or alternative duties should be made Every workplace must have: available to assist the injured worker to n a risk management program –a remain at work or return to work at the written outline of the steps that will earliest opportunity. These duties must be taken after an injury has occurred to be meaningful and suitable for the injured reduce the risk of that injury happening worker and a list of them should be again. forwarded to the treating doctor for approval. n an occupational rehabilitation program – an outline of the way Reference should be made to the employ- injuries are managed at the workplace. !er’s WorkCover Authorised Agent/Insurer for more detailed advice about employers’ It must be developed in consultation rehabilitation obligations. Authorised Agents/ with workers, be in writing, and be Insurers will typically have a claims man- made available to all workers. ager and that should be the person you seek n a return-to-work plan – an individual out for advice. plan for each injured worker to help More Information on Rehabilitation Policy them return to work. This written 8 ‘action plan’ can either help an injured Web search (see inside front cover): t Field A: rehabilitation worker to stay at work, or can assist t Field B: return to work them in returning to work after their t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au injury. The employee concerned must or participate and co-operate in this part t Field A: rehabilitation of the process. t Field B: developing an occupational Treatment, return-to-work activities and t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au any necessary occupational rehabilitation or services should begin as soon as possible t Field A: rehabilitation after an injury, to ensure the earliest t Field B: risk management program possible return to pre-injury employment. t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au

Page 26 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Safety Inspections Safety inspections play a vital part in preventing work- place accidents and incidents. You should use your You will help make your own experience and the experience of others, as well workplace safer if you: as knowledge within the industry to make these n take reasonable care processes as effective as possible. regarding your own Self Auditing/Periodical Inspections health and safety when at work, All workplaces should establish standards against n take reasonable care which management and staff hold themselves not to affect the health accountable. Some methods for doing this include: and safety of others by n examining hazards found and improvements made your acts or omissions, in response to previous incidents and injuries, n follow all safety n using collective industry knowledge, and guidelines/systems of n identifying site risks particular to the business. work as per training and instructions, Preventive Maintenance Programs n make sure you have Maintenance should be scheduled and conducted a certificate of before failures happen. competency if you Waiting for a failure is dangerous and costly, and can operate or drive occur at the worst time for a business. industrial equipment Recommended maintenance programs should be that requires adhered to – if they are not available, they can be certification, calculated and carried out at the most convenient n tell the people in time. control of your work- Manufacturers have recommended maintenance place about potential intervals for their equipment. This information can be hazards or personal obtained from manufacturers or suppliers. physical problems in the workplace, More Information on Safety Inspections n work with your ) Manufacturers employer in any action ) Suppliers taken to make your J Employee Consultation workplace safer, and J Expert and Engineering Experience n report any injury immediately to a 8 Web search (see inside front cover): supervisor/person t Field A: safe work practices responsible for t Field B: safety inspections WorkCover.

t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au

Page 27 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Incident Reporting and Investigation

An incident can involve an injury or a dan- gerous occurrence (commonly known as a Where an injury occurs, ‘near miss’). employers are required to make changes to stop the ‘Near misses’ are really ‘near hits’. They are same thing happening again. events that could have led to an injury.

Near misses are a useful indicator of a The management-nominated contact problem without somebody actually getting person and the elected Health & Safety injured. Representative should be involved in Make sure that near misses – as well as investigations involving property damage, accidents – are reported and learnt from. injuries and dangerous occurrences. All incidents should be investigated to Reporting Incidents to WorkSafe identify causes and determine corrective All statutory requirements to advise actions. the Victorian WorkCover Authority of It is a key management responsibility to dangerous occurrences and injuries to ensure that hazards causing, or potentially personnel must be complied with. causing, employee injuries are promptly Strict time limits for reports and records reported to supervisory personnel and that apply. The incident site must not be remedial action is promptly taken. disturbed. Details of these incidents should be An employer or self-employed person recorded whether they involve personal must notify the Authority immediately injury or not. they become aware of an incident that The formats described in Australian results in death or serious injury. Standard AS 1885, Workplace Injury and Serious injuries include, but are not Disease Recording can be used to record limited to, those that require: details of workplace injuries and illnesses. n medical treatment within 48 hours of Analysis of such data shows that, as would exposure to a substance, be expected, many more incidents occur n immediate treatment in hospital as an that cause no injury or serious damage in-patient, or than those that do. n immediate medical treatment for Suitable preventative or remedial actions injuries, for example, amputation, !taken at this stage will greatly reduce the serious head or eye injuries, scalping, likelihood of repeat incidents, and perhaps electric shock, spinal injury, loss of more serious injury incidents, occurring. bodily functions or serious laceration.

Page 28 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

This duty also applies to incidents The site of a notifiable incident must not be that expose a person in the disturbed until an inspector directs otherwise, immediate vicinity to an immediate although a site may be disturbed to protect a health or safety risk, including: person’s health or safety, to help someone who is injured, or to make the site safe. n the collapse, overturning, failure or malfunction of, or damage to, More Information on Incident Reporting plant that is required to be and Investigation: licensed or registered, & Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 n the collapse or failure of an ) Victorian WorkCover Authority – 13 23 60 excavation or of any shoring supporting excavation, 8 Web search (see inside front cover): Australian Standard AS 1885 – Workplace n the collapse or partial collapse of a building or structure, Injury and Disease Reporting t Field B: workplace injury and n an implosion, explosion, or fire, disease recording n the escape, spillage or leakage t Field C: www.nohsc.gov.au of any substance, including dangerous goods, or Incident Notification Form

t n the fall or release from a height of Field B: incident notification form any plant, substance or object. t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au Within 48 hours of becoming aware Incident Reporting of such an incident, the employer or t Field A: incident reporting self-employed person must give the Authority a written record of what t Field B: incident reporting occurred. t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au They must keep a copy of this record for at least five years and make copies available to: Phone the Victorian WorkCover Authority n people injured or exposed to risk by the incident, and their on 13 23 60 to report representatives, a serious injury or n the representatives of anyone who incident. died as a result of the incident, See Reporting Incidents and to WorkSafe on this and n the Health & Safety Repre- the previous page for sentative for the designated work group, and members of any what’s considered to be Health & Safety Committee ‘serious’. established.

Page 29 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Health & Safety Reps and OHS Committees The Victorian OHS Act covers the elec- Occupational Health & Safety Committees tion and duties of Health & Safety Rep- are an excellent means of encouraging resentatives, Deputy Health & Safety consultation and co-operation throughout Representatives and OHS Committees. the organisation. Every workplace must have a method A Committee can develop a sense of !for effective consultation. Minimum ownership of OHS amongst personnel, and requirements are set out in the Issue lead to many significant advantages in terms Resolution regulations. of safer and healthier workplaces, a reduction Designated Work Group in incident-related costs, improved quality and better morale. This is a group of employees who share common work practices and want to be Members of an organisation’s OHS represented on health and safety Committee should be drawn from all parts matters. and levels of the organisation. Health & Safety Representative It is important that OHS Committee members are given formal training to assist them to Health & Safety Representatives are work as an effective and efficient team. the employees’ voice in the workplace. They are elected by the designated Representatives and Committee members work group to work with management have a prominent role in conducting audits on OHS matters. and follow-up inspections. The benefits of an OHS Committee in Health & Safety Representatives have establishing policies and developing specific functions under the OHS Act ! systems and procedures should not be under- and play a vital role in keeping work- estimated. places safe. They are a key element in an effective OHS system. More Information on Health & Safety Reps and OHS Committees Employers should actively encourage the election of Health & Safety Reps. 8 Web search (see inside front cover). Under the Act, elected OHS Repre- t Field A: Health and Safety Representative sentatives must attend approved training. t Field B: Health and Safety Representative

OHS Committee t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au OHS Committees are a pro-active method of raising and addressing OHS Statistics show that work- matters in the workplace. Committees places with OHS Committees are made up of management and and Health & Safety Reps employee representatives (at least half have fewer injuries. of the Committee must be employee representatives).

Page 30 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Training and Induction

The Occupational Health and Safety Act n OHS Committees, Health & Safety 2004 requires that sufficient information, Representatives and methods for instruction, training and supervision must consulting and representing employees be provided to employees, as far as is (including contractors) on OHS. necessary to allow them to perform their A useful approach to training is to carry work in a manner that is safe and without out a training-needs analysis to identify risk to health. OHS (and other) training deficiencies and This means that a formal, structured to implement formal training programs in induction and ongoing training program response. should be in place for all employees and OHS training should occur at all levels contractors (including labour-hire personnel) of the organisation, including senior to assist in understanding the hazards management and key operations which they may face in their tasks. personnel. Where relevant, training and information Induction should include checking the should include such areas as: currency of licences and certificates of n introduction to the workplace, competency. n identification/assessment/control of Training is required when there are hazards (plant, noise, manual handling, changes in the workplace, such as: heat, cold, confined spaces, etc.), n modifications to work practices and n safe work practices, procedures, n traffic management, n the introduction of new technology, or n load restraint, n the introduction of new plant or n safer driving, equipment. n safe forklift operations, These sorts of changes may also require a n fatigue-management systems, total review of some or all aspects of a company’s work practices. n introduction to new equipment and procedures, Structured training should lead to awarding certificates of competency. n the presence of, storage, transport and handling of dangerous or hazardous Appropriate representatives of each level goods, including waste, !of management and the workforce n manual handling, should be involved in the planning for, and introduction of, new technology, plant or n emergency procedures (e.g. evacuation, trauma, etc.), equipment. n accident investigation, reporting and All training should be documented and recording, and regularly reviewed.

Page 31 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Health Priorities Drug and Alcohol Policy Each workplace should have a drug and For good safety reasons, the community alcohol policy in place to deal with these issues before they come up. is increasingly opposed to the use of drugs and alcohol on the road and in Developing a Drug and Alcohol Policy the workplace – especially when the A workplace drug and alcohol policy is a workplace is the road they share. written document which applies to all Drink driving is a major contributing workers at the workplace. Consultation in the factor to road crashes. With a blood development of the policy is essential. alcohol concentration (BAC) of .05, The following considerations need to be the risk of having a crash is double incorporated in a drug and alcohol policy: that of a driver with zero BAC. n risk assessment, Drug driving is also a major contributor n definition of impairment, to road fatalities in Victoria. Drugs can n method and frequency of testing have similar effects to alcohol. This (if appropriate), applies whether the drugs are for n any exceptions (e.g. prescription drugs medicinal purposes (those bought over for illness), the counter at chemists can impair n procedures for dealing with impairment drivers just as much as prescription (including rehabilitation, counselling, drugs) or for illicit purposes. disciplinary action, etc.), The effects of both alcohol and drugs n procedures for approaching a visibly can include: impaired worker, n reduced mental alertness, n privacy and confidentiality, n diminished vigilance and n education and training, concentration, n publicising of the policy, n lack of physical co-ordination, and n establishment of an employee assistance n inability to react quickly and program (EAP), appropriately to what’s happening n responsibility for implementation, and on the road. n evaluation of the policy.

When your organisation develops its policies and procedures, ensure that Road Safety regulations are taken into account. For example, when developing a policy on drugs and alcohol, maximum blood levels of 0.05 or 0.00 BAC, depending on truck tonnage, must be included.

Page 32 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Once the policy is finalised, it should be publicised throughout the workplace so The duty to safe- that all workers are familiar with it. guard the health It is vital that all drug and alcohol policies of employees now !are implemented consistently, that is, applied equally to all workers at all levels – specifically covers not employed arbitrarily. psychological as Provisions to stand people down when they well as physical are a risk to themselves and others requires health. consideration of industrial requirements.

Infectious Diseases Nobody should be disadvantaged, Of course, every workplace is different, discriminated against nor have personal and it may be necessary to make some confidentiality breached because they changes to a worker’s duties if a their contract a disease. health condition creates a risk to others, If a person has an infectious disease such as for example in food handling. hepatitis, HIV/AIDS or tuberculosis, they Each workplace should have a policy in cannot be discriminated against. This would place regarding this matter. Consultation be a case of disability discrimination under in the development of this policy is Equal Opportunity laws. essential. An employer cannot: A policy should be developed before there n make a worker have a blood test is an incident, and should include such because they have an infectious disease, things as: n isolate, dismiss or segregate a worker because they have an infectious disease, n identifying the risks associated with an infected person working in particular n breach a worker’s confidentiality or privacy because they believe that others jobs, ‘have a right to know’ about the disease n the most fair and equitable way to for their own safety, or re-deploy someone who may be a risk, n treat a worker badly because they n systems for the protection of the believe that they use drugs or engage in worker’s privacy, other high-risk behaviour which caused the disease. n education and training,

If an employer or workmate tells anyone n establishment of an employee else about another person’s infectious assistance program (EAP), disease without that person’s permission, it n responsibility for implementation, may also be a breach of privacy laws – and and any discrimination that followed from such a ‘leak’ would be illegal. n evaluation of the policy.

Page 33 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Preventing Stress n extent of control over work methods in the Workplace such as work pace, working hours and work environment, Work-related stress is an increasing health and welfare issue, and the transport n workplace leadership, industry is prominent among industries n job security, status, pay, support and whose workers are susceptible to stress demands, and its effects. n the relationship between home and The nature of transport work (that is, work, transactions, times, costs etc.) and the n performance management systems, demands that are placed on people as a n interpersonal relationships, and result induce constant work pressures. n customer interaction. Bullying and harassment are also sources of stress (see the next page for more on In addition to identifying the causes of this issue). stress and implementing controls, any policy should incorporate the following The most effective way to deal with stress considerations: is through a strategic focus on prevention. n senior management support, This means putting tangible solutions in n consultation mechanisms, place to prevent stress. Each workplace should have a policy in place to prevent, n active participation of employees, as far as possible, the issues associated n privacy and confidentiality, with stress before they manifest n education and training, themselves. n publicising the policy, Consultation in the development of this n establishment of an employee policy is essential. assistance program (EAP), Developing a Policy n careful design of jobs and systems Initially, a risk assessment should be of work, carried out to identify what may cause n responsibility for implementation, and stress in the workplace. n evaluation of the policy. This could include things like: n workloads and work organisation, It is important to n use of technology, emphasise a primary n introduction of change, focus at an organisational n communication, level, rather than a n workplace culture, that is, norms in the personal level to avoid workplace about choices and the way stress being seen as decisions are made, “whingeing”. n participation and decision making,

Page 34 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Workplace Bullying and Harassment Bullying and harassment are occupational health Workplace bullying is repeated, unreasonable and safety issues. behaviour directed toward an employee, or group of employees, that creates a risk to health and safety. First Aid Within this definition: In determining appropriate first aid n ‘Unreasonable behaviour’ means facilities and suitably trained people, behaviour that a reasonable person, employers may consider the following having regard to all the circumstances, systematic approach: would expect to victimise, humiliate, undermine or threaten. Ê identify the causes of work injury and work-related illness, n ‘Behaviour’ includes actions of individuals or a group, and may involve using a Ë assess the risk of work injuries system of work as a means of victimising, and work-related illness occurring, humiliating, undermining or threatening. Ì determine the appropriate first aid facilities and training, and n ‘Risk to health and safety’ includes risk to the mental or physical health of an Í evaluate the first aid facilities employee. and training. The following types of behaviour, where Where there are separate work areas, repeated or occurring as part of a pattern of it may be appropriate to locate first aid behaviour, could be considered bullying: facilities centrally and to provide portable first aid kits in each work area. n verbal abuse, n excluding or isolating employees, Working Away from Main Premises n psychological harassment, Where employees work away from their n intimidation, employer’s premises, the employer will n assigning meaningless tasks unrelated need to consider other factors including: to the job, n whether employees work alone or in n giving employees impossible assignments, groups, n deliberately changing work rosters to n employees’ access to telephone and inconvenience particular employees, emergency radio communications, and/or and n deliberately withholding information that n the nature of the work being is vital for effective work performance. performed. This list is not exhaustive. Other types of In these situations, an employer should behaviour may also constitute bullying. consider providing small, portable first aid The recommendations in WorkSafe’s kits to employees. Employees should be !bullying guidance material should be informed about the contents of these kits, implemented in all workplaces. their location and access arrangements.

Page 35 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Drivers on the Road Establishing a safe workplace for lone Employers should have procedures in place workers is no different to providing a for assisting drivers involved in road crashes. safe workplace for other employees. These procedures should include on-site crash As with all other risks, a risk assess- assistance, vehicle and product recovery, as ment should be carried out and control well as professional trauma counselling and measures put in place. Some tasks will return-to-work plans for affected employees. be well known to be high risk (like changing a tyre on the roadside), Overtime and Shifts while others (such as hijacking) may Where work occurs in more than one shift, not be expected but are possible. first aid facilities should be available when- Some controls could include: ever there are people at work. n reorganising work processes to The number of people working overtime is provide more safety, often fewer than on a regular shift, but n electronic and/or visual monitors, additional hours of work can heighten fatigue. This may increase the risk of accidents and n use of barriers between customers injuries. and drivers, n working in teams or with ‘buddies’, An employer should ensure that, when n making sure there is more than one overtime or shift work is being performed, safe exit, appropriate first aid facilities and services n training in particular tasks and are available for the number of people high-risk areas, working each shift. n ensuring that only experienced staff Working Alone carry out high-risk tasks, n periodical checks to make sure Particular care needs to be taken if you are people are safe, working on your own, as accidents and n provision of personal protective incidents can happen when nobody is there to equipment and first aid kits, help, for example: n implementing methods of indirect n robbery (e.g. cash in transit), supervision, for example, a worker n abusive customers (e.g. carrying passengers), on-the-road ringing in to let someone n assaults, know they’re about to perform a n road rage, particular high-risk task, and n hijacking (e.g. carrying a valuable load), n making sure that workers are n crashes, physically fit enough to carry out n fire and explosion, their tasks. n traffic, The provision of personal alarms and n animal attacks (e.g. carrying livestock), communications equipment is also n slips and falls (e.g. securing a load in transit), worth exploring, although use of these n health complaints (e.g. heart attack, methods alone have their faults – if a asthma attack), or person is seriously incapacitated, they n vehicle fumes. may not be able to use these systems.

Page 36 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

In addition, there should be a policy, as n ensuring moving parts are properly well as training, in place so that a worker maintained (e.g. lubrication), who has to carry out high-risk tasks, or is n building enclosures or sound-proof caught in an emergency situation knows covers around noise sources, exactly what to do. n fitting sound-absorbing materials on Failure to provide adequate information, hard, reflective surfaces, instruction and training to workers prior n increasing the distance between noise to them starting work alone would fail to sources and workers, satisfy the employer’s general duty of care n doing noisy work outside normal under OHS laws. working hours, and n rotation of employees between noisy Noise and quiet jobs. Exposure to excessive levels of noise in the Hearing Protectors workplace can damage your hearing, If noise levels cannot be reduced leaving you with lifelong disabilities such sufficiently to ensure that workers are not as permanent hearing loss and tinnitus. at risk, hearing protectors may be used. Steps must be taken in workplaces to reduce employees’ noise exposure to below Employers should ensure that hearing the levels of noise exposure standards. protectors are regularly inspected and This can be done by developing a noise maintained. Employees should also control plan. inspect hearing protectors regularly to detect damage or deterioration. Solutions Adequate provision should be made for Some of the methods that can be used to clean storage of protectors when not in reduce noise levels include: use. Facilities should be readily available n getting rid of noisy plant which is no for the cleaning of reusable protectors. longer needed, Hearing protection devices should be n eliminating noisy processes that are no cleaned and disinfected according to the longer needed or do not add value, manufacturer’s instruction. n outsourcing noisy processes, Vibration n using better or more precise methods so noisy processes are not necessary, Vibration refers to a shaking that travels n purchasing quieter equipment (make through structures (e.g. road vehicles, noise one of the considerations for all power tools, aircraft), and from there, new equipment purchases), through the human body. Excessive n eliminating impacts between hard vibration is a serious issue and can result objects or surfaces, in permanent disability, including: n using absorbent linings on surfaces to n white finger (also known as dead cushion the fall or impact of objects, finger), that is, damage to hands n fitting exhaust mufflers and silencers, causing whiteness and pain in the n isolating noise sources, fingers,

Page 37 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

n carpal tunnel syndrome and other n the use of auxiliary equipment that symptoms similar to occupational reduces the risk of injury caused by overuse syndrome, vibration, n sensory nerve damage, n appropriate design and layout of n muscle and joint damage in the hands workplaces, and arms, n clothing to protect employees from cold and dampness, n lower back pain (damage to vertebrae, discs and ligaments loosened by n implementation of an appropriate shaking), health surveillance program where there is a high risk of exposure to vibration. n motion sickness, n bone damage, More Information n varicose veins and heart conditions on Health Priorities (caused by a variation in blood pressure 8 Web search (see inside front cover): from vibration), and Drug and Alcohol Policy n stomach and digestive conditions. t Field A: policy The likelihood of any of these conditions t Field B: alcohol in the workplace occurring can be affected by such t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au variables as: Stress t Field A: stress n the length of exposure time, t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au n the frequency of exposure, Bullying and Harassment n the rate at which the vibration t Field A: bullying happens, and t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au n the size of the vibration. First Aid In the transport industry, exposure to high t Field A: first aid levels of vibration often occurs with regard t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au to engines, springs and tyres. Working Alone A risk assessment should be carried out t Field A: safetyMAP with regard to vibration, and control t Field B: alone measures put in place. Some of these t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au could include: Noise t Field A: noise n proper maintenance of equipment t Field B: assessing and fixing (for example, properly tuned engines, t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au suspension checks, and appropriate or seating in vehicles), t Field B: other noise information n appropriate work schedules with t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au adequate rest periods, Vibration n purchase of ergonomic equipment, t Field A: vibration n working methods that require less t Field B: manual handling regulations exposure to vibration, t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au

Page 38 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Safety Priorities

n Providing crossing controls where Traffic Management pedestrian traffic and vehicular traffic Normal road rules should apply to all cross, for example, stop signs, pedestrian site-traffic movements, including, in crossing markings and lights. ‘Right of most instances, a set speed limit. way’ systems must be consistent and This creates a common understanding understood by pedestrians and drivers. and is highly beneficial for visitors to the site in understanding the protocol. n Placing guard-rails where buildings or walkways open directly onto a vehicular A management plan should be roadway to ensure that pedestrians must developed for all traffic movement in first turn parallel to the roadway and can the workplace, in consultation with be seen by drivers. employees. Employee knowledge of problem areas and ‘near miss’ incidents n Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse, should be used to comprehensively where reasonably practicable. Ensure that manage risks. warning devices and trained ‘spotters’ are used where vehicles must reverse or In addition, the following should apply: manoeuvre in a confined area or in the n Clearly defined and constructed vicinity of pedestrians. roadways to allow safe vehicle n Instructing all drivers in, and ensuring movements. their understanding of, the traffic rules at n Displaying a site-plan sign indicating the workplace. This is particularly important roadways and traffic flow arrange- for drivers unfamiliar with the workplace. ments. Signs should be installed and speed limits applied to control n Ensuring that ground surfaces in dumping vehicle movements. areas for bulk products in tip trucks are n Using barriers to protect vulnerable firm, stable and level. equipment and pits or other hazards n Ensuring that people wear high-visibility that are close to roadways. clothing when working in the vicinity of n Providing separate, clearly marked roadways. pedestrian walkways. These should be protected by distance and/or Roadside Operations physical barriers from vehicular Many tasks in the transport industry are traffic. carried out at the side of the road. These n Basing speed limits on reaction times tasks include loading and unloading, changing and stopping distances. For example, tyres, and adjusting loads, to name a few. blind corners give very little oppor- The risks associated with these operations tunity to react and stop, so speed can range from traffic accidents where a limits should be set very low in these passing motorist doesn’t allow enough room, areas. to loads or vehicles falling on workers.

Page 39 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

As with other operations, it is vital that Manual Handling roadside tasks be performed in a way that protects workers from harm. Manual handling covers a wide range of activities including lifting, pushing, pulling, A risk assessment needs to be carried holding, throwing and carrying. It includes out and control measures put in place. repetitive tasks such as packing, manual Policies need to be developed to guide loading and unloading, typing, assembling, workers who need to carry tasks out at cleaning and sorting, using hand tools and the roadside. For example: operating machinery and equipment. n a safe system for work when Because most jobs involve some type of adjusting loads at the roadside, manual handling, most workers are at risk of n using the roadside as a workplace manual handling injury. when loading and unloading. Of course, not all manual handling tasks are Failure to provide adequate infor- hazardous, but it is significant that more than mation, instruction and training to half of all workplace injuries are caused by workers prior to them performing manual handling. roadside work would fail to satisfy the employer’s general duty of care under Injuries that can Result from Manual Handling OHS laws. Unsafe manual handling may cause a range of injuries and conditions including: Forklift Operations n muscle sprains and strains, Forklift operation is one of the most dangerous tasks at the workplace. To n injuries to muscles, ligaments, intervertebral illustrate this: discs and other structures in the back, n 50 forklift-related fatalities and n injuries to soft tissues such as nerves, more than 5,000 injuries occurred ligaments and tendons in the wrist, arms, in Victoria’s workplaces between shoulders, neck or legs,

1985 and 2004. Critical risks n abdominal hernias, and included pedestrians near forklifts. n chronic pain. n 28 pedestrian deaths were caused by crushing from forklifts or Some of these conditions are known as dislodged loads. repetitive strain injury (RSI), occupational overuse syndrome (OOS), cumulative trauma n 15 operators were crushed in disorder (CTD) and work-related overturning forks or the equipment musculoskeletal disorder (WRMSD). moving unexpectedly. In the Manual Handling regulations, all of n 6 people died after falling from these conditions are referred to as musculo- raised tines. skeletal disorders (MSD). The regulations Forklift braking and lifting capacities define MSD as an injury, illness or disease !must have sufficient safety margins to that arises in whole or in part from manual account for task, site and human vari- handling in the workplace, whether occurring ables. suddenly or over a prolonged period of time.

Page 40 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

The regulations say that manual If people are required to work in areas where !handling risk assessments must be there is a risk of falling, employers must carried out for all hazardous manual provide a safe method for people to get to handling tasks. Safety solutions that and from, and move around that work area. control the risk of injury must be put in place. Working Near Overhead Wires or Underground Services Working at Height Work in the vicinity of gas mains, electricity Falls while loading or unloading a truck power lines and other services can be are common injuries for truck drivers; hazardous. During the past two years, there fatalities have resulted from these types have been three electricity-related deaths of falls. and many incidents around power lines on worksites in Victoria. Fall injuries while getting in or out of vehicles are also very common. Safe work in the vicinity of overhead or underground services includes: Making sure that vehicles incorporate safe access and loading systems in n Planning and doing the work so that you their design is the best way to control don’t get too close – that is, maintaining a the risk of falls. minimum clearance distance (for example, 132kV have bigger clearance distances There are some excellent engineering than 11kV lines). solutions to the problems associated with people working at height. These n Discovering the location and nature of systems typically incorporate the services (for example, hidden underground fundamental risk control principle of services or high-voltage electricity lines). eliminating the risk by not having a n Obtaining all necessary permissions or person climbing on top of loads. authorisations from the owner of the asset (for example, if due to an emergency, your If work from the ground, platforms, truck is within or near a clearance zone docks or gantries is not practicable, you must contact the asset owner). This then some form of harness should be includes: worn. t Contacting the owner beforehand if you A travel restraint system is better than plan on working near the service, par- a fall arrest system because travel ticularly if the asset is over 66kV voltage. restraint prevents you from reaching an t Notifying the asset owner if you do any- edge to fall over. A fall arrest system thing that affects their assets or affects stops you from hitting the ground if you the stability of the immediate area. do fall, and requires associated rescue n Making your plant and equipment safer, procedures to be in place. for example by installing a chain that will Any fall can result in an injury, and conduct electricity to earth, or using !falls from over two metres generate non-conductive footwear, etc. forces that can easily result in serious n Making your load safe, so it does not injury or death. penetrate or contact services.

Page 41 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Waste Management In an emergency, The waste management industry faces particular risks in its day-to-day operations. ring 000 The risks associated with working near overhead wires are particularly high in for police, fire and/or this industry. Waste industry contractors face daily risks when lifting residential ambulance and commercial bins and skips near overhead power lines. WorkSafe has developed a number of Examples of hazardous situations include: documents to help workers in the waste n raising a tipper load under a power line, management industry to do their jobs n stopping at the roadside to adjust a load safely: and throwing over a chain or tie-down n Safe Handling of Industrial Waste, that nearly hits a power line, or n Non-Hazardous Waste and n a truck, load or forklift parked at the Recyclable Materials, roadside being unloaded and hitting a n Prevention of Falls in the Transport of nearby gas line. Waste and Recyclables Current legislation governs worksites and n Waste Industry Guide for Working operating cranes, plant and equipment Near Overhead Electrical Cables including excavation equipment, reach mowers etc., near power lines. The laws All waste contractors and others in the include Network Asset regulations, the Gas industry should have copies of these Safety Act, and the Pipelines Act, and guides and make themselves familiar associated relevant codes, guidelines and with their content. To obtain copies, go rules. to www.worksafe.vic.gov.au, and: When operating plant or equipment near n select ‘publications’, overhead or underground services, care n then ‘view publications’ and must be taken to ensure clearance distances n use the dropdown window in are maintained. Often these are called ‘publications by category’ to select ‘no-go zones’ and vehicles and plant items ‘waste management’ may not encroach within a no-go zone unless particular safety rules are followed. More Information These rules include requirements relating to: on Safety Priorities n earthing the vehicle, 8 www.workcover.vic.gov.au n the height of the working envelope and 8 Web search (see inside front cover): the transit envelope, t Field A: statement of health and n ability of the equipment to limit safety encroachment, and t Field B: safety policy n use of a safety observer or spotter. t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au

Page 42 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Load Management and Restraint Vehicle loads that are not secured More Information on Load Restraint adequately or correctly can cause & Load Restraint Guide – Second Edition, serious crashes and injury. At the very available for purchase from the least, insecure loads can cause traffic VicRoads Bookshop, any VicRoads congestion and driver frustration. Registration and Licensing Office, As an owner and/or driver, you are or the VicRoads website at responsible for ensuring that any load www.vicroads.vic.gov.au carried on your vehicle is securely 8 National Transport Commission – restrained. This means that the load: www.ntc.gov.au n must not be placed in a way that 8 VicRoads – www.vicroads.vic.gov.au makes the vehicle unsafe or unstable, n must be secured so that it is unlikely to fall or be dislodged from the Load Restraint vehicle, and Performance Standards n must be restrained by an appropriate method.

Principles for Restraining Loads To restrain your load adequately: n choose a vehicle that is appropriate for the load being carried, n place and position the load correctly on the vehicle, n select suitable restraint equipment to hold the load carried, n check lashings after loading the vehicle, as well as periodically during the journey, and n provide adequate restraint to prevent movement (the load restraint system used must be able to restrain the forces detailed in the national Load Restraint Guide – Second Edition).

Page 43 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Fatigue Fatigue is a common problem in all areas It can be influenced by health and of the freight and logistics industry. emotional issues, or by these factors in combination. It can be defined as loss of alertness, which eventually results in sleep, with Importantly, fatigue impairs a person’s sleep being the end point in a steady and judgement of their own state of fatigue. This predictable drop-off in brain function. means that effective management of fatigue cannot be the responsibility of the employee This loss of alertness is accompanied by alone. poor judgement, slower reactions to events and decreased skill, such as in Fatigue can affect anybody, but it is a vehicle control. particular risk for drivers. It affects the efficiency and productivity of Reasons for Fatigue an employee’s performance in carrying While Driving out their tasks. There are many reasons for fatigue, and Research has found that an estimated some of the things that can affect the !30% of fatal truck crashes are due to likelihood of a driver suffering from it fatigue. include the following: n Driver’s recent work history: Fatigue can result from long or arduous n hours worked, work, little or poor sleep, and the time of day when sleep is taken or work is n number of shifts, performed. n hours of sleep, n hours of rest. n Personal factors: n age,

n experience,

n health,

n lifestyle. n Trip characteristics: n trip length,

n number/timing of breaks,

n time of day (high risk exists especially between 2.00am-6.00am and 1.00pm-3.00pm ‘circadian low’),

Sleep is the only n other work requirements, e.g. loading, cure for fatigue. unloading,

n road conditions.

Page 44 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Dealing with Driver All driving – long distance and local, regard- Fatigue less of the road authorities’ requirements to Flexible work schedules can help to maintain a logbook – is a health matter that minimise the risk of fatigue. Suggested must be monitored by employers and others solutions include: in the chain of responsibility. Fatigue is directly related to high injury and n schedules organised as far as possible fatality rates. in advance, Prior planning and scheduling of work must n opportunities for drivers to swap consider the fatigue-related demands in its shifts, performance. n recognition of circadian ‘lows’, It is expected that every employer’s planning n recognition of risks associated with and scheduling demonstrates this at all times. swing-shift type arrangements, It is also expected that the execution of the schedule by drivers and those in the transport n regular rest breaks, and chain demonstrates this at all times. n adequate rest breaks. A smart approach to fatigue management is Work scheduling should not be the sole to link logbook and vehicle operation responsibility of dispatchers, consignors, requirements with truck computer and managers and supervisors. Drivers consignment systems. should also be involved in developing their own rosters. More Information on Fatigue State legislation covers issues such as 8 driving hours, and all companies must VicRoads: comply with this legislation. www.vicroads.vic.gov.au 8 Transport Workers Union: The use of illicit drugs to combat fatigue www.twu.asn.au is illegal and contributes to crashes. An employer who in any way encourages a 8 National Occupational Health driver to use illicit drugs to combat and Safety Commission: fatigue is breaking the law. www.nohsc.gov.au 8 National Transport Commission: Random roadside drug screening has www.ntc.gov.au been introduced in Victoria to test for several illicit drugs known to impair 8 Web search (see inside front cover): driver performance. Drivers who use t Field A: fatigue these drugs may be caught and t Field B: fatigue prosecuted. t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au Driving Hours National Occupational Health It must be remembered that regulated and Safety Commission: driving hours are not the only safety factor t Field B: shiftwork for which you need to have regard. t Field C: www.nohsc.gov.au

Page 45 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Substances ‘Dangerous Goods’ vs ‘Hazardous depends on the substance and the dose Substances’ absorbed. Don’t confuse dangerous goods with Dangerous goods and hazardous hazardous substances – they are classified substances are covered by separate according to different criteria. legislation, each focusing on controlling the different risks described above. n Dangerous goods are substances that may be corrosive, flammable, explosive, Since many hazardous substances are also spontaneously combustible, toxic, classified as dangerous goods, the oxidising, or water-reactive. requirements of both pieces of legislation apply in these cases. Dangerous goods are classified on the basis of immediate physical or chemical Each piece of legislation complements the effects. These goods can be deadly and other, effectively ensuring the can seriously damage property and the comprehensive control of all risks. environment. Specific legislation also applies to the They are labelled with class symbols transport of dangerous goods, including: (diamond shaped) to alert you to the n Road Transport (Dangerous Goods) dangers. Dangerous goods are divided into Act 1995, different classes (1-9) and the symbols n Road Transport Reform (Dangerous refer to the main dangers of each class of Goods) Regulations 1997 dangerous goods. (Commonwealth), n Hazardous substances are substances n Dangerous Goods (Explosives) that have the potential to harm human Regulations 2000, and health. They may be solids, liquids or gases; they may be pure or mixtures. n Dangerous Goods (Rail) Regulations When used in the workplace, these 1998. substances often generate vapours, The Commonwealth regulations above fumes, dusts and mists. specifically reference the Australian Code Hazardous substances may cause for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by immediate or long-term health effects. Road and Rail (ADG Code) and both are Exposure to these substances may result in turn adopted in Victorian legislation. in poisoning, irritation, chemical burns, The ADG Code also provides specifications sensitisation, cancer, birth defects or for marking, labelling and packaging of diseases of certain organs such as the dangerous goods. skin, lungs, liver, kidneys and nervous Transport of dangerous goods is covered system. The severity of the health effects opposite.

Page 46 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Employers’ duties are identical for There are some exceptions for dangerous dangerous goods and hazardous goods moving through a depot (called ‘in substances. transit’ in the regulations). You should Manufacturers and/or suppliers of either check the details in the regulations if you dangerous goods or hazardous substances manage a transport depot. are required to identify all dangerous The following must be in place: goods and hazardous substances, label n documented safe work procedures, and them appropriately and comply with the n appropriate training and information. legislation. When there is an escape, spillage or Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) leakage of any dangerous goods:

Manufacturers and suppliers must also n the incident must be reported to the provide MSDSs for all dangerous goods Victorian WorkCover Authority on and hazardous substances they either 13 23 60, manufacture or supply. n the incident must be investigated, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) n the investigation must be recorded, and must be kept up to date (reviewed every n a review must be made of the risk five years) and taken into account for risk assessment and control measures. assessment and risk control purposes. Employers may also be required to carry Employers must keep a register of all out atmospheric monitoring or health dangerous goods and hazardous surveillance under certain circumstances. substances. Transporting Dangerous Goods If dangerous goods quantities exceed various thresholds as identified in There are specific requirements for Schedule 2 of the Dangerous Goods consignors, contractors and vehicle (Storage and Handling) Regulations, the owners. occupier may be required to: A consignor is identified on the shipping n have a manifest, document as hiring a contractor to carry n display placarding and HAZCHEM dangerous goods. The consignor is signage, responsible for the goods before they are transported, and the contractor is n notify the Victorian WorkCover Authority responsible for the goods during transport. on 13 23 60, The vehicle owner may be a sole, joint or n obtain a fire protection report, and part owner of a vehicle and may have n develop a written emergency plan. possession of the vehicle under credit, lease or other arrangements. An owner may also be a consignor or a contractor. Report incidents to the Obligations for those responsible for the Victorian WorkCover safe transport of dangerous goods include: Authority on 13 23 60. n signage,

n using suitable vehicles,

Page 47 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

n safe loading and stowage, Refer to the Road Transport Reform n segregation requirements, (Dangerous Goods) Regulations 1997 n load restraint, (Commonwealth) and the ADG Code for specific criteria to determine placarding n shipping documents, requirements. n safety information and equipment, and For securing loads, as required by the n emergency planning and response. ADG Code, reference must also be made Dangerous goods must not be transported to the Load Restraint Guide. along prohibited routes. Information on Transport of explosives (Class 1 dangerous these routes is available from the Victorian goods) is covered by the Dangerous Goods WorkCover Authority. (Explosives) Regulations 2000 and the If transporting bulk dangerous goods, then transport of radioactive material, (Class 7 the trailer or vehicle, if not articulated, dangerous goods) is administered by the must be licensed. The driver must also Department of Human Services. hold a current dangerous goods driver Some workplaces holding very large licence. Some exemptions apply for quantities of dangerous goods are licensed Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs). under the Occupational Health and Safety ‘Bulk’ means a container with a capacity (Major Hazard Facilities) Regulations of more than 500L for class 2 (gases) or, 2000 and have particular security, for other classes, a container of more than transport and storage requirements. 450L capacity or 400kg capacity. Transport operators should expect these to Drivers of vehicles transporting dangerous be covered in contractual arrangements, goods also have specific legislative site induction and training, etc. requirements including: More information on Dangerous Goods n obtaining licences when transporting and Hazardous Substances bulk dangerous goods, & Occupational Health and Safety (Major n ensuring the load/stowage is secure, Hazard Facilities) Regulations 2000 n displaying placards to identify & Road Transport Reform (Dangerous dangerous goods (where required), Goods) Regulations 1997 n carrying shipping documents, & Australian Code for the Transport of n taking special care while driving, Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail n carrying safety information and (ADG Code, 6th Edition) equipment (where required), 8 Web search (see inside front cover): n responding to emergencies. Dangerous Goods When your load is determined as a t Field B: dangerous goods placard load, you must have safety equipment in the cabin, including: t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au n fire extinguishers, Hazardous Substances n portable warning devices, and t Field B: hazardous substances n special clothing and safety equipment. t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au

Page 48 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Fire Prevention/Emergency Evacuation Procedures

A program of regular inspections should n A detailed inspection program should be implemented to ensure control of fire be implemented, covering potential hazards. hazards, warning systems and All fire control equipment must be evacuation procedures, and the location checked and maintained on a regular of designated meeting areas for head basis in accordance with AS1851. counts, etc.

A program to respond to emergency n Plans should consider liaison with !situations, on and off site, should be external authorities (including police, developed and implemented in all areas of fire brigade and other emergency a company’s operations. services, organisations, hospitals, councils, public utilities, etc.). Thorough planning is required to deal Training exercises should include with potential emergencies such as fatal, liaison with these outside services and serious and dangerous occurrences, fire organisations where appropriate. threats and the need for evacuation. Emergency programs need to consider n Suitable personnel should be appointed aspects such as the following: and trained as fire wardens and area wardens. n Emergency response plans and procedures should be developed and n Site emergency plans and procedures implemented. These should be should be a standard part of any appropriate for the types of emergency induction process for new employees. situations likely to be faced by the company. n Procedures should also be developed for off-site accidents including rollovers and n Site plans should be prepared. These should include contact numbers, a roadside work. system for emergency lighting, More Information on Fire Prevention and designation of safe exit routes, and Emergency Evacuation Procedures information for emergency services on hazards present. & AS 3745 – Australian Standard: n Specific formalised training should be Emergency Control Organisation and conducted on emergency systems and Procedures for Buildings, Structures evacuation procedures for all and Workplaces. employees. Emergency drills should be conducted at least annually and take & AS 1851 – Australian Standard: into account all likely emergency Maintenance of Fire Protection situations. Equipment.

Page 49 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Personal Protective Equipment The use of personal protective In fact, for every part of the worker’s body equipment (PPE) should always be that may be exposed to hazards, there is an seen as a last resort, to be employed item of PPE available on the market. only as an interim measure or used in As a minimum, the following protective conjunction with other measures. clothing and equipment should be used: Protective clothing and equipment n safety footwear with non-conductive soles, differs from all other hazard-control techniques in that they must be n high-visibility vests and/or shirts, and consciously employed by the worker. n protective eyewear. PPE is not part of a machine or process, but an extension of a worker’s Special personal protective equipment may own bodily protection. be needed in some hazardous situations, for example, working near power lines. This Employers must provide information, could include: instruction, training and supervision in the correct fit, use and maintenance of n earth chains (vehicle-mounted cranes, all PPE. EWPs, concrete placing booms, etc.),

PPE includes such items of clothing as: n safety helmets, n overalls, n rubber mats (vehicle-mounted cranes, n helmets, concrete placing booms, etc.), n gloves, n shielded operator stations, and n boots, and n aprons. n other appropriate safety apparel as It includes such items of equipment required. as: More Information on Personal Protective n earplugs and earmuffs, Equipment n respirators, & AS 1678 – Australian Standard: n goggles, Emergency Procedure Guide n safety glasses, and 8 Web search (see inside front cover): n welder’s masks and shields. t Field B: personal protective equipment In a properly controlled t Field C: www.workcover.vic.gov.au working environment, a National Occupational Health worker should not need and Safety Commission any PPE at all. t Field B: SAA HB9 t Field C: nohsc.gov.au

Page 50 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Conclusion This Guide recognises that workers face safety. Strategies and procedures that relate to many risks in the transport and ancillary levels of safety in the workplace must involve industries. It provides a background and as a minimum: broad perspective on transport industry safety issues. The health and safety issues n involved and committed team management, and priorities identified in the Guide are n clear accountability of line managers, those identified by the industry through supervisors, workers and contractors for consultative seminars. health and safety,

The introduction of chain of responsibility n effective mechanisms for consultation and provisions has been a critical turning point representation, in the transport industry safety landscape, n a health and safety policy and supporting and these principles are strongly supported procedures available to all staff, and by transport workers and the wider transport industry. n induction and training programs that enable management, workers and contractors to Chain of responsibility legislation requires that if you use road transport as part of carry out their respective roles and to meet your business, you share responsibility for their occupational health and safety duties ensuring that breaches of road laws do not and responsibilities. occur. Workplaces should be systematically assessed Occupational health and safety legislation and investigated to determine the levels of risk requires employers to be able to demon- to which workers are exposed. There is a legal strate that they have in place, as far as obligation to consult with Health & Safety reasonably practicable, the necessary Representatives. The input of workers and systems, policies, procedures and safe contractors in devising and implementing risk work practices to safely manage these risks control measures is also essential. so no-one comes to harm. Effective occupational health and safety The effective management of risk is a key management occurs when a company, its ingredient in improving occupational health workforce and industry stakeholders work and safety performance. As discussed, this co-operatively to develop policies, systems and requires a deliberate and ongoing commitment to – and accountability for – procedures to eliminate or minimise risk. The the level of health and safety performance Transport Industry Safety Group (TISG) has within the areas of control of individual been integral in promoting an industry-wide managers and workers. In this regard, approach to occupational health and safety. consultation, communication and feedback The development of this Guide, a culmination are essential. of specialist working parties and industry wide This Guide has explored in some detail the seminars, was a major early initiative by the systems required for the effective TISG and was first developed in 1997. It has management of occupational health and since been updated and reprinted three times.

Page 51 Transport Industry ~ A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety

Reference Material n OH&S Act 2004 Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods) OH&S (Manual Handling) Regulations 1999 Act 1995 – Commonwealth Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods) OH&S (Noise) Regulations 2004 Regulations 1997 – Commonwealth OH&S (Certification of Plant Users and Operators) Dangerous Goods (Storage and Handling) Regulations 1994 Regulations 2000 OH&S (Plant) Regulations 1995 Dangerous Goods (Explosives) Regulations 2000 OH&S (Major Hazard Facilities) Regulations 2000 Dangerous Goods (Transport by Rail) OH&S (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 2000 Regulations 1998 OH&S (Prevention of Falls) Regulations 2003 n Guidelines n Road Safety Act 1986 Guidelines for the Collection, Transport and Unloading of Non-Hazardous Waste and Recycling Materials Road Safety (Drivers) Regulations 1999 Safe Handling of Industrial Waste Road Safety (General) Regulations 1999 Proper Management of Waste (Various) Road Safety (Road Rules) Regulations 1999 Supply Chain Guides Road Safety (Vehicles) Regulations 1999 Other Guidance Material n Dangerous Goods For further information, go to: Dangerous Goods Act 1985 n www.workcover.vic.gov.au Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods n www.nohsc.gov.au by Road and Rail (ADG Code, 6th Edition) n other States’ workcover sites. Organisations & Contacts Victorian WorkCover Authority WorkSafe Victoria Offices: WorkCover manages Victoria’s workplace safety n Ballarat: 5338 4444 system and provides services including: n Bendigo: 5443 8866 n injury compensation, n Dandenong: 8792 9000 n emergency response, n Geelong: 5226 1200 n advice, information and education, n Melbourne: 9941 0558 n licensing and certification, and n Mildura: 5021 4001 n publications. WorkSafe n Mulgrave: 9565 9444 WorkSafe is the prevention arm of WorkCover. n Preston: 9485 4555 n Shepparton: 5831 8260 Contact WorkSafe Victoria Advisory Service Level 24, 222 Exhibition Street n Traralgon: 5174 8900 Melbourne 3000 n Wangaratta: 5721 8588 Phone: (03) 9641 1444 or 1800 136 089 n Warrnambool: 5564 3200

Page 52 A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety ~ Transport Industry

Transport Workers Union VicRoads (Vic/Tas Branch) The Road Corporation (VicRoads), in partnership with other The Victorian Branch Occupational Health and Safety transport agencies, local government and the Victoria Police, manages the road system. Functions include vehicle Unit provides advice and assistance to Union regulation, driver licensing and road user information. members and employers in meeting the Duty of Care. Services include: Contact: Phone 13 11 74 Head Office: ph (03) 9854 2666 n safety audits, Website: www.vicroads.vic.gov.au n systems analysis, Victoria Police n safety training, and The Traffic and Transport Services Department n environmental auditing. administers the law relating to traffic and motor vehicles, Contact: 52-56 Rouse Street and provides support in fields such as traffic law Port Melbourne Vic 3207 enforcement and traffic control. The department is Website: www.twu.asn.au represented on the Transport Industry Safety Group. E-mail: [email protected] Contact: Victoria Police Centre Phone: (03) 8290 0600 or 637 Flinders Street 1300 727 614 Melbourne 3000 Victorian Transport Phone: (03) 9247 5762 Association Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC) Through its associated company, Latus Pty Ltd, the Contact: Building 70, Monash University, VTA provides management advice and assistance Victoria 3800 Australia to all companies in identifying and complying with Phone (03) 9905 4371 their due diligence obligations under the various Website: www.general.monash.edu.au/muarc relevant Acts and regulations. Services include: Bus Association Victoria n chain of responsibility checklists, The BAV is an employer association representing the views n due diligence audits, and interests of almost all private bus and coach businesses throughout Victoria. It provides advice, n document and procedure development, information and practical training in OHS to managers, n workplace training, supervisors and employees. n dangerous goods and forklift licensing, Contact: 450 Graham Street Victorian Waste Management Port Melbourne Vic 3207 Association (VWMA) Phone: (03) 9645 3300 Fax: (03) 9645 4455 A sub-group of the VTA, the VWMA is the peak Website: www.busvic.asn.au industry body in Victoria, providing expert advice in Further advice all areas of proper waste management, including Further advice in understanding the implications of this specific training for industry. document and practical assistance in devising and Contact: Wirraway Drive implementing strategies and programs to meet the OHS Fishermans Bend Duty of Care are available from: Phone: (03) 9646 8590 n the Transport Workers Union, or Fax: (03) 9646 8596 n Latus Pty Ltd (a joint venture company of the Victorian Website: www.vta.com.au Transport Association).

Page 53 About the Transport Industry Safety Group: Officials: The Transport Industry Safety Group was established to Chairman:Philip Lovel, develop and facilitate an industry approach to occupational Victorian Transport Association health and safety following coronial inquests in relation to Vice Chairman: Bill Noonan, fatalities in the transport industry. It comprises representatives Transport Workers Union from VicRoads, Transport Workers Union (Vic/Tas Branch), Vic/Tas Branch Transport Accident Commission, WorkSafe Victoria, Victorian Transport Association, Victoria Police, Bus Association of Secretary: Richard Lambert, Victoria, Monash University Accident Research Centre and the Bus Association Victoria Victorian Waste Management Association. Treasurer: Don Hogben, VicRoads

This Guide proudly developed by:

VIC/TAS BRANCH TWU OUR MEMBERS COME FIRST

VICTORIAN WORKCOVER AUTHORITY

July 2006

7/06218