Electrical Review Photo L. S. E. motors for BOILER HOUSE AUXILIARIES L.S.E. have specialised for many years in the manufacture of motors for the exacting service demanded of power station auxiliaries. The range of machines includes the “ N-S ” Variable Speed A .C . motor ; large direct starting squirrel cage motors, which may be of the “ Trislot ” high torque type when required ; and all standard types. The “ EM COL ” cooling system, enabling totally enclosed machines to be made of practically any required output, is also invaluable for many boiler house applications. (The illustration is of six265 H.P. 422 R.P.M. 3'3 K.V. direct starting squirrel cage “ EMCOL ” totally enclosed vertical spindle pump motors at LITTLE BARFORD power station. Other power stations recently described in the technical Press, for which we supplied many motors, include EARLEY and LLYNFI.)

( e o u r e c h m k J LAURENCE, SCOTT & ELECTROMOTORS LTD.

NORWICH, MANCHESTER. LONDON AND BRANCHES 11 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

Reed. T ra d c M a rk JVo’i . 5*6 ¿*5-6-7

_ ------MEMBERS OF THE CABLE MAKERS ASSOCIATION Th. Anchor a b l e Co. Crompton Parkinson W . T. Henley’s Tele­ The London Electric St. Helens Cable A Ltd. Ltd. (Derby Cables Ltd. ) graph Works Co. Ltd. W ire Co. and Rubber Co. Ltd. Smiths Ltd. British Insulated Cables The Enfield Cable Johnson & Phillips Ltd. The Macintosh Cable Siemens Brothers A Ltd. Works Ltd. Co. Ltd. (Siemens The India Rubber, Co. Ltd. Callender’s Cable A The Metropolitan Electric Lamps and Edison Swan Cables Ltd. Gutta-Percha & Tele­ Supplies Ltd.) Construction Co. Ltd. graph W orks Co. Ltd. Electric Cable A Connollys (Blackley) W. T. Glover A Co. Ltd. (The Silvertown Co.) Construction Co. Ltd. Standard Telephone Ltd. Pirelli-Gcnera! Cable & Cables Ltd. Greengate & Irwell Liverpool Electric Cable Works Ltd. (General rhe Craigpark Electric Co. Ltd. Electric Co. Ltd.) Union Cable Co. Ltd. Cable Co. Ltd. Rubber Co. Ltd. Wvt. of th . Cobit Makers' Association, H,eh Ho/born House. 52-5-1 HiSh Ho/born. London. W .C .l. 'Phon. Ho/born 7633 March 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 1

Even the raising of water temperature must work against the clock—especially to those who have to work against time in obtaining ample supplies of Hot Water. We do not decry the virtues of the Coal Range in providing employment for otherwise idle hands. We simply contrast it with a Heatrae.

LEADERS IN ELECTRIC WATER HEATING

HEATRAE LTD., NORWICH PHONE : NORW ICH 25131 GRAMS : HEATRAE. NORWICH

“WESTMINSTER THE “FACILE” TERMINAL Brush Send for Prices and List of all Holders kinds of Terminals 100,000 & C O . ROSS COURTNEY \ t d . SUPPLIED ASHBROOK ROAD. LONDON, N. If MADE TO SUIT ANY MACHINE

Dynamos and Motors Rewound and Re-constructed. “ Partridge ” Pressure ETHER CAPS to the spec­ Detectors,“ Partridge” Earthing Devices, ific require­ ments of our Switchgear, Photographic Arc Lamps, customers Electric Welders, Medical Arc Lamps Mahers of all types of re­ petition pro­ ducts from the bar in all Th. WESTMINSTER ENG.Co.Ltd. metals Victoria Road.Wlllotdon Junction,N.Y/.IO Telephone: Telegrams: M-C-Land REPETITIO N LTD. « Willesden 1700-1 ‘ Regency, Phone, London." Pool Lane Lanqleq Birminqnam.

A 2 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 These (w

saved £500 a year by P»F» correction»

Two needs existed in a large forge. efficient constant speed drives. At the First, equipment was required to maintain same time they maintain an overall the overall power factor at an economical maximum demand of approximately figure. Second, motors were required to 1,800 kW at a power factor of -985 drive two large compressors. By ordering lagging. They saved £500 a year on the two 560 H.P. Crompton Auto- maximum kVA demand over what it Synchronous Motors the forge satisfied would have been with ordinary induction both needs. The motors provide highly motors without p.f. correction.

CRom PTon^pRRKinson LIMITED

ELECTRA HOUSE, VICTORIA EMBANKMENT, LONDON, W.C.2 and Branches March 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 3

A7 / 4 3

he roads of the present lie deep in the past”

F o r every purpose demanding a de­ pendable high standard of performance, Alton stationary batteries are installed. Behind them is a tradition of craftsmanship in battery design and manufacture and of efficient and reliable performance in service. The established traditions associated with the name of Alton define the standard of the future and point to the choice of Alton batteries for services of vital importance.

ALTON BATTERIES OF MERIT

THE ALTON BATTERY CO. LTD. (Sole Suppliers of FULLER Stationary Batteries) ALTON, HANTS. Telephone: 41ton 2267 and 2268 Telegrams, : ‘B attery, Alton*. E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 2 3 . 1943

Messrs. Volt and Amp, Mr. and Mrs. Watt and their relatives in the Electrical family are constantly getting disgruntled because these Micanite and Insulators people will keep them in their place. Every time they try to do a bit of quiet shorting or tracking they come up against a piece of Mica or Micanite or Paxolin or Panilax or Empire tape. It's all very distressing for Messrs. Volf and Amp etc., but it's highly approved by electrical Manufacturers w ho must keep electricity in its place.

THE MICANITE & INSULATORS CO LTD

EMPIRE WORKS. BLACKHORSE LANE . LONDON. £.17 mi

Makers of MICANITE (Built-up Mica Insulation). Fabricated and Processed MICA, PAXOLIN (Synthetic-resin laminated sheets, rods, tubes and cylinders). High-voltage Bushings and Terminals for indoor and outdoor use Empire varnished Insulating Cloths and Tapes and all other forms of Electrical Insulation. Suppliers of Vulcanised Fibre, Leatheroid. Presspahn, etc. Distributors of Micoflex-Duratube Sleevings and Kenutuf Injection Mouldings (P.V.C.). March 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 5 BEN7AMJN LIGHTING DATA

BENJAMIN HAVE A WIDE RANGE OF SUPPLEMENTARY LIGHTING UNITS

Supplementary lighting can be applied from near or from a distance according to the circumstances. There are local lighting reflectors, either Extensive (1), or Intensive (2) to be mounted on pendants, or there are 45° (3), or 90° types (4) to be mounted in positions where they will not cause glare in the eyes of others. Local reflectors are fitted on adjustable brackets (5) which can be rigidly locked in any desired position. From a distance the Intensolux (6) throw s a fairly narrow beam of light. It can often be placed high up out of the way. The miniature Intensolux (7) used with low voltage auto lamps gives a small circle of light from a shorter range. The illustrations are of fila­ ment reflectors, fluorescent tubular lighting often requires the use of supplementary units also.

A This is sheet No. 12. If you have not seen the others in the series, write for them. BEN7AMJN THE BENJAMIN ELECTRIC LTD. Brantwood Works, Tottenham, LONDON, N.I7 Telegrams : Telephone : Benjalect, Southtot, London ” Tottenham 5252 (5 lines)

LIGHTING APPLICATION BY BENJAMIN ENGINEERS 6 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 2 3 , 1945

ARDING F la tten s

Electric POWER is a mighty sinew of the nation's effort. It must be GUARDED against leakage. Tullis Russell Rothmill Cable Insulating Papers are called upon by leading cable manu­ facturers to perform this task, and it is carried out admirably by these renowned, uniformly high-quality insulating papers. Rothmill Papers are guaran­ teed free from metals and grit. Write for details of the com plete range.

R O T H IillL L CABLE INSULATING PAPER

TuiU tH uieU tC o.itd. Auchmuty &. Rothes Paper Mills, Markinch, Scotland M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 7

STIJRTEVAAT ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS

L a r g e a a d S m a l l S c a l e P l a n t s f o r E l l m l v a t ia g R u s t , E u m e a n d M i s t

Special designs for prevention of oil haze in machine shops and removal of welding fumes, cleaning of air of atmospheric dust for optical, photographic and similar work.

Our reference WII4/U will gladly supply full particulars.

St l r t e v a n t E n g in e e r in g Co. Lt d . 2 5.W0RCESTER ROAD, SUTTON, SURREY.

T e l e p h o n e : V i g i l a n t 2275 8 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23. 1945 REDIFFUSION WAV E M E T E R

100 to 43,000 K.C. (3,000 to 7 metres) in 8 ranges. Size 7\m x 91" x 6 * \ Weight 7\ lbs. Call box 5" x 8T x 8T.

The compact, precise check on every ship and shore radio station. Used by very many senior inspectors and officers forsetting and maintaining accurate frequency calibration. Immediate Delivery. Write for details to Sales 4 REDIFFUSION LTD Designers and manufacturers of Radio Communication and R L dif o n Industrial Electronic Equipment

A SUBSIDIARY OF BROAD CAST RELAY SERVICE LIMITED VICTORIA STATION HOUSE ■ VICTORIA STREET - LONDON • S-W I (PHONE VICTORIA 68311 M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 9

...... designed for the guidance of all Engineers engaged in the planning and layout of earthing systems. Produced by the B.l. Engineering and Research Department, this brochure covers a broad field and gives much new data and information on latest developments in earthing practice. Fully illustrated in Introducing colour by explanatory charts and photographs— an invaluable addition to your Technical Library. (gflnP T H E B.l. EXTENSIBLE A copy w ill be sent on request EARTH ROD BRITISH INSULATED CABLES LIMITED HEAD OFFICE : PRESCOT, LANCS. TELEPHONE : PRESCOT 6571 London Office : SURREY HOUSE. EMBANKMENT, W .C.2 Telephone : Temple Bar 7722 M arch 23, 1945 10 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w

To make such co-operation easy is the function of the C .D .A . Its services are entirely at your disposal . . . free of charge. C 2 7 COPPER DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION A non-trailing organization, maintained by the British copper in­ dustry, to supply information and advice, free to all users of copper

Grand Buildings, Trafalgar Square, London, W.C.2 and 9 Bilton Road, Rugby London Telephone : Abbey 2677 M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 11

SIÈ

This popular radiant fire is ideal for bathrooms, nurseries, etc., where it is out of reach and is con­ trolled with perfect safety by a cord switch. It is one of the models we plan to put into production again as soon as condi­ tions allow ... .to meet the more urgent demands of your customers for efficient radiant heating.

FÏ 1 EMTI h i 12 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

BATTERY CHARGING EQUIPMENT

CRYPTON

Anocicttd Compontet: Lancashire Dynamo 4 Crypto Ltd., Foster Transformers 4 Switchgear Ltd. »W— — M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 13

FOSTER TRANSFORMERS * SW1TCHGEARLtd (Incorporating FOSTER ENGINEERING COMPANY) SOUTH WIMBLEDON LONDON S.W, 19

Associated Companies : Lancashire Dynamo & Crypto Ltd. Crypton Equipment Ltd. 1 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 15

" English Electric ” Welding Equipment employed on ship construction.

The above illustration shows a transportable multi-operator welding transformer equipment, comprising 3-phase welding transformer with primary and secondary protected type terminals, primary triple-pole “ English Electric ” fuse-switch and power factor Improvement condenser, with two 300-amp. and one 600-amp. welding regulators. "[English Electric ” Welding Equipments are manufactured in accordance with B.S.S.. 1071/19.43. 600-ampere Portable Welding Equipment THE ENGLISH ELECTRIC COMPANY LTD. -STAFFORD- 1 6 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 2 3 , 1 9 4 5

V t S K R I N G S

CLOSE-UPS

NO.2 IDENTIFICATION

A great advantage of “Viskrings ” Cable Markers is that they are available in all colours, indelibly printed in black with any wording. Here is double identification— colour and wording. A positive boon in complicated circuits.

• N O TOOLS REQUIRED •INDELIBLY PRINTED • N O RUBBER USED • SELF FIXING BY SHRINKAGE • IMPERISHABLE, IMPERVIOUS TO • DO NOT INCREASE DIAMETER OILS AND PETROLEUM OF CABLE

CABLE MARKERS VISCOSE DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD. Woldham Road, Bromley, Kent. ’Phone : Ravensbourne 2641 M arch 2 3 , 1 9 4 5 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 17

w i t v T V t — a s pn peace —

at the service of the Empire

An important example of how electrical inventiveness has G.E.C. Electrification served the needs of war, with equipment which will Schemes have been afterwards become of great service to industry generally applied to all industries, when the war is won, is the Mobile Rectifier Substation. including: Aircraft Factories ; Chemical During the war the vast G.E.C. technical and manufac­ Works ; Collieries ; Food turing resources are devoted to one purpose—providing Factories ; Gold Mines ; equipment to help win the war quickly. Iron, Steel and Copper Works ; Locomotive and Electrical progress has been constant and important Railway Carriage and advances have been made by the Company in all Wagon Works ; Motor applications of electricity, including electronics, which Car Works ; Ships and will be of inestimable value to all concerned with Shipyards; Textile electrification schemes for reconstruction. Mills, etc., etc.

S & G altmys ńt iłte ftneficnt ofeleducaljowtyiess

THE GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. LTD., MAGNET HOUSE, KINGSWAY, LONDON, W .C .2 18 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 2 3 , 1 945

Barrel constructed of special ceramic. Ends precision ground to form perfect bedding for spumon end caps Fuse Element of special construction, In­ corporating patented features to ensure low working temperature. March 23, 1945 Electrical Review 19

h a XLUM e ’

FLAMEPROOF FITTINGS FOR TUNGSTEN AND DISCHARGE LAMPS

CONSULT— London 0ffice ; VERITYS BRETTENHAM HOUSE LTD. LANCASTER PLACE ASTON - B’HAM 6 W.C.2

Depots at BIRMINGHAM - MANCHESTER - BRISTOL - GLASGOW NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE - LEEDS 20 Electrical Review M arch 2 3 , 1 9 4 5

Durawire “ S SS” Duratwincable

D uraw ire “ SS SS ” Durathreecabie

D uraw ire “ BLS SS ” Durafourcable

D uraw ire “ SB SS ” Durafivecable

SS ” Durasixcable Duratwinflex “ S SS ” Durasevencable

Durathreeflex “ S SS ” 8 core-Duracable

SS ” Duraninecable SS ” Duratwinflat SS ” Duratencabie

SS” Durathreeflat OURACABLES SS ” 11 core-Duracable

SS ” Duratwelvecable

Idle Hands ?

Additional Work-bays, new Annexes, trans­ ferred Shops may all require quick Emergency heating. Production hands may be idle through cold conditions while the heating is adjusted. Quickly installed, without heavy equipment, Electric Univectairs may provide just the solution for heating up a cold workshop quickly and setting idle hands to work again.

Send for Brochure EU 3

Electric Vectairs for Heating Hospitals, Schools, Canteens, etc., have similar advantages and are described in Brochure EV/7

BRITISH TRANE CO. LTD, Electric Vectair House, 52 Clerkenwell Close, L ondon, E.C. 1. T el.: Clerkenwell 6864 & 3826 Agencies atBelfast, Birmingham, Cardiff, Dublin, Univect airs Glasgow, Liverpool, Newcastle, Sheffield, Torquay For Efficient Works Heating M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 21 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

GREAT HAMPTON STREET, BIRMINGHAM 18 March 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 2 3

IMPROVE YOUR LIGHTING in consultation with L jl d t f / A o n METROVICK'S ILLUMINATING ENGINEERS 2 4 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

Totally enclosed air- blast “ b low -over” Motor. An external fan operates inside a hood and blows a stream of cooling air over the ribbed frame.

TELEPHONE • • 21455 - h arch M ENN FOD LIMITED FROUDE & HEENAN

23 NEERS WORCESTER E AND N LA G EN R E T S E C R O W S R E E IN G N E , Careful hand-fitting of our machines ensures consistent accuracy accuracy consistent ensures machines our of hand-fitting Careful 1945 n h wr ad ti fr produced. s form strip and wire the in E cal a ic r t c e l S R E E N I G N E R ew ie v e 1 6 6 1 WIRE & WIRE STRIP HEENAN MACHINES FORMING IC T A M O T U A

25 26 E l e c t r ic a l R e v iew M arch 23, 1945

begins its post-war programme with the new model 600 which sets a new standard in Electric Boiler design and efficiency

rp ’IE forms of ccntrol for Street Lighting are m any and varied, but now CENTRALISED CONTROL is generally accepted as essential. Sordoviso Street Lighting Controi units embodying the Sordoviso non­ tilting Mercury Switch with its inherent features of non-burning contacts, low energising current, silence in operation and freedom from climatic effects, provide a most efficient remote or automatic control with low installation and main­ tenance costs. If you are contemplating a new Foot press switches on bo;ler — or three-heat rotary switch on boiler scheme or modifications to an exist­ or wall-mounting according to type ing one, the advice of our Technical Serviceability with Staff is always available. We should be pleased to forward, on Modernity application, our brochure, “ Con­ trolled Street Lighting.” Particulars from :— SORDOVISO SWITCHGEAR LTD. B U R C O L T D . Falcon Works, Loughborough ROSE GROVE, BURNLEY LOUGHBOROUGH 313! M arch 23, 1945 E le ctrical R ev iew 2 7

Design Features : Short Circuit tested Oil Circuit METAL CLAD B reak ers. Full Interlocks. AIR-INSULATED Automatic Safety Shutters. Easily removable Circuit Breaker 2 \ » 1 * C on tacts. Shockproof Insulation. Easily extensible. VERTICAL ISOLATION Vermin proof. PATTERN Double steel walls between units. RATINGS UP TO Shielded Cables. Direct hand, control or remote 600 AMPERES electrical control. AT 11 kV

ID. E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w

“ TANGENT ” TELEPHONES are Installed throughout the country In Government and Corporation Departments, Hospitals, Hotels, Cinemas, Offices, Factories, Mines, etc. Although our war-time activities limit their installation to priority require­ ments, we look forward to the time

0 A N C E N 0 when we can satisfy the demand for them.

' TANGENT ** froc/ucti

SOUND SIGNALS LUMINOUS CALL SYSTEMS • STAFF LOCATORS - MINING SIGNALS FIRE. BURGLAR AND BANK RAID ALARMS • TELEPHONES INTERPHONES - WATCHMAN'S CLOCKS • ELECTRIC IMPULSE CLOCKS AND SYNCHRONOUS CLOCKS • STRIKING. CHIMING AND TOLLING MECHANISM LIQUID-LEVEL INDICATING. RECORDING AND ALARM APPARATUS IDLE MACHINE AND OUTPUT RECORDERS SPECIAL APPARATUS

GENT & CO. LTD. Faraday Works, LEICESTER LONDON NÏWCAJTLI.ON.TYN8 * GLASGOW • SELF AST • DUBLIN THE “MOTORLITE” TRANSFORMER UNIT This low-voltage unit of maximum efficiency and safety Incorporates a double-wound transform er (to B.S S. 794) and double-pole switch with 4 fuses (2HT and 2LT) all m m p t mounted on a readily removable Gas Oven type door, the opening of which breaks both circuits. The HT Terminals have safety shields. Two spare fuses for each circuit are mounted in the case. Twoorthree arm lamp brackets can be supplied at an extra cost. Each unit can be fitted with one or two Reyrolle sockets and plugs Made by for the operation THF CONCORDIA of hand lamps, TRANSFORMER CO. a subsidiary of etc., etc. THE CONCORDIA ELECTRIC SAFETY LAMP Standard rating- CO . LT D . 60, 80 and 120 V/A max. Volts SOLE SALES AGENTS: 440, min. Volts 12 ELCORDIA LIMITED A.I.D. APPROVED

2 Caxton Street, Westminster, London, S.W .I Telephone : ABBey 4266 M arch 2 3 , 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 29

Full particulars from : CROMPTON PARKINSON LIMITED, ELECTRA HOUSE, VICTORIA EMBANKMENT, LONDON, W .C.2, or Branches

March 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 31 REMOTE CONTROL BOARDS 831

“ TH IS particular J. & P. remote control board controls two alternators, two transformers and two interconnectors. The syn­ chronizing panel may be turned through 180 degrees. The design of remote control equipment calls for a high degree of technical knowledge and experience— our designers are always at your disposal.

Another J. & P. Switchgear Development.

JOHNSON & PHILLIPS LTD. CHARLTON, LONDON, S.E.7

Telephone : Greenwich 3244 (13 lines). Telegrams : "Juno," Charlton, Kent

(M i 32 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w M atch 23, 1945

MOULDED HANDWHEELS

■ — - . ^ STANDARD SIZES IN BAKELITE IJ'—7' Saves Metal and Machining Time Improves Appearance, Costs Less

LEAFLET FROM RAY ENGINEERING C O . LTD . Southmead Bristol

r SYNTHETIC RESIN LAMINATED PAPER ^

TEXOLEX

ROBOLYSER

An instrument for speed

j checking and the inspection of rapidly moving parts.

One example of the range of test gear devised and designed T U B E S . to meet any and every need of modern industry by SHEETS. WATFORD INSTRUMENTS INSULATORS. LOATES LANE. WATFORD. HERTS. Telephone W atford 3944 THE BUSHING CO. LTD I HEBBURN-ON-TYNE M atch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 33

DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKERS and SWITCHBOARDS

Whether you require A. C. or D. C. Switchboards or A. C. Motor Control Gear, you get same re I ¡ability, robust construction negligible upkeep cost if you Specify “ ERSKINE H EA P ” We Invite Your Enquiries ! ERSKINE, HFAIML Head Office: 01 • i London Office : GRAND BUILDINGS, BROUGHTON, MANCHESTER 7. O W ltCtlgtClT TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C.2 Phone: DEAnsgate 4561 (4 lines). fill etc Phone: ABBey 2748-9 G ram s: “ Electron,” Manchester. 1 9 Grams: “ Erskineap, Phone, London BRANCH OFFICES AND AGENCIES IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD ------EH.452 3 4 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

HE ability to stay on the job 24 hours a day over long periods is one of the first T considerations when selecting bearings for “ BRECO ’ ’ Transport Plants. So is the ability to provide smooth, vibrationless operation and to reduce wear to a vanishing point. That SSCP Bearings meet these require­ ments is the reason they are used extensively by British Ropeway Engineering on their BRECO ” Transport Plants with capacities up to two hundred and more tons per hour. Where Performance is a “ must,” EK .P Bearings are always an outstanding part of the job.

BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS

THE SKEFKO BALL BEARING CO., LTD. ■ LUTON 2", 7« All set for the next test

Proving Crompton Switchgear

New types of Crompton Switchgear are developed and tested for rating in the Crompton Short Circuit Testing Station—one of the recognised stations of the Association of Short Circuit Testing Authorities.

The experience which is incorporated in the design of Crompton Switchgear, coupled with A.S.T.A. Certificates of rating, are your guarantee of its safety in operation. 3 6 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 Testing

INSULATION TEST—There is a wide margin of safety built into all Wylex electrical accessories. Every Wylex product before leaving our works must satisfy a high insulation test at 1,000 volts. Another reason why

W i f l e f M U s t b e q c c d

GEORGE H. SCHOLES & CO LTD. WYLEX WORKS, WYTHENSHAWE, MANCHESTER. Tel: Wythenshawe 225I/2. Grams: “ Kilowatt,” Manchester.

ECTR/CAL ■ W

APPLIANCES.

T h r o u g h o u t the /ears of peace and war Dowsings have pur­ sued a progressive policy in the manufacture of all types of elec­ trical appliances.

This policy has brought us customers in industry as well as domestic traders, and we look forward to serving them all with even more interesting equipment in the future.

KANGLEY BRIDGE ROAD DOWSING C O .U S b)I-TD. LOWER SYDENHAM,S.E.26 M arch 23. 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R eview 37

T h is ¿s th e SINGLE BUSBAR UNIT

fW S S ñ S aSTa CERTIFICATED

Manufactured by FERGUSON, PAILIN LIMITED MANCH ESTER I I ENGLAND LONDON BIRMINGHAM GLASGOW Temple Bar 8711 2 Sutton C oldfield 2744 C e n tra l 5080 3 8 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

there’s not/im in it!

Of course not. That’s the foremost virtue of a tube. But there’s SOMETHING in the manufacture of a tube to ensure that interior NOTHINGNESS that allows cables to be drawn through it, without obstructive burrs and fins to injure their insulation. THER E’S N O THIN G in “ Walsall ” Conduit Fittings either to “ get rough” with cables. Just a bushed entry "slip-way ” to smooth their passage. And when all’s said and done, as most m otorists will affirm, curves are easier to negotiate than awkward corners.

WALSALL CONDUITS LT •WEST BROMWICH • STAFFS. March 23, 1945 E le c t r ic a l R ev iew 39

LIGHTS ON!

Are you ready with STREET LIGHTING CONTROL

JIM Out has been decreed. Complete freedom of lighting may be expected to follow. Are you ready with your plans for effective Street Lighting Control?

The Standard D.C. Bias System offers you the following advantages :— Centralised control of street lighting, off-peak load, etc.

Low initial cost combined with negligible maintenance.

Systems can be built up and extended indefinitely from original installation.

Freedom from interference from high-frequency harmonics or induced ripple currents.

Where new mains are required, Standard Power Cables are unsurpassed. Send us also your enquiries for V.I.R. and Synthetic insulated cables of all types. Standard Telephones and Cables Limited NEW SOUTHGATE, LONDON.N.II 4 0 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

FOR TRAM £ TROLLEY WORK FOR CABLE CONSTRUCTION £ REPAIR FOR USE IN CHEMICAL FACTORIES

P & B Insulating Tape retains H B I I its adhesiveness and offers ■ £ p e r m a n e n t resistance to mechanical damage. It is proof 1% B B against water and the fumes of acids and alkalis. Supplied in '- + 3 3 % INSULATING rol,S from ^ width upwards. n ’ ( SUBJECT) As our industry is controlled our plus Purchase Tax iflB fl| ■■ ability to execute orders is Ref. No. A 59 I J H L subject to the regulations im- BRITISH CENTRAL I M B posed by the Ministry of Works: ELECTRICAL CO. LTD. THE BUBEROID CO. LTD. 6-8 RosebeT'Ave.LondoaECl . Terminus 25Z5- 92 Commonwealth House, New Oxford Street, W.C.I

Electrical Accessories 7 A 1

' SPECIAL DUTY r

m m ro r o w /¡fot//A£Mf//rs

The ELECTROPLANT C? e s t ; I9 i 2 PAUCE OF ENGINEERING.WEMBIEY.MIQDX 'tooneMMA&y SSff/ * WE WILL GLADLY REDESIGN YOUR ASHLEY SURPLUS MACHINERY IF SUITABLE ACCESSORIES ULVERSTON • LANCASHIRE M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 41

Are you a man ..

or a mouse :

Some parts of aircraft are so squeezed up and hard to get at that there is quite a boom in teeny-weeny men to do assembly work —boring holes, screwing in screws and so on. What a life ! Makes you think of Oliver Twist being pushed through the window ; or the poor little sweep in the Water Babies. If you find yourself being urged into any such industrial strait-jacket you can save the situation by murmuring to your manager the magic word “ Desoutter ”. If he thinks it’s just a rude word write to us and we will forward a complete explanation with pictures and full instructions on how to pronounce. Who knows? This may be the first step toward your being offered a partner­ ship; for a proper appreciation of Portable Power Tools is widely accepted as a main requirement in efficient Works Management !

1 -y X T ^ T lr 1 1 1 ,' T~> Specialists in Lightweight, Pneumatic I 9 ß U í X i l i l i & Electric Portable Tools

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E.U.A. Look* Ahead Preparations for Peacetime Activities

TIOR. the past five years or so the British porary houses can be electrically equipped I. Electrical Development Association in each instance. The justification is a has been in an anomalous position lack of electrical appliances; E.D.A. must (“ ridiculous ” was the word used by Lord see that this shortage is remedied as soon Brabazon at last Friday’s annual luncheon). as conditions allow. Formed to increase the use of electricity A member raised this subject at the in all possible directions, it has had to annual meeting. Mr. C. Parker (chair­ appeal to the public to cut down con­ man) said that the position was obscure sumption in factory, shop, office and home. at present; it would be clearer in six We suppose that this has not been an months’ time. He assured the questioner unqualified retrogression. It is all very that the Ministry of Works could not well to tell people to use electricity but if enforce the use of gas in temporary houses they are too lavish they receive big bills without hearing from E.D.A. and inevitably start talking about the tremendous expense. During the war one Cooking and Heating Prospects of E.D.A.’s functions has been to show Large-scale cooking is another worth­ people how to get the most out of their while development and it has made some consumption of electricity. Some atten­ progress during the war, under the aegis tion was given to this in peacetime but of the Joint E.D.A./B.E.A.M.A. Heavy perhaps not enough. There is no reason Duty Cooking Committee. Sir Stafford why it should not be a principal item in Cripps testified to the. benefits of electric E.D.A.’s post-war policy. We shall still cooking in aircraft factory canteens at the have to compete with gas and coal, luncheon. Incidentally, he came out also although the Ministry of Fuel and Power as an advocate of domestic electric heating. is to continue, and so the matter is of This leads to a consideration of another importance. application—or rather range of applica­ tions—industrial heating. The Council’s Post-War Houses report showed that there is a great deal of For the immediate present we consider interest among a variety of prospective that the outstanding duty of the Association users of electricity for this purpose—a is to watch what is happening with regard variety extending, as Mr. J. W. J. Townley to services for post-war houses. There is pointed out, from malt roasting to crema­ a suspicion of reluctance on the part of toria. Crop-drying was one application the responsible Ministries to let electricity mentioned in the report, indicating the have its head, in spite of the manifest lively interest in electrical methods which public preference for electrical methods. has been growing up among the farming There may be justification for the ruling community during the war. made in the case of London authorities Sir Stafford Cripps called for cheaper that only a third of the first batch of tem­ electricity and cheaper appliances. The 412 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 electricity supply industry has done its item for argument became one of best (and a very good best, as Lord economics. This aspect would clearly Brabazon stated) to produce cheap energy, require elaborate investigations in each but expensive and inferior coal is undoing case, but the time would be well spent. the work of the past fruitful years. As Is the British Standards regards appliances, here too the industry Ise or Ize Institution guilty of indi­ is largely in the hands of others—it cannot vidualistic deviation from dictate the price of labour and materials. its own principles by spelling “ standardi­ It can, however, by the efficient production sation ” with a second “ s ” instead of a in quantity of fewer types of well-designed “ z,” as the Standards Review half fears ? equipment attain lower unit costs and We believe not. It is true that words of thus offer the customer good value for Greek origin should, on strict etymological his money. If E.D.A. builds up the grounds, employ the z, but so many words demand the electrical manufacturers can of like-sounding termination come from be relied upon to deliver the goods. other linguistic sources that more than common classical erudition is required to T h e Bill for the con- avoid the solecism of using a z in their Fuel and Power tinuance of the Ministry case also. The modem tendency, despite of Fuel and Power passed authoritative exceptions, is to adopt the the committee stage and received a third French way of playing for safety by using reading last week. Captain Duncan s in every case. unsuccessfully moved two amendments. So m e advantages may be The first was to remove electricity from Textiles snatched from the increase the scope of the Ministry and place it in fuel costs, Mr. E. Lunn in the care of the Minister of Transport. pointed out in his chairman’s address to Captain Duncan’s object was possibly, as the I.E.E. North-Midland Centre, if de­ Mr. Shin well suggested, to guard elec­ velopment staffs of electricity supply under­ tricity against probable ill effects of takings take the opportunity of locating “ co-ordination ” but we doubt whether inefficient private plants in textile factories the reversion of electricity to the Ministry with a view to approaching the owners in of Transport would be very appropriate. regard to improving power supplies. Mill It may be considered by some to be owners are now more alive to the possi­ unfortunate, but there seems to be no bilities of savings in this way than they question that if there is a Ministry of were when coal accounted for less than Fuel and Power that is the only proper 1 per cent, of the total expenses of a yard home for the Electricity Commission. of finished cloth—an era that presumably The other amendment sought to limit the corresponded with that in which the price life of the Ministry to December 31st, of slack was 3s. 3d. per ton, from which 1948, unless Parliament determined other­ it has risen to ten times that amount. wise. If the Ministry does not justify its existence it may end before then. R e m a r k a b l e improve- Better ment- in the efficiency of T h e r e was much of Loading use of generating plant Common- novelty in the control in the United States is Diagram system described last week indicated in a recent statement by Mr. Control by Messrs. W. Kidd and C. W. Kellogg, president of the Edison E.M.S. McWhirter (who Electric Institute. He said that while made a good combination of supply and from 1939 to 1944 the plant capacity had manufacturing experience) in the paper increased by only 28 per cent, the annual presented before the I.E.E. Transmission output had risen by 83 per cent. This Section, so it properly came in for criticism improvement has been due, no doubt, to —but criticism of a healthy kind designed the great amount of linking-up of hitherto to elicit further details and to test the independent systems. In this country the extent to which the methods found grid had already done this before the war successful by the authors would be and consequently there was not so great generally applicable. The claim for a scope. All the same the Central Board reliability of modem telephone-type con­ has shown that the load factor rose from trol accessories being accepted by those 36 per cent, in 1939 to 50 per cent, in 1942 taking part in the discussion, the main and it was still 48 per cent, in 1943. M aich 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 413 Future Development E.D.A.’s Post-War Plans

EMARKABLE evidence of the strong that the grid had been established; it had i position occupied in this country’s enabled'the vast bulk of the Supply'to be lifeK by the British Electrical Development given from existing power stations. It had been necessary to build only two ne\y emergency stations. He doubted whether the supply of equipment to the Forces could have been kept up without the grid. Those responsible for the running of the system had had a most difficult time owing to the shortage of plant and labour but they had kept the supply going in ever- increasing volume with a negligible number of breakdowns. Members of E.D.A. had been particularly concerned in this work and the British electrical industry had also done a great job for our Russian allies. In aircraft factories he had seen the great use made of.electric power but he was also impressed by the equipment in the canteens. Sir Stafford said that he himself used only Above : Mr. C. Parker (chairman, E.D.A.Council) electricity for heating. and Sir Stafford Cripps. During the war people Right : Sir Harry Railing, had become more President I.E.E. and Mr. W . S. Morrison electrically-minded and the field to be opened Association nowadays up afterwards was was afforded by the tremendous. Women presence of a number now knew and appre­ of members of H.M. ciated electricity—it Government at the was no longer a annual luncheon on slightly dangerous Friday last at the mystery. He hoped Connaught Rooms. that the industry would Lord Brabazon of be able to give em­ Tara, the President, ployment to women took the chair and electricians. the principal guest was The results achieved Sir Stafford Cripps, would depend on the Minister of Aircraft Production. About 600 were present. * There was only one toast, apart from that o f“ The King.” It was “ The British Electrical Development Association ” and in proposing it S ir S t a f f o r d C r i p p s said that the Associa­ tion’s silver jubilee marked a span between two world wars which had seen a great development in the use of electricity. Those responsible for the production of the machines of war knew what was owed to electricity. Few of those outside were aware of the great contribution made by the electricity supply industry to the war effort. Power had been supplied to all the new factories even when they were situated in remote spots. In this respect it had been most fortunate Lord Brabazon with Mr. T. E. Thomas (L.P.T.B.) ^ ^ ^ E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 degree to which electricity and electrical Cheap electricity was most desirable but appliances could be cheapened. The industry here the question of coal came in. E.D.A. must rememher that theirs was no longer was not concerned with the question of the a luxury or semi-luxury market. What was control of the industry but it was interested in the price and quality of coal. The flat rate increase in price was totally inequitable. While the price of domestic coal had thus ■ ¡HU been increased by 50 per cent, the electricity supply undertakings, which used inferior coal, ■ r M had had their fuel costs doubled. At the same time quality had deteriorated. He insisted that coal must not only be black—it must bum. The electricity supply industry had a remarkable record in the improvement of efficiency; whereas in 1917 it took 3 lb. of coal to generate a unit it now required less than a pound. We had to raise the consumption of electricity per head of population. At present M r^

aa ertismg. 17,500 had been spent on March 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 4 1 5 film on post-war housing. There had been Mr. Parker said that they were doing their additional public relations work and heavy best to get the necessary staff for this work. expenditure upon photographs for ex­ Mr. E. E. J o l l y raised the question of hibition purposes. The revenue amounted to future domestic science training and Mr. £95,367 representing about 70 per cent, of Parker said that E.D.A. intended to have a the full basis, as compared with 44 per cent, closer concern in the issue of diplomas by in 1943. The motion for the adoption of the the Electrical Association for Women. accounts was seconded by Mr. J. R. J o n e s Mr. A. W. B a r h a m asked what steps were and carried. being taken to ensure for electricity a fair Mr. Parker then moved the adoption of field and no favour in new houses. Another the report saying that the increased size member said that the inability to obtain of this denoted much greater activity. They appliances had militated against use of had begun to prepare for the post-war electricity in temporary houses. He asked if period : their policy was to secure the there was any prospect of further supplies. greatest co-ordination and co-operation Mr. Parker said that war requirements had within the industry; to represent the in­ to come first. The position was obscure dustry as a unit; and ______-__ and it would be six to maintain and in­ months before they form public opinion. could see clearly in He claimed that they this matter. But the had secured better Ministry of Works relationships with the could not enforce the public and they now use of gas without had greater support trouble from E.D.A. from the supply in­ The report was dustry than ever adopted. before. The prospects Mr. Parker an­ for E.D.A. and the nounced that Lord supply industry were Brabazon had con­ never better. Mr. F. sented to act as presi- N e w e y seconded the Mr. H. Nimmo (Electricity Commission) and ! dent for a third motion and Mr. F. S. Sir George Nelson (English Electric Co.) year and said that N a y l o r , referring to the subject of uniform welding tariffs, said that it had been ruled that this was not a matter with which E.D.A. was competent to deal. The Area Com­ mittees needed guidance on this point. Mr. Parker said that it was in order to consider a uniform basis for tariffs but not actual figures. Mr. Naylor was understood to agree with this. Mr. J. W. J. T o w n l e y said that for years the Association had been too closely identified with domestic uses. He was therefore glad to see the paragraph in the report relating to industrial heating. He asked the Council to give particular attention to this and to prepare brochures and data Mr. F. B. Duncan (chairman, Radio Industry sheets for circulation to supply undertakings. Council) and Mr. R. C. Norris Sir William Beveridge, K.C.B., M.P., and Capt. J. M. Donaldson, M.C., M.I.E.E. had been elected vice-presidents. Mr. E. E. H o a d l e y proposed a vote of thanks to Lord Brabazon which was seconded by Capt. J. M. D o n a l d s o n . After Lord Brabazon had responded, B r ig .-G e n . R. F. L e g g e pro­ posed a vote of thanks to Mr. Parker and Mr. H . F . C a r p e n t e r seconded. Mr. Parker in responding said that Messrs. A. H. Young (Edmundsons), C. Rodgers (B.E.M.A.) he was leaving two unsolved and A. F. Berry problems to his successor in 4 1 6 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 the chair—the future make-up of the rural electrification, rural water supplies, Council and the Association’s future standard service unit, domestic appliance policy. Mr. C. D. T aite voiced the testing, the equipment of training colleges, Council’s thanks to the officials of all and A.T.S. vocational training. E.D.A. Committees to the technical press Mention is made of the Joint E.D.A to which he paid a special tribute. Manufacturers’ Committee which has been Annual Report Most of the subjects referred to in the report for the past year have already received atten­ tion in the Electrical Review. The accession of eight new members is recorded and reference is made to the national publicity campaign on “ Electric Kitchens for Low Cost Post- War Elomes ” of which the electric kitchens at the London Building Centre were an im­ portant part. A good press was secured for these. There was Mr. and Mrs. H. Bentham and Mr. J. B. M. Gubbins a considerable volume of national press established and is meeting regularly to advertising and the special trade and pro­ consider matters of mutual concern in which fessional announcements were revived in a co-operation promises to defeat delay and misunderstanding, and promote more rapid development. On short-term problems good results have already followed joint action but the cumula­ tive benefits to be obtained when co­ operation is visualised as part of a long-term policy are, in the Council’s opinion, in­ Mr. W. G. Turner (Southampton), Alderman A. Baynton (Canterbury) calculable. and Alderman J. R. Cairns and Mr. R. G. Widgery (Dover) A great deal of initiative has been dis­ wide variety of journals. Local advertising played by the Area Committees each of which was also stimulated. issues its own annual report. The Council The films “ Too Easy ” and “ Cooking mentions a number of activities of these for the Million ” were circulated but there Committees, among them being the arrange- was a delay in the pro­ duction of the post­ war housing film “ Their Invisible In­ heritance.” A further ,« t series of films is being prepared which will have a more, general y » y public appeal. Several paragraphs 7 in the report show that the Association has tackled the post-war JL - - housing prospects in ■ 4r - é several directions. Councillor J. E. Hughes, Alderman V. Burrows and Mr. P. Bregazzi (St- Other subjects re­ Helens) with Councilor McAuliffe and Mr. E. E. Jolly (Bethnal Green) ferred to include cooking, interchangeability of cooker parts, ment of local exhibitions; demonstrations electric kettles and utensils (efforts to secure and training courses for women members of greater supplies), commercial cooking, school the Forces, Red Cross units, etc.; and co­ kitchens, industrial heating, public lighting, operation with architects’ and other associa- M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 4 1 7 tions. Special reference is made to the its policy would need to be directed towards South-East and East England (Greater decentralisation so that a good deal of the work London) Area report on‘the welding load. now done in London, would be undertaken An appendix gives an account of the past in the areas. Mr. R. H . H a r r a l and M r . H . N . G r u n d y , year’s work of the Electrical Association for O.B.E., Regional Controller, Board of Trade, Women, particularly in the educational also spoke. sphere, including the award of electrical At the annual meeting of the Area Committee, housecraft certificates and demonstrators’ which followed the luncheon, Mr. H. Metcalfe (Bacup) was elected chairman and Mr. G. A. Robertson (Preston) deputy chairman. The membership in the area remains at 76; approaches have been made to non-member undertakings to join. For many months the North-West Area has co-operated with the Mid-East England Area in investigating a standard service unit. The essential features of a unit to meet the needs of consumers in small and medium sized houses have been agreed upon. Mid-East England Addressing members of the Mid-East England Area of the Association at the annual luncheon at Leeds last week Mi. Alfred C. Bossom said that he believed in the enterprise of the individual but if the industry did not provide cheap Messrs. A. E. Marson, Secretary, and C. J. electricity in rural areas public opinion would Hornsby, Assistant Secretary, Electricity C o m m issio n force Parliament to take action. He said that electricity supplies were being provided in rural areas in Dumfriesshire without any diplomas. The report shows the branches to charge for the initial work, and with a low, be in active operation. The national cam­ uniform rate for the service, and he did not paigns—food and cookery, fuel economy and see why this should not be done in the rest of “ Make Do and Mend ” continue to receive the country. Mr. Bossom also urged the support and ingenious methods have been industry to standardise voltages, and not to adopted by branches to bring them before wait until the Minister of Fuel and Power made the public. an Order. The Lord Mayor of Leeds (Alderman C. V. Walker), who gave members of the Association a civic welcome, spoke of the importance of Area Luncheons leaving the housewife scope for individuality in North-West England and North Wales her home. He also thought that every municipal house should have a fireplace where smokeless N March 13th the North-West England fuel could be burned. O and North Wales Area of E.D.A. held Other speakers included Mr. Clarence Parker, its annual luncheon at the Midland Hotel, chairman of the E.D.A. Council; Mr. A. G. Manchester. Mr. R. H. Harral (Blackburn) Connell, chairman of the Area Committee, who presided and the many guests included Mr. Tom presided; Mr. F. Newey, who succeeds Mr. Smith, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry Parker as chairman of the E.D.A. Council ; of Fuel and Power and Mr. Clarence Parker, and Councillor N. S. Barber, chairman of the chairman of the E.D.A. Council. Halifax Electricity Committee. M r . T om Sm ith said that the way the elec­ tricity supply industry had come through the “ blitz ” was not due to good luck; it was Carlisle Extension Payments the result of hard work, forethought and wise planning. Referring to the production of AST week the Carlisle City Council reached electrical plant (he is chairman of the Heavy L a conclusion in the discussions which have Electrical Plant Committee), Mr. Smith said been proceeding regarding extra payments to . that while the customer had some say in the the borough electrical engineer (Mr. C. W. Salt matter of deliveries the Government wanted to who recently retired) and other officials in see the work so spread over the country as to respect of the work in connection with the ensure the maximum employment for the greatest power station extensions. The total extra number of people. remuneration is £17,000 of which Mr. Salt M r . C. P arker said that if developments receives £7,490. The point was raised whether were to be on the right lines there should be these payments ranked for purposes of super­ a partnership between the industry and the annuation and the Council has been advised Ministry of Fuel and Power. There should be by counsel that they do. At last week’s meeting a national policy in regard to taking supplies Alderman J. R. Potts, chairman of the Electricity to rural areas, Government help in standardisa­ Committee, stated that the payments had been tion of voltages, and planning to secure the most made for “ a great job of work ” and had the efficient usage of fuel resources. In whatever Central Electricity Board’s approval. Councillor locations new industries were set up, adequate Potts concluded by saying that the payments power should be available to them. So far as and the additional pensions would not cost E.D.A. was concerned, Mr. Parker said that the ratepayers a farthing. 418 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 2 3 , 1 9 4 5 CORRESPONDENCE Letters should bear the writers' names and addresses, not necessarily for publication. Responsibility cannot be accepted for correspondents' opinions.

Railway Electrification situated on hill tops as well as of the tunnels themselves in foul atmospheres. Such IJEGARDIN'G the suggestion made by advantages are not always fully recognised Mr. E. R. Wilkinson, as reported in but they are very real and have very con­ your issue of March 16th, that the Govern­ siderable monetary value. ment should appoint a panel of experts to Sheffield. W. T. W a r d a l e . review the Weir Report on Railway Elec­ trification, there are those who advocate Meter Readers’ Status postponement of electrification on the 'W'HE question of the status of the meter ground that there will be so much urgent reader, recently commented on in your work to be tackled immediately after the columns, naturally brings into sharper focus war and that steam services can be improved the rest of the meter department and its in the meantime. Any delay, however, personnel. would be a mistake. Money spent on Whilst, no doubt, a case could be made improving steam haulage would not ultimately out for the meter reader, as your corre­ be recouped. spondent so ably attempted, what about the Apart from the generally recognised status of the meter room from which, major sources of economy due to electrifica­ apparently, the meter readers are to get their tion, yery large savings in the aggregate recruits ? This is the back-room of the whole would come from incidental items. Thus of the electricity department and like other there would be only a small fraction of the famous back-room boys, its personnel is far present expenditure by the railway companies from the glare of publicity, with the resultant on painting and cleaning rolling stock, consequences of inadequate status, salaries, stations, signal cabins and all gear close to the etc. line, while the saving to the public both as In spite of the general lifting of the travellers and as owners or occupiers of standard of the work, necessary to operate property near the permanent way would the 1936 Meters Act, the operating staffs be no less great, to say nothing of the effect have not benefited to the slightest degree. on health. The mingled effects of steam, In fact those working on the N.J.I.C. acid fumes and cylinder oil are accepted schedule, behind which the majority of com­ to-day almost without a murmur, because panies and corporations apparently prefer to they are mistakenly regarded as inevitable. hide, are 5s. per week worse off than their Another incidental but heavy loss in the counterparts on the installation side. Being year’s total (say, twice a day per freight numerically few, as all specialists are, their locomotive) arises from the frequent necessity numbers are not sufficient to cause the trade for backing heavy goods trains on to a lay union leaders any qualms and thus they are by to allow passenger traffic to pass. Draught left to meditate and wonder at their mis­ ceases, the fire is checked and the fire tubes fortune. are coated with non-conducting filth, which Perhaps, as your correspondent desires, lowers boiler efficiency for the rest of the the best way out of the dilemma will be to trip. The safety valve will lift a few times apply for a meter reader’s job and leave the and, on restarting, cylinders must be blown back-room for the glare of publicity with its through and heavy condensation endured for resultant financial rewards. a mile or more with an acceleration period of possibly four miles, considerably increasing O n e o f t h e F e w . the journey time. For one hundred trains ^ TOUR correspondent A. E. Izant supports per annum held up for ten minutes twice a the suggestion that the meter reader is day, the idle capital would be not less than the link between consumer and supply £600,000. If only half this amount were authority. It is common practice for both saved it would pay 3 per cent, on £1 million. electricity and gas supply authorities to issue Electric haulage would allow heavy goods printed instructions on meter cards and trains to attain full speed within a few other documents asking consumers to report moments of starting, keep well in front of any irregularities and, further, a good all but fast non-stop passenger traffic and many undertakings furnish meter readers earn interest on the capital involved at twice with special forms on which to make written the rate of steam haulage. reports to be attended to by the appropriate A further example of the kind of incidental department. advantage of railway electrification that is The reason why meter readers are the apt to be overlooked is provided by the lowest paid, is simply that it is technically reduction in maintenance of tunnel ventilators the lowest job in the industry; to-day meter M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 4 1 9 reading is being efficiently done by women concerning the supply and installation that all over the country. It would be interesting to the consumer may put to him. know if your correspondent can tell us what No, meter readers are paid according to proportion of meter readers possess just the qualifications necessary for the duty one of the qualifications he mentions, viz., performed, which is simply to read meters. the ability to answer any technical question Hastings. F. H. B u t l e r . PER§OM L and SOC IAL News of Men and Women of the Industry T Derby last week a presentation was made dustrial plants with a delegation of American to Mr. James F. Driver to commemorate his women trade unionists. A return visit to A twenty-five years’ service as honorary secretaryAmerica of trade unionists has been arranged of the East Midlands Sub-Centre of the I.E.E. and Mrs. Jean Brodie is to represent the E.T.U. The presentation, made by the chairman, Mr. Mr. A. G. Guthrie and Mr. R. P. Willcox have A. Brookes, took the form of a refrigerator been appointed directors of J. & E. Hall, Ltd. from the members and an album of portraits of Mr. M. Burningham has been appointed the past chairmen from the past chairmen. chairman and managing director of Keith Mr. Driver was chairman of the Sub-Centre Blackman, Ltd., to succeed Mr. George Keith for 1928-29. who died recently. Mr. A. L. Ayton becomes Mr. G. E. Moore, A.M.I.E.E., superintendent secretary. of the test and meter department of the Sunder­ Mr. T. W. Dann, A.M.I.E.E., chief engineering land Corporation electricity undertaking, is assistant to the Poplar Borough Council this year’s president of the Electrical Power Electricity Department, who as announced in Engineers’ Association. Mr. Moore, who is our last issue has been also vice-chairman of the National Joint Board appointed as deputy of Employers and Members of Staff (Electricity borough electrical en­ Supply Industry), has been an extensive con­ gineer at Tunbridge tributor to the technical Wells, was educated at Press. It is interesting the Liverpool Collegiate to recall that his first School and Liverpool article—written in 1919 University where he while he was still in the obtained the B.Eng. Army—was contributed (Honours) and M.Eng. to the Electrical Review, degrees. He was granted the subject being “ Elec­ the David Rew Scholar­ tricity and Kinemato- ship for post-graduate re­ graphy.” In 1931 he search under Prof. E. W. read an I.E.E. paper Marchant. (with Mr. E. Fawssett) Between 1919 and 1925 on “ Maintenance of he served with Camp­ Mr. T. W . Dann Large - capacity AC bell & Isherwood, Meters ” and last No­ Bootle; Cammell Laird & Co., Ltd., Birken­ vember he submitted to head; the White Star Alkali Co., Ltd., Bootle; Mr. G. E. Moore the Measurements Sec­ and the English Electric Co., Ltd., Preston. tion a paper on “ Plan­ Then, after acting as chief assistant to the head ning the Future Electricity Meter,” which he of the switchgear development department repeated last January before the Scottish Centre of the General Electric Co., Ltd., at Witton in Edinburgh. for four years, he became personal technical Before going to Sunderland in 1930 Mr. assistant to the managing director and engineer Moore had held appointments with the Cam­ of the Northampton Electric Light & Power bridge and Paul Instrument Co. (test room, Co., Ltd. He has been chief engineering Muswell Hill works) and from 1921 to 1930 assistant at Poplar since 1941. with the Newcastle-on-Tyne and associated companies (now the North-Eastern Electric Mr. H. C. H. Armstead, B.Sc. Hons. (London), Supply Co.) with whom he held the post of has recently relinquished his appointment as assistant engineer in the testing department Mint Master and Superintendent of Stamps to under Mr. E. Fawssett. During the last war he the Government of Hyderabad, Deccan, and served in the A.S.C. as an electrician, abroad in has assumed the post of chief electrical engineer the R.W.F. and later in the R.E. under Capt. to the Government, in charge of city and district electrification and of telephones. (now Sir Lawrence) Bragg. Mr. Armstead, who was born in London in Mr. N. Hunter, who has just been appointed 1903, received his education and training at general manager and engineer of the Stockton- the Royal Naval Colleges at Osborne and on-Tees Corporation Electricity Department, is Dartmouth, the City and Guilds Engineering a full member of the Institution of Electrical College, South Kensington, and with Leyland Engineers, not an associate member as stated Motors, Ltd. In 1925 he was appointed assistant in our issue of March 9th. engineer with the Bombay Electric Supply Representing the International Brotherhood & Tramways Co., Ltd., and from 1929 to 1931 of Electrical Workers Mrs. J. O’C. Parker he served with Highfield and Roger Smith, recently toured Scottish shipyard and in­ consulting engineers, in a similar capacity. IT~H e 420 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 was then for two years on the technical staff of the Central Electricity Board (Central England JVew B o o k s District) before taking up the position in 1933, of Deputy Director of H.E.H. The Nizam’s Radio Technique. B y A .G . Mills. Pp. 170; figs. Electricity Department, Hyderabad, and of 301. Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 37-39, Essex M int W orkshops. Since 1935 he has been Street, W.C.2. Price 12s. 6d. Director of the Department and of Mint Being a teacher of radio engineering, and Workshops, also holding the appointments of intending the book for students, the author Mint Master and Superintendent of Stamps to states that he has endeavoured to present a the Government. Mr. Armstead is a member concise collection of material not previously of the Institution of Electrical and Mechanical gathered together in one volume, and this is Engineers, and associate membef of the indeed the impression one gets on examining Institution of Civil Engineers. the book. In 170 pages one could not hope to present anything but a rather scrappy collection Mr. C. A. Cameron Brown, who has been of information on the wide subject of radio with the Electrical Research Association for the technique, particularly as about 50 pages are past seven years and before that was at the devoted to fundamental magnetism and elec­ Ipstitute of Agricultural Engineering, Oxford, tricity. As a result, a “ chapter ” on thermionic has joined Edmundsons Electricity Corporation, emission occupies under two pages. Another Ltd. Mr. Cameron Brown will superintend the chapter, on the valve as a maintainer of oscilla­ Corporation’s rural development scheme, which tions, devotes 2J pages to this subject, then is estimated to cost £15 million in the first changes its mind and deals with the propagation five post-war years, and his services will be at of wireless waves in the remaining two pages. the disposal of all the associated companies It would be easy to quote other examples, such which are individually responsible for develop­ as the fact that frequency modulation is dis­ ment in their own areas. missed in about half a dozen words as it is Mr. A. J. Staines who has served for the past “ little used in this country.” The author has eighteen years with the Metropolitan-Vickers endeavoured to get too much into too small a Electrical Co., Ltd., is taking up an executive compass.—W.E.M. position with Newey & Eyre, Ltd., electrical wholesalers and general engineering suppliers, Radio Receivers and Transmitters. By S. W. Birmingham. He joined Metrovick Supplies, Amos, B.Sc., A.M.Brit.I.R.E., and F. W. Ltd., in Charing Cross Road, in May, 1927, Kellaway, B.Sc. Pp. 281; figs. 150 and 8 in the Export Department, and after moving to plates. Chapman & Hall. Price 21s. Bush House for a short period was transferred to The authors state that the book is intended Birmingham as an outside representative in 1932. to bridge the gap between pure science and applied radio, which, they claim, has not previously been attempted. Some elementary Obituary knowledge of electricity, radio and mathematics Mr. P. W. Paget, the last survivor of the on the part of the reader is assumed. As might group of wireless pioneers—Marconi, Kemp be expected, the emphasis in the book is on the and Paget—who heard the first transatlantic receiving side, transmitters being covered in a wireless signal in December, 1901, has died at final chapter of 28 pages. Although amplitude- his home in Essex. Mr. Paget, who was seventy- modulated systems naturally occupy the bulk two, joined the Marconi Company in 1898, of the volume, frequency-modulation is briefly a year after its incorporation, and went with treated, as is also television. Marconi and Mr. G. S. Kemp to Newfoundland Following an introductory chapter, there are in December, 1901, to establish the receiving chapters on inductance, capacitance and resonant station for the experiments which were to prove circuits, and in these the authors’ intention of the possibility of transatlantic wireless com­ welding theory and practice together is clearly munication. Mr. Paget retired in July, 1938. shown. The mathematics is adequate for the Mr. G. V. Boys.—We regret to report the death, student, without being so advanced as to on March 15th, of Mr. Geoffrey Vernon Boys bewilder the average reader. Successive sections at the age of fifty-one. Mr. Boys, who had deal with propagation and aerials, valves, been secretary of the Institution of Naval A F amplification, detection, output stages, Architects for about ten years was educated loudspeakers, negative feedback, RF and IF at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cam­ amplification, oscillators and superheterodyne bridge, taking honours in mathematics and receivers for amplitude and frequency modu­ physical science. He served with the Royal lation and television. The last chapter, as Engineers during the last war and later was mentioned earlier, deals with transmitters. demonstrator in mathematics and mechanics at There are eight short appendices, mainly con­ the Imperial College of Science and Technology. cerned with the solution of typical differential Subsequently he joined Kennedy and Donkin equations. as a senior assistant. For some time during the It is stated that S. W. Amos was responsible present war he acted as personal assistant to the for the engineering, while F. W. Kellaway Director of Naval Construction but had to supplied the mathematical knowledge. The relinquish this appointment through illness. blending of the two has been very smooth and Mr. Boys was a member of the Institutions of successful, and the result does largely achieve Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. what the authors set out to do.—W.E.M. Mr. G. A. Harries.—We learn with regret that Mr. Gwynne C. Harries, works manager Books Received and mechanical engineer to Santon, Ltd., Factory Organisation and Management By collapsed and died on March 14th after taking N. F. T. Saunders, B.Sc., M.I.E.E. Pp. 163. Sir part in a football match. He was forty years Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., 39, Parker Street of age. London, W.C.2. Price 10s. 6d. M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 421 Instrument Errors Effects of Temperature Changes

PAPER which M r . G . F. T a g g (English troublesome sources of error were self-heating A Electric Co., Ltd.) submitted to the and variation of the elasticity of the spring. Measurements Section of the Institution of Errors of | per cent, were often met with Electrical Engineers last Friday reviews due principally to the self-heating effect. instrument errors caused by normal changes The temperature coefficient of the low-range of temperature and outlines the more common voltmeter could be improved by selecting methods of compensating for them. a rectifier in which the leakage current was The paper first describes briefly the five higher than usual. Apart from shunting a main sources of error due to changes in proportion of the flux, another method of resistance, flux in permanent magnets, using temperature-affected magnetic alloys magnetic properties of iron and steel, elasticity was in the core of a choke coil. of springs and other means of suspension M r . F. R. A x w o r t h y (Everett, Edgcumbe necessary for torque control; physical expan­ & Co.) expressed surprise that the author sion and contraction are not considered, being made no reference to induction instruments. usually small. An account then follows of Several interesting movements had been the best means of compensation in each case devised to improve their performance ; respectively for ammeters, voltmeters, milli- examples were the MacCahan instruments in voltmeters, wattmeters and instruments the United States and the Ockenden and operated by rectifiers and thermocouples. Lipman movements in this country. He did Most indicating and recording instruments not think that Swinburne’s method of com­ are subject to some of the five main errors pensating millivoltmeters had much to and some to all of them. In some cases an recommend it and he did not agree with the error due to one cause may tend to cancel out author that 10 V was the lowest satisfactory another from a different source, but such range for a rectifier voltmeter. It depended compensation is very seldom complete, so of course, on the volt drop used. A satis­ there is generally a residual temperature factory 5 V instrument could be achieved effect that needs additional correction. quite easily and one-volt or less by incor- A large part of the paper is concerned with poratihg a transformer. the last-mentioned aspect of the subject, M r. D. C. G a l l (H. Tinsley & Co.) said it being pointed out that moving-coil instru­ that the chief difficulty was to arrange com­ ments operating in conjunction with copper- pensation so that it was true during changing oxide rectifiers, generally of the bridge type, temperatures as well as at fixed temperatures. for measuring AC quantities are subject All the author’s formulae applied to conditions to errors which are additional to the usual of equilibrium, which were seldom reached, ones, so making it difficult to compensate particularly in instruments on aircraft or completely. In general a satisfactory volt­ under industrial conditions. Tellurium alloys meter of this kind cannot be made with a were supposed to have a very high negative bridge rectifier for a range of less than 0 to temperature coefficient and might be useful. 10 V, or by using a circuit that reduces the M r. D. C o n n e l l y (Sangamo-Weston) number of rectifier arms in series from two asked whether the shape and size of the to one for a 0 to 5 V range. magnet and the springs affected the tem­ perature coefficient. He also sought informa­ Discussion tion about new alloys of the cadmium and In opening the discussion M r . W . beryllium-copper types for springs. P h il l ip s (Elliott Bros., London, Ltd.) said M r . C . L . L ip m a n (Nalder Bros. & Thomp­ that while changes due to physical expansion son) said that the advent in recent years of and contraction might be so small as to be the group of nickel-aluminium-cobalt-steel generally negligible, that was not necessarily permanent magnets had so improved the true for dynamometer instruments. Thermal performance of the moving coil instrument lag was important when a compensating that the designer need no longer worry device was used. The Campbell compensator about temperature errors. The position with was mounted between the limbs of the regard to induction type instruments was not magnet so that it was enveloped by a thermal so favourable, but nevertheless, their tem­ screen and worked under the same conditions perature errors had been reduced to amounts as the moving coil. The results obtained by which were consistent with good engineering the formulae in the paper should be regarded practice. To achieve this, methods of com­ only as a guide, since they took no account pensation somewhat different from those of the resistance of the connecting leads or of de'scribed were employed. In induction the change in the elasticity of the control instruments, the torque was proportional not springs. In precision wattmeters, the most only to the product of two currents, but also 422 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 2 3 , 1 945

to the sine of the phase-angle between their couples with which it was impossible to make respective fluxes. One construction of any temperature compensation externally. induction ammeter was arranged to be elec­ M r. P. J. H ig g s (N.P.L.) remarked that trically equivalent to a current transformer. stability of materials had not been touched The temperature coefficient of such an upon. There was a tendency for small ammeter, commercially produced, was less changes in metals to go on for months and than 0-02 per cent, of 1 deg. C. even years. A spring material depended for M r . H . E a s t o n (Ferranti, Ltd.) thought its properties on being in an over-worked or that the most important point in the case of drawn condition and the effect of temperature modern moving coil instruments, the tem­ and time was of great importance when an perature coefficient of the springs, had not instrument was overloaded for a time or when received adequate attention. M r . L. B. S. it was used in tropical countries. G o l d s (Edmundsons Electricity Corporation) T h e A u t h o r , replying to the discussion said he was sorry that self-heating errors had said that errors due to the control springs not been dealt with. Actual instruments very were more serious in high precision instru­ often did not work out as the author had ments; they were not at all troublesome in described. M r . A. B. T o w n l e y asked if the the ordinary range of commercial switchboard author could give any information about the instruments. There was not much infor­ comparative performances of vacuum thermo­ mation about errors due to the magnet.

Installation Contracts Importance of Accurate Estimating HE relationship of estimating to the contractor, which should show, in conduit T economics of electrical contracting is foot runs, cable sizes of sub-mains; main, the subject of a paper submitted by M r . sub-main and fuseboard locations, and circuit W. H . B r o o k s for discussion before the arrangements as installed. Association of Supervising Electrical En­ It had been the practice in recent years for gineers this week. It was based on a previous tenders to take the form of “ priced bills contribution made at an informal meeting just of quantities,” or “ scheduled prices.” While before the war. the itemised quantities often gave much He commenced with the observation that trouble to the estimator, the system provided the subject seemed never to have been fully the very information required for schedule explored, or really understood, and pro­ pricing, in lineal foot run costs, itemised ceeded to remark upon tendering on in­ fixings, etc., and it remained only for the sufficient information about, or knowledge of, relative oncost and administrative costs to be the work to be done. He referred to bad proportioned to the appropriate items. estimating by unqualified people, as well as In a tabulated comparison of labour costs price cutting and the effects of excessive for different systems installed on the surface, establishment charges. due account is taken of the fixing in each It was said that too little time was often case, demonstrating that close jointed conduit allowed to contractors for preparing their labour costs were proportionately high con­ tenders, some architects seeming to have sidering the lightness of the system, whereas little real conception of the amount of copper conduit system with sweated connec­ work involved in pricing accurately. An tions was on a par with screwed welded explanation of how successful estimating conduit. depended upon adequate costing carried In conclusion the author appealed for more the warning that perfect cohesion must be detail to be provided with the specifications maintained between the two departments with reference to particular features of the without, as was so often wrongly assumed, buildings concerned, for instance, as to the collusion. floor construction, type of ceiling where In the author’s opinion tendering for wiring fixings are required ; pre-routing for cables installation work submitted at so much per and conduit services, with particular attention point was one of the most unsatisfactory to adequate space being provided for the methods of quoting and was neither fair to main services, and a fair margin to allow for the client nor to the contractor himself. For future extensions. Where reinforced concrete any job requiring an electrical installation a structures were contemplated a beam plan definite plan showing actual positions, should be submitted to enable the conduit permissible conduit runs and ample sized routes to be shown and provision made mains and service arrangements should be through beams and columns to avoid, as far submitted for contractors’ tender; but on as possible, cutting away and making good completion of each installation a complete afterwards and unnecessary and detrimental record drawing should be supplied by the bends in the conduit or other system. Maren ¿i, i V43 tLECTRicAL R e v ie w 4 2 3 €ore-Balanee Protection Applications to Industrial Premises

LARGE proportion of By G. Barnard, a . m . i . e . e . therefore at any instant is A breakdowns of electrical zero, which proves that when apparatus is due to failure of insulation caused there is no fault on the lines the fluxes cancel by current leaking through the insulation to out and no electromotive force is induced in earthed parts, such as frames of switchgear and the core-balance transformer secondary. iron cores of motors. The best form of auto­ Any lack of balance in the loading of matic protection is one which ensures that the faulty piece of apparatus is disconnected from the circuit before severe burning occurs. In col­ lieries, where the ex­ V v plosion risk is generally X a '/ / |X _ \ b present, as well as in n power stations and on / \\ •* •' \ / / factory main distribu­ tion switchboards, the V x / core-balance earth- / \ / \ leakage relay protective X vT J system has proved c effective for this purpose. g a+b-c=o The principle as *

Fig. 2.—C.B.L. transformer principle

separate phases will not affect the principle, because extra current delivered by one phase must return via the other two phases. As all three phases embrace the core, the balance is maintained and there is zero flux. In Fig. 3, an earth fault is shown on phase C. The fault current returns to the star point of the supply transformer or alternator through the earth. The balance of the fluxes in the iron core of the core-balance transformer is upset, because the fault current does not return via phases A and B. A resultant flux therefore circulates in the core. This flux cuts the secondary windings, inducing an electromotive force followed by current in

applied to three-phase feeder switches is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 1. As each of the three lines, A, B and C, embraces a common laminated iron core, magnetic fluxes should be set up in the core by the currents. The three currents with theii fluxes are displaced in time or phase as repre­ sented in Fig. 2, where the time displacement is shown to be one third of a period, or 120 electrical degrees, thus conforming to standard three-phase practice. If we take any instant on the flux-time graphs, say NN, and project the values along to the vector diagram on the right, we find that the instantaneous value of the fluxes due the secondary relay circuit. The relay coil to phases A B and C are + a, + b and - c. attracts a moving armature, thus breaking The algebraic sum of the three fluxes the DC circuit to the main solenoid and the 424 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w M arch 23, 1945 circuit-breaker trips, thereby isolating the on the board, closing the main switch, then defective feeder. closing the circuit switches one at a time. Overload trip gear is incorporated in the Immediately the faulty-circuit switch is closed, the main switch will trip out. It is not always advisable to have an earth- leakage trip in the main circuit-breaker con­ trolling the power to the works, because if it trips out, the entire factory is stopped. In many cases, it will be better to have an earth leakage indicator, and leave the leakage trips to the incoming switches on the depart­ mental distribution switchboards. To comply with the Regulations, leakage indication is necessary at collieries and a continuously recording instrument is desirable. A continuous record enables the engineer in charge to nip in the bud a fault before it reaches the danger point. For small and medium sized works, the simply arrangement shown in Fig. 5 is recommended. Normally the earthing switch is closed and the instrument is inoperative. The instrument is a low-reading ammeter and may burn out if left in circuit without attend­ panel, the relay also being in the DC solenoid ance and a heavy earth-fault current flows circuit. With earthed neutral supply, three through the neutral-earth connection to the overload coils are necessary, or two if earth- star-point of the transformer secondary leakage protection is provided. windings. A routine can be established The method is applicable to smaller three- phase switch panels in which case a source of DC is unnecessary, as in Fig. 4, where R is a current-limiting resistance, E.L.R. the earth leakage relay, C.B.T. the core-balance- transformer and O.L.R. is the overload relay. The writer recommends the fitting of core­ balance leakage protection to the main switch on distribution switchboards in the various departments of a factory to protect each section against earth faults. The

Fig. 6.—Indicator with protective relay and a la rm bell whereby the electrician opens the earthing switch at a certain time daily, preferably when most of the works circuits are loaded. For larger installations the equipment shown diagrammatically in Fig. 6 is suitable for permanent connection in circuit on the main switchboard. The low-reading am­ objection that a minor fault may close down meter is safeguarded by the relay, which is set the entire department is not important, to operate when the fault current exceeds a because the faulty circuit can be found im­ certain value, at the same time giving audible mediately by first opening all the switches warning. M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 425 Control of Supply System s Application of Telephone Technique

N opening the discussion on the opera­ cleaning and general maintenance of a very tional control of supply networks at the high order would be absolutely essential. TransmissionI Section of the Institution of Experience in Birmingham was that super­ Electrical Engineers (Messrs. Kidd and visory remote control based on selector McWhirter’s paper on the subject was relays and coded impulse signals operated referred to last week) M r . E. B. S. P o w e l l fairly reliably but after a few years, in spite (London Power Co.) congratulated the of careful maintenance, the gear became so authors on having the courage to break away unreliable that shift attendants had to be from normal supervisory methods for reduc­ reinstated at some substations. The trouble ing the amount of equipment necessary and, was mainly due to sticking relays and in the incidentally, the cost and maintenance. Theirs authors’ system there were several relays in was an instance of co-operation between the series for every particular operation. Nothing telephone engineer and the power engineer, short o f 100 per cent, reliability could be which was of great assistance. The Man­ tolerated. Therefore, it was very necessary chester system provided the greater part of that the development of this kind of equip­ of the needs of the control engineer and ment should not proceed too fast. avoided the changing of a large number of Mr. C. G. Carrothers (Kennedy & lights all over the diagram, but it fell short Donkin) said that control engineers would with regard to one minor detail in that the surely appreciate a room with windows in it. control engineer had to study four or five He showed a sketch plan of a control room different diagrams at the same time. he had designed which, he said, while having Obviously the authors had not found that some features in common with that in the a disadvantage, but the system of control paper, had a window which gave a very fine would be strengthened if the wall diagram view of the system of incoming lines and the could be arranged to give facilities for quick surrounding countryside. reference. He did not agree that it was necessary for the control engineers to study Faith in Telephone-type Gear the geographical positions of sub-stations. M r. N. C. S m a r t (G.E.C., Coventry), In the Manchester system a light indicated speaking as a telecommunications engineer, that something had taken place and where expressed his satisfaction that a progressive the fault was. On the London Power Co.’s undertaking like that at Manchester had so system, it was all done by telephone, but it much faith in the operation of telephone did not introduce a great deal of delay. It type gear that it was prepared to use such a had, indeed, been found quite satisfactory; comparatively complex system. No doubt at the same time, he felt that a common need be entertained as to the technical opera­ diagram might serve a useful purpose, even tion of the system and he asserted that its in a manually operated substation, in giving reliability had been proved during the past correct information, which was one of the 10 or 15 years. It seemed a great pity to him most difficult things to find out. that there was not, in this type of system, a diagram always in front of the control Question of Annual Costs engineer showing the circuit breakers that M r . D . P . S a y e r s (Birmingham Electricity were closed and those that were open, which Department) said his principal criticism was seemed to him necessary for the satisfactory, the absence of any figures of cost. Distribu­ rapid and reliable operation of the system. tion costs at Manchester were extremely Such a diagram would be big, but it would high, being about double those at Birming­ do a big job and space should be made ham. Would the supervisory system increase available for it. For traction systems any or reduce the present operating costs? change in a substation with 20 circuit breakers Assuming that the installation of supervisory should be indicated within 10 seconds. equipment would eliminate the necessity for With four or five substations the indications manual attendance at a number of sub­ should be complete within one minute, but stations, then the wages of the attendants it did not seem that the authors’ system at a fully attended substation with a four- would be capable of doing that. shift cycle would be about £ 1,000 per annum, M r . R. F a r r a l l (London Transport) said so if the wages could be dispensed with by that yearly cost was the only yardstick and the installation of other equipment, it might it was necessary to consider at what sacrifice be true to say that up to £ 10,000 of capital of the normal requirements of a good control expenditure could be incurred without scheme the saving had been made. As for increasing the total annual cost of operation. reliability, he maintained that supervisory But some local staff would be required for gear was not infallible. Perhaps the designers 426 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2 3 , 1945 had anticipated certain possibilities in their last thing wanted was a common diagram 10 minute storage of the signalling, but he system. The control engineer must be given seriously doubted whether 10 minutes would all the information he required to enable hint be adequate. Indeed, he indicated conditions to decide what to do, but it would be useless in which it might take two hours to find out to tell him that a breaker had opened tn one what had happened and went on to say that of three substations if the latter happened if it were possible for all 288 substations to to be situated on a common line. shut down simultaneously the time required M r. J. A. B r o u g h a l l (L.M.S.) said he would be some 25 hours ! If the authors could re-assure power engineers about the were putting the scheme forward on the reliability of Post Office type equipment and assumption that the great majority of the promised to send in details of actual per­ switches, once closed, would never re-open, formance of one or two systems of which his by the nature of the system, that should have company had 8 o r 10 years’ experience. been made clear and the claims for the system The paper would be still more useful if it reduced accordingly. contained a classification of equipment defects. Perhaps a compromise between Limit of Operators’ Capability the old system and the authors’ would be Some years’ experience with this type of most likely to give the best results; it was no gear had firmly convinced him that the limit use obtaining information at a quicker to the number of substations that could be speed than that at which the operator could placed under the control of one operator assimilate it, and the common diagram had was the number that could be brought within a great deal in its favour from that particular range of his easy vision. When that number point of view. was exceeded, more operators must be employed. After suggesting the use of four- Duplication of Transmission System wire control in preference to two-wire, with M r . B. W e b b - W a r e (C.E.B.) asked if the the provision that either two wires could be authors, in preparing their curve which used in an emergency for reversion to two- indicated that a minimum of 10 substations wire control (the additional cost on a new justified economically a common diagram, job being negligible), Mr. Farrall said his had allowed for any duplication of the trans­ experience had been that the pre-selection mission system in the control centre, because which had been introduced by the authors he had had experience of difficulty due to was a waste of time and unnecessary. In the lack of that. His experience of telephone present stage of development, no single type apparatus for supervisory control had operation should take more than three been highly successful, over a period of seconds. Power engineers should make it some ten years. clear to telephone engineers, who did not M r . G . A. B u r n s (Automatic Telephone always appreciate the power engineer’s & Electric Co.) thought the authors had been problems, that the requirements he had ungenerous to supervisory control. The indicated must be met, otherwise he feared authors’ system did not appear to make that supervisory control would be discredited, maintenance simpler. One important point which would be a pity because he believed that had come out in the discussion was the it had a great future. general acceptance of the reliability of tele­ phone type apparatus, which was very Ensuring Satisfactory Loading different from the attitude taken at a previous M r . D . E. B i r d (Edmundsons) said that meeting on this subject in 1935. one of the important features was the control Mr. M cW hirter, replying to some of the of the system under normal conditions, which points mentioned in the discussion, said it meant satisfactory loading of the various was not easy to give figures of cost for sys­ feeders. That was not possible without tems of this type. They varied considerably supervisory indications, but he did not see and a great deal depended on the particular provision for it in the authors’ system. conditions. The provision of a control room While he would not worry about the reliability with windows was quite a debatable point. of telephone apparatus, he would worry The authors felt there were great disadvant­ about the reliability of the pilots, especially ages in having a complete detailed diagram if they were on overhead lines. He had been of the whole site network. They favoured a responsible for the design of a control room reduction of the amount of detail shown on similar in dimensions and colour scheme to the common diagram, at the same time giving that mentioned in the paper, which the the control engineer facilities for seeing the control engineers hated; they left the doors detail as and when he wanted to look at open so that they could see outside. They each part of the network. The pilots in had a feeling of claustrophobia. What was Manchester were all underground and it was the authors’ experience at Manchester in recognised that overhead pilots were not so this respect ? reliable, but that was not a matter to be M r . T. R . R a y n e r (Automatic Telephone afraid of if the problem were attacked in a & Electric Co.) expressed the view that the normal commonsense manner. M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 427 COMMERCE and IXDUSTR1 Equipment for Buildings. Fuel Position in Scotland. Goods for Building Contracts level which does not exceed an amount equal to 75 per cent, of the average weekly consumption HE Board of Trade has issued a general based upon the last meter reading. licence (S.R. & O. 1945 No. 245, Stationery Factories have been informed that a variation T Office, price Id.) dated March 9th, under theof the Direction may be granted in exceptional Location of Retail Businesses Order. circumstances to safeguard the most urgent This permits building undertakings and civil categories of production and certain continuing engineering undertakings, as defined in Regu­ processes, but the Direction remains operative lation 56A B of the Defence (General) Regula­ in relation to such factories unless and until tions, to supply at any premises such articles of they have received a notification from the ironmongery and electrical goods (other than Regional Controller of the Ministry of Pro­ radio goods, electric torches and torch batteries) duction or the Regional Controller of the as are used in the course of building and civil Government Department with which they deal, engineering contracts, without the necessity that a variation or cancellation of the Direction of obtaining individual licences under the Order. has been allowed. The licence is intended to avoid overlapping The Ministry of Fuel and Power, with the controls. It does not, however, absolve con­ concurrence of the Board of Trade, has also tractors from compliance with the provisions made an Order directing that a 25 per cent, of Regulation 56AB; neither does it authorise cut in electricity consumption should be carried the supply of any goods except those falling out by businesses engaged in the wholesale within the categories specified, nor the supply and retail distribution of goods employing ten by sale (js distinct from supply pursuant to or more insured workers. contracts of work, labour and materials) of The necessity for this action arises from the any goods whatsoever. serious situation in relation to coal production in Scotland as a result of the strike of colliery New Vactric Factory deputies, following so soon after the losses due to the recent period of exceptional weather. By arrangement with the Ministry of Aircraft In consequence, coal stocks at gas works and Production and the Board of Trade fully power stations in Scotland are now so low that equipped works of approximately 100,000 sq. ft. the Government has decided that compulsory at Chapelhall, near Airdrie, Scotland, are being measures for an immediate and extensive taken over by Vactric, Ltd. Arrangements have economy in the consumption of gas and elec­ also been completed by the company for the tricity must be introduced. erection within twelve months of another Press and broadcast appeals are also being factory of 200,000 sq. ft. with the provision made urging everybody else to co-operate by of additional area up to 600,000 sq. ft. The voluntary savings, and special approaches are works will be equipped with the most modern being made to cinemas by the Regional Con­ plant for the production of Vactric vacuum troller in Scotland to effect economies in the cleaners, refrigerators, washing machines and consumption of electricity. kitchen units, but manufacture will also be continued at the present Elstree factory, the Information for Contractors location in Scotland having been selected with particular regard to a large volume of export The National Federated Electrical Association trade. has issued a further series of amending slips (H to O) for insertion in the War Emergency Allocation of Government Factories Supplement to the “ Electrical Contractors’ It was announced by the President of the Year Book ” and the booklet “ Industrial Board of Trade on Monday that nineteen Agreements and National Working Rules.” Government factories had been allocated to Referring to the Government’s recent state­ peacetime production and would be handed ment on holidays in 1945, the Director and over in due course. Among these factories are Secretary of the Association (Mr. L. C. Penwill) one at Chester to be acquired by Brookhirst advises his members regarding the rates to be Switchgear, Ltd., and one at Peterborough, in paid for work on public holidays. He also which the British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd., stresses the continued necessity for the “ staggering ” of annual holidays and says that will produce refrigerators. the Government hopes that industry will again Scottish Economy Direction co-operate with the Regional Boards of the Ministry of Production in securing the maximum The Electricity Commissioners have informed practical degree of spread-over of holidays both Scottish electricity undertakings that the within establishments and between firm and Regional Controller of the Ministry of Pro­ firm and district and district. duction for Scotland, under authority delegated to him by the Minister of Fuel and Power, has American Commercial Conditions issued a Direction under Article 1 of the Control of Fuel (No. 3) Order, 1942, to all factories in The Department of Overseas Trade is publish­ Scotland requiring a reduction of 25 per cent, ing a series of twenty-six booklets describing in their gas and electricity consumption. The commercial conditions in various countries. Direction, in so far as electricity is concerned, The first, dealing with the United States, requires that until further notice the weekly contains a brief introductory chapter reviewing consumption of electricity shall be reduced to a the principal industrial and financial move­ 428 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 ments in the period between the two plant it was decided to generate only such wars, particularly during 1929-39 and covering amount as was produced in providing a labour conditions. Next the pre-war foreign sufficient supply of low-pressure steam and to trade of the United States is touched upon and purchase the balance from the local electricity it is noted—the only electrical reference—that supply authority. In the twenty years between imports from the United Kingdom of electrical the wars this balance increased from oUU.UUU machinery and apparatus were $303,900 in to over 15 million kWh a year. 1937, $403,400 in 1938 and $188,900 in 1939. The next chapter relates to wartime changes in Purchase Tax on Aluminium Ware industry and agriculture and then the U.S.A. Under the Purchase Tax (Alteration of Rates) is considered as a post-war market for United (No. 2) Order, 1945, the purchase tax chargeable Kingdom goods. It deals with representation on domestic aluminium hollow-ware is reduced in America and recommends the setting-up to 16f per cent, of the wholesale value. The of sales organisations rather than the employ­ reduced rate applies only to goods which are ment of agents. The booklet concludes by delivered on sale, or appropriated to retail stating:—“ The U.S.A. offers a rich, but not an trade or similar purposes, on or after March 31st, easy, market: competition, for the consumer’s 1945, or, in the case of imported goods, which dollar is intensive. ‘ Made in Britain ’ is a are entered with the Customs or delivered from useful starting point in favour of the sale of bonded warehouse for home consumption as United Kingdom goods but increased volume the case may be, on or after March 31st, 1945. can be attained only by a combination of this initial advantage with what is most modern Scottish Contractors’ Year Book and effective in sales technique.” The Year Book of the Electrical Contractors’ Association for Scotland, 55, Frederick Street, “ Magicoal ” Fires for Export Edinburgh (price 3s. 6d.) contains all its usual Two new 2-kW “ Magicoal ” fires intended useful features. Besides the list of members, especially for export are designed so that they there are sections dealing with the special can be dismantled for packing and assembled conditions relating to contracts in Scotland, in ten minutes with Scottish electricity supply undertakings, elec­ unskilled labour trical trade associations, holidays with pay, on arrival at their insurance, the approximate power required to destination. By this drive various machinery, a scheme for the means it is possible reinstatement of apprentices returning from the to get six times as Forces, and suppliers of equipment. many fires into a Irish Electrical Imports This “ Magicoal ** The Department of Industry and Commerce fire, when disman­ of Eire has recently restarted the issue of the tled for packing, official monthly import and export returns can be assembled in ten minutes which had been suspended since August, 1939. From the figures now available the accompany­ ing table of imports of electrical machinery packing case, the and apparatus has been compiled. As compared various compo­ nents fitting neatly Class o f G oods 1939 1944 into one another. £ £ One of the fires has five main parts and Electric motors 49,366 10,196 the other eight, the Measuring instruments and apparatus 20,508 12,467 assembly requiring the use of only twelve screws. Other electrical apparatus 294,225 30,180 Both models are finished in “ Berrybronze.” The Vacuum cleaners 51,287 --- makers are Berry’s Electric, Ltd., 85-86, Dry batteries 12,237 1,822 Newman Street, London, W.l. Ditto, parts 7,691 4,817 Electric fires, kettles, irons etc. 21,062 5,241 Industrial Record Cooking apparatus and parts 14,900 2,654 Electric lamps 12,808 5,260 Although their business is of a very different Lighting fittings and parts 67,407 14,543 character from that of the electrical industry, Insulated wires and cables 84,033 12,305 Cadbury Bros., Ltd., in a handsome publication Telegraph and telephone apparatus 87,124 9,543 give an account of methods which may find Radio receivers, complete 117,450 1,032 some broader application. This book (“ Indus­ Ditto, partly assembled 15,993 7,592 trial Record: 1919-39,” Sir Isaac Pitman & Ditto, l components and Sons, Ltd., 8s. 6d. net) shows how at Bourne- accessories 88,752 14,906 ville an endeavour was made to increase Other electrical goods and mechanisation and at the same time minimise apparatus 173,756 103,432 the effect of this upon employees. Market T o tal . . research, advertising, distribution methods and £1,118,599 £235,990 employee education are among the subjects wi ti1oli'5£Alast years’ gross imports show a decline dealt with in a realistic way and the book is of £882,609, or nearly 79 per cent. well illustrated with two-colour diagrams, maps, etc. Reference is made to the power supply Absolute Units system. In 1919 the company generated most The results of eight determinations of the of its electricity by'steam and producer gas absolute ohm and seven of the absolute ampere engines. With the centralisation of the power made during the decade preceding 1944 in M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 429

England, France, Germany, Japan and the of the concern, which carries out a great deal United States are critically reviewed in research of electrical and other maintenance work, paper RP.1606 of the U.S. National Bureau mainly in connection with automobiles. The of Standards. This analysis shows the most brochure contains pictures of the company’s probable values to be: one mean international various departments and chief officials, as well ohm equals 1 -000,490 absolute ohms, the mean as statistical information regarding Queens­ deviation from the mean of the results used being land and the Commonwealth. only 14 parts per million. One mean inter­ national ampere equals 0-999,853 absolute Contract Price Adjustment Formula ampere, the mean deviation from the mean of The latest figures for the B.E.A.M.A. contract the results used being 3 parts per million. price adjustment formulae show no change; they are as follows :—(a) Rate of pay for adult male Manufacture in Canada labour at March 17th, 90s. 6d. (6) Cost of Canadian manufacture of electrical machinery material: latest Board of Trade index figure and apparatus doubled in value between 1939 (March 17th), 176-9. and 1942. In the latter year the total selling value at works amounted to $208,873,000. Trade Announcement The outstanding advance was in radio apparatus in which case there was a jump from $15,500,000 Rands & Co., Ltd., have moved to 34, in 1941 to $32,560,000 in 1942. The main Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.l. The items of manufacture are shown in the accom­ telephone number is unchanged. panying table. It will be seen that virtually

[nc. or dec. TRADE MARKS Class of Goods 1942 on 1941 ($000) TB3HE following applications have been made ($000) for trade marks. Objections may be Batteries and parts 11,230 + 280 entered within a month from March 14th:—- Vacuum cleaners 1,560 — 400 M a r c o n i. N o . 624,154, Class 9. Electrical Generators AC 3,770 + 1,935 apparatus and instruments for measuring Generators DC 970 + 325 electrical, physical and chemical characteristics Lam ps 8,040 + 1,080 and properties and for deriving therefrom Washing machines 5,720 — 740 indications, records and controls. Also No. Furnaces 980 + 339 W atthour meters 1,190 — 533 624,155, Class 10. Electro-medical apparatus.— Wires and cables 32,900 — 200 Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Co., Ltd.,. Motors AC and DC 13,710 + 30 Electra House, Victoria Embankment, W.C.2. Radio apparatus and parts R epublic. N o. 631,535, Class 9. Radio other than valves and trans­ receiving and transmitting apparatus and parts form ers 32,560 + 17,500 thereof not included in other classes; electric Radio valves 1,278 — 219 batteries, accumulators, switches, terminals, Refrigerators 6,720 — 3,700 Transformers and parts 11,490 — 1,580 coils and measuring instruments and apparatus. Telephone material 8,410 — 1,180 —Wizard Production Co., Ltd., 16, Withy Stoves 1,012 — 443 Grove, Manchester, 4. Switchgear (except telephone) A ,181 + 1,074 Indicorder. N o. 632,038, Class 9. Measur­ Wiring devices 4,097 — 453 ing instruments and apparatus, instruments and Welding apparatus 2,106 + 877 12,733 apparatus for indicating and recording measure­ Apparatus and parts, n.e.s. 33,717 + ments; and parts (not included in other classes) of all such goods.—Ether, Ltd., Tyburn Road, the only decreases are in goods which may be Erdington, Birmingham, 24. considered as not essential to the war effort. N e g r o v in . N o . 632,187, Class 9. Insulated The very small decline in the production of electric wire and cables.—Ward & Goldstone, wires and cables still left the total more than Ltd., Frederick Road, Pendleton, Salford. twice its pre-war level. W e l c o . N o . 626,550, Class 11. Electric lamps.—Westminster Electric Lamp Co., Ltd., The Television Report 7, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.l. We regret that in the review of the Television Committee’s report in our last issue the Com­ mittee was called the “ Sankey ” Committee. INFORMATION The chairman is, of course, Lord Hankey. DEPARTMENT Colliery Electrification ENERAL inquiries from readers relating to sources of electrical goods, makers' Several of the pits controlled by Cannock G addresses, etc., are replied to by our Information Associated Collieries, Ltd., are reported to be Department through the post. Inquiries should included in a development scheme involving be accompanied by a stamped addressed an expenditure of tens of thousands of pounds. envelope. The proposals provide for the substitution of Our extensive records enable us to reply to electricity for compressed air and the intro­ most queries, but occasionally we ask for our duction of new cutters and conveyors. readers’ assistance in tracing names and addresses not known to us. We should be glad Australian Company’s Silver Jubilee to have such information regarding the follow­ A handsome illustrated brochure has been ing:— received from Elphinstones Pty., Ltd., Brisbane, Midland manufacturer of domestic food which commemorates the company’s twenty- mixing machine similar to the American fifth year of business. It gives a brief history “ Mixmaster.” 430 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 PARLIAMENTARY NEWS By our Special Reporter

Electricity and Telephone Lines was to be stopped, it must be done at its source. IN the House of Commons Mr. Bossom The only way to do it was to give the Minister M asked the Minister of Fuel and Power why power to control the apparatus put into houses it was necessary in rural areas in this country and industries and to select the best fuel for use. to have one series of poles to convey the wires Mr. Shinwell said that by the loss to industry for electric light and power and another to from the wrong use of coal, the effect on the carry the wires for telephones and so forth. nation’s health, and in other ways, the country In other countries both lines were carried on one must be losing millions of pounds a year. If series of poles. Would he confer with the he had the power he would prevent the burning Postmaster-General with a view to ending this of coal in its raw state. The “ free choice ” practice ? idea could be carried too far, and in the long Major Lloyd George replied there were run the community suffered. technical considerations which seriously limited Major Lloyd George said that no one would the use of the same pole by electricity and be other than sympathetic to the purpose telephone wires, but nevertheless the practice behind the amendment, but it was not necessary was not unknown in this country. He had to insert it in the Bill. The Minister was already consulted the Postmaster-General who agreed charged with the duty of promoting economy that their two Departments should confer and and efficiency in the use of fuel, and the basis examine the possibility of extending the joint of most of the nuisance was the wrong use of user of poles. fuel. During the war a great deal had been done Mr. Bossom asked the Minister whether he which regard to -fuel efficiency, and but for that would write to the United States where he would work the difficulties of fuel supply would have find that there were many thousands of miles been much greater than they had been. The over which this was done and all the technical savings in some cases had been remarkable, disability had been overcome. Was he aware and would have a great effect when the results that the failure to do this is preventing electricity were seen by manufacturers. The work of the from going into rural areas ? research centres was not confined to the right Major Lloyd George said he was certainly use of fuel in industrial appliances but included prepared, and indeed, would be glad to examine also domestic fuel appliances. The amendment the matter, but many of the rural areas up to was withdrawn. now had been equipped with telephone only, and in many cases the pole was not of sufficient size to carry the other wires. Conditions in Italy Control of Electricity Restoring Electricity Supplies During the Committee stage of the Ministry ESPITE the Germans’ wholesale and metho­ of Fuel and Power Bill, Captain Duncan dical demolition of electric power plants in moved an amendment to except electricity D Italy, progress has been made in getting essential from the functions of the Minister of Fuel public utilities back into operating condition, and Power. Fie said that he did so on the but the work yet to be done is enormous. By ground of efficiency. The right course was to the end of 1944 the electricity supply industry, make the Minister a coal Minister with the duty under the direction and help of the Public Works of reorganising the coal industry, and to put and Utilities Sub-Commission of the Allied electricity under the charge of the Minister of Commission, had been able, in less than six Transport. Mr. Shinwell and Mr. Wootton- months from the time when the area was first Davies opposed the amendment, the latter liberated, to increase the effective generating saying that it would be a retrograde step to capacity of power plants in central Italy from place electricity under any other Minister. 57.000 kW to 170,000 kW. The Sub-Commis­ Major Lloyd George, Minister of Fuel and sion estimates that by June 30th generating Power said that if this amendment and the capacity will be further increased to 342,000 consequential ones were accepted they would kW, or about one-third of the pre-war figure. destroy the Bill. The whole purpose of the Bill In addition, from July to December last about was to carry on into peacetime the idea of co­ 2.000 km. of transmission lines were recon­ ordinating our fuel resources which was implied structed, despite the fact that all the copper wire when the Ministry was set up in 1942. It was had been taken away and many towers were impossible to use those resources to the best destroyed or badly damaged. Increased effi­ advantage unless all the industries consuming ciency of existing operating facilities has been fuel for the purpose of producing power were obtained by the inauguration in January of a co-ordinated. That could only be done by unified or central grid system. Frequencies having someone capable of seeing the whole have been standardised at 45 c/s. In order picture. The amendment was negatived. that basic domestic needs could be met a Captain Duncan moved another amendment, severe electricity rationing system was put but subsequently withdrew it, to limit the life of into effect. When the armies moved north it the Ministry to December 31st, 1948, unless was found necessary to impose an even stricter Parliament determined otherwise. rationing order in the Central Italy area Major Markham moved an amendment to Co-operation with and training of Italian make the Minister of Fuel and Power responsible personnel to take over a greater measure of for measures tending towards smoke abate­ control will be furthered through boards which ment. He said that if the smoke nuisance have just been formed by the Sub-Commission M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 431

G u a r a n t e e s Dealing with the Unremunerative Consumer

HE future of electricity By Fredk. W. Purse, than a halfpenny. The kilo­ supply undertakings is M.I.E.E., M.I.Mech.E. watt charge under grid tariff Tlikely to be precarious unless has been kept stationary during the subject of additional capital expenditure, the war, but the shadow of things to come particularly in regard to mains and services, can be seen in the programme of new plant receives very careful consideration. We are authorised by the Central Electricity Board. all familiar with the curve which is always As newspaper propaganda this has been trotted out to demonstrate that the greater heralded as the forerunner of large electrical the use the lower the price. This does not developments, whereas it can in the main mean that a particular undertaking at the only provide the capacity for normal develop­ lower end of the curve is charging lower all­ ment and standby, as well as substitute for round prices than undertakings higher up on plant to be dismantled, all of which has been the curve. The conditions of average or held up by war conditions. normal undertakings should be taken. The estimated cost of £30 per kW, com­ An undertaking with a predominant power pared with £10 to £20 per kW pre-war, for load confined to a relatively small number of new plant or stations, together with increased consumers may show a low overall average operating and maintenance costs, is bound price and possibly a high to be reflected in the kilo­ average consumption per Pointing to the adverse conse­ watt charge for bulk consumer, but neverthe­ quences of unremunerative new supply. Incidentally, it less its ordinary day-to- development the author says that will give rise to still more day tariffs and average the required revenue can be main­ complex and hypothetical consumption under these tained either by a guarantee or by considerations as to what tariffs may compare un­ an assurance that the properties to the cost would have been favourably with another be connected shall be whoII y electric if the 1926 Act (Section undertaking although the 13) had not been passed. latter’s overall average price is higher and Coupled with this increased cost of bulk average consumption per consumer is lower. supply is the increased cost 'generally of It is the great mass of domestic and labour, material and taxation, as well as ordinary business consumers who are looking such miscellaneous items as standardisation for lower-price electricity. Reductions in of systems and voltages, implementation of price will, in the main, be consequential the 1936 Meters Act, improved social con­ upon an increase by these classes of con­ ditions, etc. sumers in their consumption, and the snow­ ball effect of such reductions will encourage Tariffs and Consumption further increases in consumption. The It is obvious that even in the case of an addition of millions of consumers per annum, undertaking not involved in development of without an appropriate revenue from them, is any appreciable amount, existing tariffs can not progress but retardation. The charges to be maintained only by an increased consump­ existing consumers must be maintained in tion per consumer; certainly it is high time order to subsidise the new and unremunera­ that all the cries for electricity at a halfpenny tive consumers. It is idle to argue that a few per unit all-in under existing conditions were new consumers do not add to the cost; when scotched. It is not going to be easy to in due course the few become a few thousand achieve such increased consumption even the effect is apparent and sound financial with existing consumers; lighting, which in consideration demands a proper allocation of itself is not highly productive of revenue, will costs to each consumer. attain higher standards not by increased consumption but by more efficient lamps; Bulk Supply Costs cooking and heating appliances normally How, therefore, does the industry stand in supplied on hire will doubtless be more regard to the future ? Consider first our raw expensive in initial and subsequent main­ material, so to speak, viz., bulk supply, and tenance cost so that the higher rents will slow all undertakings are, in fact, purchasers of up demand. Industrial power is a doubtful bulk supply. The rise in the price of coal is quantity, and the war demands may not be common knowledge and the prospect of any exceeded for an appreciable time in the post­ appreciable reduction in the near future is war service and certainly overall load factors somewhat remote. It is doubtful if there are will be lower. So I hold that, given the post­ many undertakings where the cost per unit of war maintenance of these factors, it will need bulk supply, as finally delivered to the a strenuous effort to increase sales per terminals of ordinary l.v. consumers, is less consumer if price increases are to be avoided. 432 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1 9 4 5

Against this we are faced with a potential It should be noted that unless the figure of demand from millions of new dwellings in­ £44 is reduced by the addition of new con­ volving £ millions of new capital on which, sumers to the estimated figure of £39, these unless adequate guarantees are obtained, the new consumers will still constitute a liability undertakings will lose £ millions. What is an to the undertaking. One is, therefore, driven adequate guarantee ? Certainly not the one to the conclusion that, unless a guarantee of in the 1899 Act which, under certain con­ the order of 40 per cent, is obtained in respect ditions, is limited to 20 per cent, on the cost of new capital outlay on mains and servjces, of mains and services for two or. three years further price reductions will be impossible, only. This is as much out of date as many and in fact price increases may be necessary. other provisions of the Electricity Acts. It may be suggested that outright payment of the capital outlay would be a better Present Position solution, but from a careful study of the Let us consider the position to-day. An analysis above it will be seen that this pro­ examination of the accounts of all under­ cedure will relieve the undertaking of only takings in the Greater London area for the 7 per cent, in respect of the new annual capital year 1937-8 shows that, to cover the cost of charges and still require a revenue of 32 per bulk supply, together with capital and other cent, to cover bulk supply and other charges. charges, a revenue was necessary equal to Assuming that the whole capital outlay is paid approximately 44 per cent, of the total without any guarantee, and that a revenue capital outlay on mains and services. The of, say, 15 per cent, is obtained, as about sub-division between bulk purchase and one half, say 1 \ per cent., will be absorbed in other charges shows an average of 20 and 24 payment of bulk supply, there will only per cent, respectively. Individual cases vary remain per cent, which will be totally above or below these figures, but such varia­ inadequate. tions do not affect the point at issue; equally It is an inescapable fact that, on the average some adjustment of the figures may be figure of 44 per cent., to maintain the status necessary with up-to-date accounts under war quo, plus 7 per cent, in respect of capital for conditions, and if anything I suggest they will mains extension, giving a total of 51 per cent, be on a higher level whilst still maintaining under a guarantee of only 40 per cent, an approximately the respective ratios. The only undertaking must be satisfied that it can carry explanation I can suggest for the inclusion of the new business at 11 per cent, less than on 20 per cent, in the Electricity Acts is that the existing business, a proposition which, this was the return calculated in terms of the on past results, is no easy matter to sub­ total capital expenditure of the undertaking stantiate. (which is approximately correct to-day) and then applied to one section only, namely, “ Distribution Capital Efficiency ” extensions of the distribution system. On this point, Sir John Kennedy, vice- To take a simple example of an extension, chairman of the Electricity Commissioners, whether it be a main or service involving an in a paper (jointly with Miss Noakes) before expenditure of £100, in order not to place an the I.E.E. in 1933, drew especial attention to additional burden on existing consumers it this fact from another point of view in the must provide a return to cover (a) the following statements— additional annual capital charges in respect “ The distribution capital efficiency is of the new capital, (¿>) the cost of the bulk practically no better than it was ten years ago supply to be purchased, and (c) the other and is appreciably worse now than it has charges which include overhead and adminis­ been in any of the intervening years. There trative charges and a share at least of all has been no material increase in the efficient use of distribution capital. The absence of other capital charges. As to (a), it can be any marked reduction in the cost per unit assumed to be not less than £7, and in regard with the larger increasing sales, however, is to (b) it has been shown above that £20 is the merely an indication that the units sold existing rate, but in regard to (c), although a per £ of distribution capital have remained lower figure than £24 may be reasonable, it constant.” certainly would be unreasonable to go below, It was also pointed out that during the ten- if as low as, one half of this, viz., £12. Thus a year period under review, although the total revenue of £39 on the capital outlay of energy sold had increased by 200 per cent., £100 should be obtained, and even on this namely, from 3,000 to 9,000 million, the basis there would only be the smallest margin total distribution costs had only been reduced available to assist in building up a surplus to by 12i per cent., that is from 0-812 to 0-706 justify reductions in prices. Had an annual per kWh sold. guaranteed revenue of only £20 been obtained, The McGowan Committee, in its report of as £7 is straightaway absorbed for the new 1936, made very similar criticisms, and if they capital charges, there would only be £13 left had probed the matter a little deeper they to pay for the purchase of the necessary bulk would have seen from Table I of their supply and the proper proportion of other Distribution Statistics that in 1933-34 a charges. revenue equal to approximately 40 per cent. 15

M arch 2 3 , 1 9 4 5 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 4 3 3 mtoi N con. of the capital outlay on mains and services either (a) a guarantee which ensures the HtSt was required, and moreover the additional undertaking the appropriate revenue either ilbililj capital outlay during the previous seven years by way of sale of electricity or by supple­ • drivt, necessitated a similar return. This demon­ mentary payments under the guarantee anttetf strates that the increased consumption of agreements, or (b) an assurance that the existing consumers, which would have im­ properties to be connected shall be wholly SttVitd proved the distribution efficiency, had been electric and therefore necessitate no guarantee. M k nullified by the new consumers connected Only by protection against unremunerative sessan without an adequate guarantee. new development at the expense of existing pajul; It may be advanced that my proposal consumers can tariff reductions be safe­ ,a k would have a very bad psychological effect guarded or the present level of tariffs lyofi and retard development. I would counter maintained against rising costs. Intensifica­ tops, this by stressing that it would have a much tion of sales demands the continuation of grfon: worse effect not to adopt it as prices, if not tariffs at the lowest possible prices and necessarily increased, could not be reduced nothing will operate so effectively against of!!n to existing consumers as they should be, development as tariff increases necessary to ;r charp and this would most definitely retard develop­ meet the costs of connecting consumers ilaya^ ment. It might also be argued that such a taking only small supplies of electricity. By 3 Wes proposal is, in effect, a price discrimination no stretch of imagination can it be suggested as abi and morally, if not legally, contrary to the that the temporary houses to be provided by bsortn!: Electricity Acts. This, however, is not the the Government, with the use of electricity win* case; the price will be the same, and so will restricted to lighting and a few electrical be ion? be the total cost if the new consumers use the gadgets, can ever provide an adequate return supply at the same average rate as the old even if the capital outlay involved is reim­ beaiB} consumers. Moreover, there is just the same bursed to the undertaking. to® price discrimination in many present-day apital if block or two-part tariffs. lpercs; Government Subsidised Houses Locomotive Lighting touts Experimental Electrical System teas sr From such up-to-date figures as are stiajj available, there is no indication of any O overcome the disadvantages of the oil m «fc appreciable improvement in “ distribution burning head-lamps and to provide engine efficiency ” since the date of the I.E.E. paper, T crews with illuminated gauge and control points rto* in locomotive cabs, the L.N.E.R. has evolved nor can any be anticipated so long as the a new system of locomotive electric lighting return on capital outlay by way of adequate in conjunction with the Metropolitan-Vickers 9” consumption or guarantee is not obtained. Electrical Co., Ltd. Four Class A2/1 Pacific idy, w An adequate return will not be obtained from locomotives are to be provided with this equip­ liSSlOE the many thousands of houses to be provided ment as an experiment and engine No. 3698 5) befe by Government subsidy unless a full use is has already been so fitted. made of electricity as there is little chance of Electric power is obtained from an axle- mod: driven generator mounted on an extension iwiiti the equipment, if not electrical, being changed screwed and welded into the end of the trailing during the life of the houses. axle of the leading bogie. The nominal voltage I would stress that my arguments apply only MCI • of the generator is 6 V. van a to expenditure on mains and services, as When the engine is stationary, current for iD ¡til this is the only cost in the 1899 Act to which the lamps is supplied from a 5-cell “ Nife ” 1 Isr: the 20 per cent, guarantee refers; other battery of 35-Ah capacity. On starting, the fffcr. capital costs in respect of distribution generator field is excited from this battery and wince: when the engine speed reaches 10 m.p.h. sufficient generation, etc., do not come directly into voltage is generated to provide a charging current per c the guarantee picture and I feel that this is for the battery. At the same speed the mi i where a good deal of the confusion arises. current is supplied to the whole system from Dio f il [*£« I realise that in built-up areas, with little room the generator and, as the speed increases, the for expansion, the problem will not be so current rises rapidly to the full value and is acute, and similarly in areas with favourable subsequently maintained constant. When the conditions as to tariffs and consumption per cell voltage rises to 1-75 V per cell, a relay iib ik opens a contactor and places a resistance in consumer, but nevertheless the problem will series with -the generator field. When the irrt be with them all the same, and it will need engine is stationary the battery is isolated from 01, li* ■ their very serious consideration as to how the generator field by a mechanically operated ■aim: long arid to what extent they can carry the switch under the control of the steam regulator ilS loss entailed by accepting unremunerative handle. consum ers. The control panel is fitted into the cab roof ort of and on the face of the panel is reproduced, in The alternatives are clear if unremunera­ diagrammatic form, the front of the engine m tive capital investment is to be avoided. and the back of the tender with pilot lights th t! The revenue must be maintained approxi­ indicating which of the lamps are in use at any thcii mately on the basis of 40 per cent, of the particular time. In addition to the head and i i capital expenditure on mains and services tail lamps, spot lighting is provided in the cab m l. and this can be done, broadly speaking, by to illuminate the gauges, etc. 434 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 View s on tlie Hfews Reflections on Current Topics m ifO ST electricians think that once they diately ensued. Further, the cold was so JTM. have installed a socket outlet the thing intense that the steam from the radiators is there for all eternity. They wire the socket froze on the windscreens and the drivers up, giving themselves plenty of slack for the could not proceed at all. On the first day the job and then pull back the wires to bring trolley-buses were brought in because of the the fitting tight up against the wall. In due danger of skidding and overturning, but course something goes wrong and the next later on, when the motor-bus position—to comer takes the fitting off to find that he has quote the manager’s words—was “ absolutely half-inch ends of wire to work on. It needs hopeless,” the trolley-bus operated a normal a considerable amount of manipulation to schedule. work three wires into three small holes at * * * the back of a fitting, particularly if the earth It will come as a shock to many electrical terminal has a blind hole, which frequently men to learn that there is no such thing as a happens. Whenever possible a little slack “ Megger,” whether spelt with a big or little should surely be left by the wireman who “ M.” Those who, like myself, have con­ should remember that it may be he himself sistently used the word for almost any sort of who will be called upon to do the replacement insulation tester have doubly transgressed— work. It would also help if the wire ends first, because the term is a registered trade were sweated up solid to prevent their splaying mark of Evershed & Vignoles, Ltd., and when being pushed in. secondly, which is the main point, because * * * the word, being a trade mark, should be used as an adjective not a substantive, e.g., a Though promising a general reduction in “ Megger ” insulation tester. In response to a the price of gas after the war, Sir David nicely-worded note from E. & V., I hereby Milne-Watson, governor of the Gas Light resolve to break myself of the habit and and Coke Company at its annual general persuade others to do the same. It is one of meeting last week did not present the the penalties of coining a household word wartime record of gas in a very favourable that the credit is forgotten. Another out­ light in relation to electricity. Since the standing case of this is Burroughs, Well- beginning of the war, he said, the price of gas com e’s “ T abloid.” had been increased by 44 per cent., despite * * * the fact that the price of coal had been doubled. Although having to bear the same Challenging monopolists, Sir Herbert increase in coal charges, many electricity Williams writing in the Evening Standard supply undertakings have been able to says that there are some monopolies which avoid making any increases at all in their are inevitable, but they are essentially all charges, while what advances have had to be localised monopolies. Because of the great made have generally been confined to capital expenditure involved in the laying of between 10 and 20 per cent. Nowhere have mains, it would, he says, be a mistake to have they reached the gas figure. This has been two water, gas or electricity undertakings largely due to the fact that generating stations with mains in the same street. This argu­ are able to consume low-grade coal quite ment can be carried a stage farther to query useless for the production of gas. whether it is economical to have both gas and electricity services in the same street * 4= * when the latter can cater for all requirements. I have just read a report by the manager On the other hand there is the point that the of the Cardiff Corporation Transport Depart­ provision of both services stimulates com­ ment which gives an interesting comparison petition which is not always a bad thing. of the running of trams, trolley-buses and * * * motor-buses in the arduous conditions exist­ I, and fellow members of the press, ing in the last week of January. Because of blushed at the nice things said about us at the the low bridges which they have to pass E.D.A. annual meeting by Mr. C. D. Taite under the Cardiff trams are designed with an in proposing a vote of thanks to the electrical extremely low truck clearance from the press. He said that the electrical journals track; in fact they are the lowest built in the were actually about the only ones which country. This resulted in snow beating up enjoyed no financial advantage from E.D.A.'s from the track and the vehicles developed advertising activities. That is true, but they motor and cable defects, many becoming derive benefits from E.D.A.’s work with the stranded. Bus services were badly interfered rest of the electrical industry and editorial with, the engines becoming overheated, so support for this work is a part of their that circulation and pump troubles imme­ functions gladly performed.—REFLECTOR, M arch 23, 1945 E lectrical Review 435 Niinflower Need Treatm ent Electricity’s Share in a New Industry

N Russia the cultivation of sunflowers has the seed without breakage, these machines been undertaken for centuries for the incorporate propeller drums which rotate purposeI of obtaining the seeds, which yield an inside suitable casings designed to release the oil claimed to be equal to olive or almond oil individual seeds from further attrition. The for table use, fish frying or margarine manu- de-seeded waste material is forced out at one facture. The seeds are also in great demand end into a horizontal conveyor and thence to a breaker which reduces it to a suitable size for such uses as silage m aking, op, after further treatment, as feeding meal. The seeds are con­ tained in the de-seeding machines until a separ­ ating process has been carried out by a series of sieves, riddles and a fan similar to those of threshing machines, being there­ after discharged into an enclosed continuous dryer for the first step of the drying processes. The drying plant has been arranged so that the seed may be dried Sunflower heads arriving at the factory in tWO Steps. The f ir s t step by utilising a for cattle and poultry food, while cellulose Ransomes-Davies “ B.C.D. 8/4 ” grass/grain and potash are subsidiary products. What dryer, and the second step by means of a is believed to be the first factory in this “ B.C.D.8 ” grain dryer, country to handle the seeds on a commercial scale has just been opened by Sunflower Seeds, Ltd., at Bul- strode Farm, Chipper- field, King’s Langley. It provides an excellent example of the way electricity makes it possible to establish new rural industries at a site most con­ venient to the work which is to be accom­ plished. On arrival at the factory the sunflower heads, already cut off the stalk from 120 acres of the Bulstrode and the neighbouring farms, are fed by hand into hoppers at ground level and carried by inclined conveyors to t h e d e -s e e d in g A 20-HP motor driving the fan and conveyor of the first section of the m a c h in e s . To r u b off drying plant 436 E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w March 2 3 , 1 9 4 ?

The seed,^ after leaving the de-seeders, is whole of the group of equipment a: tne dis­ fed into the first dryer, which is approximately charge end of the first dryer—the horizontal 41 ft. long. This can be used either for two conveyor, the first cleaner and tne two drying stages or for one drying stage and one vertical elevators before and after it. as well cooling stage. The system of drying employed as the elevator to the bagging plant. The tan. consists of blowing air at 11 CM 15 deg. F. through the seed in an up­ ward direction, the seed being con­ veyed by an endless conveyor, 7 ft. wide, over a perforated steel floor. This conveyor has a speed range from 1 in. to 54 in. to die minute. The air is supplied by two fans running on a common shaft, the necessary' heat being supplied by a coke furnace. As this dryer can also treat de­ seeded heads at a higher tempera­ ture, a greater part of the air which has passed through the material is recirculated and re-heated for the purpose of fuel economy, but the air which has passed through the material at the initial part of the drying process, having a greater humidity', is passed through a vertical duct to the outside of the building. The seed discharged from the end of the dryer is passed into a winnower, and thence by' elevator to the dryer for the second stage. In this stage the seed is passed over a “ B.C.D .8 ” grain dry er which has one drying stage and one cooling stage. The seed is similarly' fed through this dryer where the temperature of the incoming air is, as in the former instance, 110-115 deg. F. On leaving this dry er the Feeding the sunflower heads -'-to the conveyors leading to the seed has now been dried to the d e - s e e d e r s necessary moistule content of 14 per cent., and is elevated into a Boby which has a shaft speed of 650 RPM. and the “ Cleenestol ” dresser for dressing and conveyor of the first dryer are driven through sacking. six Brammer belts by "a 20-HP, 1,435-RPM The drying of the heads is carried out on motor, a similar unit serving through counter­ the first dry er, the de-seeded heads being dis­ shafting, the two separators, die second charged from the de-seeder into a breaker. cleaner and the various related conveyors. This breaker reduces the size of the de-seeded For the fan of the open type drver the motor heads so that complete drying may be is of 15 HP and runs at 1,430 RPM. The effected. The broken-down heads are" now chopping machine m otor is a 10-HP. 700- fed on to the dryer, and for this purpose two RPM unit, while for the horizontal conveyor drying stages are used. After passing through feeding it a 2-HP. 1.-00-RPM unit has been the dry er, the heads are conveyed into a installed. A seventh m otor (10 HP, 730 RPM “ Hammamac ” grinding mill and ground will shortly be put into service for w orking a into meal for cattle food, etc. hammer mill for making poultry food. Flexibility has been accomplished by the use Fluorescent fighting employing " Dawco ” of independent electric motors for driving the make equipment has been provided over the various units. The two dryers, de-seeders, intake conveyors. .All the oil pressing breaker, dressing machine and grinding unit machinery' has not yet been completed. can then be run independently, and"" it is The drying plant was supplied and installed possible, when ingoing seed is of low moisture by Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies, Ltd. The content, to use both dry ers independently. electrical installation was by the Arco Elec­ Only six electric motors are emploved. trical (Armature Repairs). Ltd.. the motors The largest, a 30-HP, 1,445-RPM unit, drives, being supplied by Lancashire Dvnamo & through a system of countershafting, the Crypto, Ltd. Mmch 2 3 . 1 9 4 5 B n g t t R a w 4 »

iiiirim iTY s v i t i y Lincoln and A berdeen Extensions,. Ilford H ousing D ebate,

_ Aberdeen.—-BowSs. SraSpł? BS®ksi©iŁ-4tTh© Planning Committee, to have all-electric looses Hecirkaty Coiiiininee proposes to apply for on The Grove estate, consent to a loam of £ 140,009 for an extension Hîbrâ,—.ElScfStciTY Chosen.—When the scheme at ft® power station. the project Council was called upon to choose the form of includes the installation of two boilers each of service for the temporary houses to he - erected 70,00(^-100,000 lb. per hr. evaporative capacity, on the L,oxford estate 15 voted in favour Of the with the necessary' auxiliary' piani, etc. U is âiî-élôé'tric principle and 9' against. hoped. to have the new plant installed by 1946. OoiinctlloT W.-'B, Eke, moving that, electricity The Kitension foftews on the naming of should be used, said that thousands of people Aberdeen as a seleeted station safer the hydro- had had gas taken out and electricity put in, eter tri— scheme. and there would have been many litote Out for Blackpool, — C a«ci of Street LteaxiN#- — the war. Hating eonsideisd reports from the gas and Alderman G. Farman said the .gas company erprefr?.. ' . r:; Htgnweys Com­ had stated that .the running costs would be mittee has decided to adopt electric street IS. &Jd. a week for a cooker 4+ti. for a wash lighting oh the G sm se P a ri .estate. boiler and Is. 4d. for a refrigerator, but: he L oans* — The ' Electeidty Committee is claimed that these, costs were worked out or. the seeking sanction to borrow 21.1,935 for '»-Sins pre-war figure Of Mi, per therm. The electricity and, services and £3,275 for substations and figure of 5s. a 'week aise included lighting, plant. whic'r- would be fis. a week, at least, and in addition there were two. .fires and an immersion Bright*®«, — SyMŁAitoi® AtfeE-otTmsOT. heater. The gas company said, that there were, —The Mieiridiy Coitaittee is applying for 45,000 gas cookers in Ilford compared with permMtos to place advance orders for meters, 5.OÔ0 electric coolers, but actually the figure for «wnefagear and tn ta & M o m at-a epst of £10,175 electric cookers was 10,000, and SOfnethihg and to erect two .sabSranoHS (£1,-6801 like 10.000 applications had been turned down. ft: CR!.- Detarrer. —- 'The Gas Com­ It was unfair that they should have to lay mittee is to invite tenders for -the mstaBanon of electric services to light gas fijips because an electric detarrer at the' gas works at an fighting alone would not pay them. estimated cost «01,460, ÀMerra an T. Bmithwaite denied that the gas . BeKioB-OD-Xreat. — f>o3®siić EgxttPMEieT. A figures were on the pre-war basis of 9d._a therm The MSttSmg Commaitee has decided that the and said that the price was lód. He referred to cookers, xeMgeratois and wash boilers are to the Act of Parliament which gave gas com­ be elsstrie In 85 temfigrarv hgmses and o f the parais the right to install gas in aft houses ga# type, in 15 ho'esss. bulb by mur.idpal authorities. BisfSlsijtieji Fiyais. — A .ppt-wax seheme Itiaeoln. — Contbaots TOR ExteksiBSb, Il fox new malnS, snSstatioas and meters at a. cost was reported at a recent meeting of the City of £85.159 has been approved by the HeCSMty Crnin.-il that in connection with the scheme, for ComaBttse, extenfiég St. Svvithin's generati.ng stàtion the CssffiB. — Supply to- H c& sso Sits. — The Central Electricity Board had authorised the M oaan* Comsfflittee has anshged for' the accepaiice of tenders ioîâftîmg £368.435 for SeeTridiT Berartment to praVMea supply to the work which mfihîdôd boilers (£213.220!, auto- Crystal Gibs' hous Łaj '-site at a cost of £2,508, raa’.ic soot blowers (£11,804). turbine (£97,2071 find '-pwtchgear (É3ÏX23»), (SaggtH .—No R ats Aid..—The Electricity Coiaiittttae has deatea that mo eosmLntson lirerjrooi. — U nbertakinq^ Estimates. — shall be 'made is the rates: this, year, Aldermàn A, E, 'Sheanan stated at last week's Coiatdl meeting that due caution had been, FaJkeitoBe.—JteDiXS» 1 S ta < a a p .m It _ was exercised in estimating a surplus of £7,500 annonaced at a recent meeting of the Town only oh the electricity ùnderttkïng for the year Council that the Folkestone jJecmdty Supply to March 31st, 194ft, havltig regard to the. Co., Lid,,. had dsadM. to ipdnee the Bt#ent pó.Mbpfety of a teaiptirdfv faffing off in the SBrcharg? ¡tote 30 tpM per cant on'all elećMaty demand for electricity dariag the change over Bccomns Tendered after the first quarter. from war industry to peacetime production, Sasg«w.—Sim AgsBmest,—At n special lÿ'O contrîbjition Could be made towsrdJ the meeting of Glasgow Corporation Eecsidty relief of next year's' rates. .CoiaiEfitKs the cotivfcnef -reported on a fufthex Ł asión.—Lishteng R at* R eSucIB.—The mestiBg wita Ovd* fiaviggifea: Trustees a.t City' of London. ¡Electric Lighting Cp., Ltd. . .n-tiii a.L fra y agrica r n y anapitH'ces a. .reinction in the .standard rase the eotiiiirtÓES on wfiieh they would grant, the for fighting from Sfd. to 5.Ł per kRh to- take are at .SrsMheati for the new gentfatiiig s ip is s , efetfoft.er’the ^tfoùârterîÿ period, of the year. The Committee ituhprised the Town Ggrh to mike application to the Eectrfdiy Com­ Perth and Kinross,—Scheme Opposed —Thé missioners for cSBsent to the gpfisipńógpn. of Goafity Co.unal. has unanlmóusly depd&d to the new station, and to borrow tip' to £4,009,\K>Q oppose the Tumrael-Garry water-power scheme. to meet expenditure on the scheme, Statybridgc.—-Loan.—:Ths Stalybridge. Hyde. GodsB-anefeester.—A ti-E ih c rru c Hoxms. — M-osslev a id Sukiafieid T ffasport and Elec- The Council at a mesial meeting^decided, m the tricisy "Board proposes to Order egajjament iClommendatiom of the Homsmg asi Town fof future developments . and the Finance 438 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

Committee is recommended to make applica­ Government was going to stop paying for tion to the Electricity Commissioners for right-of-way over land covered by the electri­ consent to borrow £70,452 for the purpose. fication programme. Claiming that it cost Walsall. — N e w F e e d e r . — The Electricity £20 a mile, the Premier declared that if the Committee has authorised the installation of people wanted electricity they should waive additional feeder mains and ancillary apparatus these charges. at an estimated cost of £20,500. Egypt. — I n t e r e s t i n H y d r o - e l e c t r ic S c h e m e s .—The Cairo correspondent of The Times states that with the recent arrival in Overseas Egypt of Major F. Newhouse, principal assistant Canada.— R u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t in N o v a to Sir Murdoch MacDonald in connection with S c o t ia .—In a recent speech to the Legislature the remodelling of the Esna barrage, the of Nova Scotia the Premier, Mr. MacMillan, Egyptian Ministry of Public Works is reported suggested taking over hydro-electric power to be taking a new interest in several other installations in the Province should that be schemes. Among them is the Aswan dam deemed necessary in the interests of consumers. hydro-electric project. The possibility of action The object, he said, would be wider and cheaper on a third dam also is growing. A statement rural electrification. Companies which had on the subject is expected soon. gone into the profitable districts must be Eire. — I m m e d ia t e S t a r t o n E r n e S c h e m e . prepared to furnish facilities for the non- During the discussion in the Dail on the second profitable before being allowed to build up stage of the Eire Rural Electrification Bill, Mr. reserves and pay dividends on a large scale, Lemass, Minister for Industry and Commerce, otherwise the Nova Scotia Power Commission explained that the scheme was quite apart from might step in and take control of production the Erne water power development project. plants and operate them at a cost which would The Erne scheme was required now and con­ make possible extensions into many rural structional activities would commence in the districts not now receiving these services. spring; the rural electrification provided for Mr. MacMillan added that the Nova Scotia would be spread over ten years. Forthcoming Events Saturday, March 24th. — Newcastle - on - Manchester.—Engineers’ Club, 6 p.m. I.E.E. Tyne.—I.E.E. North-Eastern Students’ Section. North-Western Centre and Institution of Visit to King’s College Electrical Laboratory Post Office Electrical Engineers. “ Survey of (ladies invited). X-rays in Engineering and Industry,” by Dr. Wakefield. — Strafford Arms, 6 p.m. Asso­ V. E. Pullin, C.B.E. ciation of Mining Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (Yorkshire N.W. Branch). Annual Wednesday, March 28th.— London.—Institu­ dinner. tion of Electrical Engineers, 7 p.m. London Leeds. — Electricity Department Offices, Students’ Section. Address by the President, Whitehall Road, 2.30 p.m. I.E.E. North Sir Harry Railing. Midland Students’ Section. The Students’ London. — At Institution of Mechanical Lecture on “ Electrical Engineering Research,” Engineers, S.W.l, 6 p.m. Institution of Heating by H. W. H. Warren. and Ventilating Engineers. “ Specific Effect of ^Monday, March 26th. -— London. — Institu­ Infra-red,” by A. C. F. Mackadam and Dr. tion of Electrical Engineers, 5.30 p.m. Informal A. M. J. Janser. discussion on “ The Future of Synthetic and Birmingham.—James Watt Institute, 7 p.m. Thermoplastic Insulated Cables,” to be opened I.E.E. South Midland Students’ Section. by T. R. Scott, D.F.C. “ Turbo-alternator Ventilation,” by H. R. London.—Northampton Polytechnic, E.C.l. Ogle. Electrodepositors’ Technical Society. Sym­ Edinburgh.—Heriot-Watt College, 6 p.m. posium on “ Powder Metallurgy,” by Dr. I.E.E. Scottish Centre. “ Relation Between G. E. Gardam. Steam and Hydro Power,” by R. W. Mountain Birmingham. — James Watt Institute, 6 p.m. and C. G. Carruthers. I.E.E. South Midland Centre. Discussion of Manchester.—Engineers’ Club, 7 p.m. Junior the Installation Section of the report on Institution of Engineers (N.W. Section). Visit “ Electricity Supply, Distribution and Installa­ of Major-General K. C. Appleyard, who will tion,” and of “ Post-War Building Studies, read his presidential address. *The T.V.A. No. 11 : Electrical Installations.” Opener, film will also be shown. W. N. C. Clinch. Responder, J. Beard. Birmingham. — University (Latin Theatre), Newcastle - on - Tyne. — Neville Hall, Edmund Street, 6 p.m. British Institution of 6.15 p.m. I.E.E. North-Eastern Centre. Radio Engineers (Midlands Section). “ Dielec­ Lecture on “ An Elementary Description of the tric Heating by the Radio-frequency Method,” Molecular Theory of Permittivity and Energising by L. Grinstead, M.I.E.E. Loss in Dielectrics,” by Dr. E. B. Moullin. Friday, March 30th. — Cardiff. — I.E.E. Tuesday, March 27th. — London. — At Cardiff Students’ Section. “ AC Commutator Institution of Electrical Engineers, 5.30 p.m. Motors, Schräge Type,” by S. R. Phelps and Television Society. Annual general meeting L. Davies. (members only) followed by an informal discussion on “ The Social Aspects of Tele­ Tuesday, April 3rd.—Manchester.—Engineers’ vision,” to be opened by Capt. C. H. Cazaly. Club, 6 p.m. I.E.E. North-Western Centre Newport.—Assembly Room, Town Hall, Installations Group. “ Organisation of In­ 6 p.m. Institution of Civil Engineers. “ Rural dustrial Electrical Maintenance,” by J. C. B Water Supplies,” by S. R. Raffety. Nicol. M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v i e w 439 FIAAA1TAL SECTION Company News. Stock Exchange Activities.

£161,364 (£138,839) income tax and E.P.T.» Reports and Dividends £105,000 (£80,000) future income tax liability, British Insulated Cables, Ltd., are paying a and £1,500 directors’ fees the net profit is final dividend of 10 per cent, (same), plus a £116,507 (£112,837), to which is added £34,900 cash bonus of 5 per cent, (same), again making (£31,068) brought in. A sum of £20,000 is 20 per cent, for the year. The trading profit allocated to general reserve and after payment for the year ended December 31st last amounted of dividends, £42,401 is carried forward. . to £897,485, as compared with £940,539 in the Taylor Tunnicliff (Electrical Industries), Ltd., preceding year. Adding interest and dividends report dividends from subsidiaries for 1944 on subsidiary and general investments £208,773 amounting to £20,675, as compared with (£189,714), the total profit was £1,106,358 £20,615 for 1943. To this is added tax repay­ (£1,130,253). Depreciation takes £249,264 ment £202 (£413), making £20,877 (£21,033). (£256,626), provision for income tax £493,284 The ordinary dividend is maintained at 10 per (£566,482) and reserve for war and post-war cent., and £447 (£399) is carried forward. The contingencies £100,000 (same). The carry­ net trading profit of the company and its three forward is increased from £390,484 to £409,867. wholly-owned subsidiaries was £89,065 British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd., reports (£83,297). In his report the chairman mentions that after providing for taxation the profit for that the company has been able to erect and 1944 amounted to £596,527, which compares equip a new factory during the past two years with £580,362 in the previous year. Deprecia­ for making special ceramic products. tion takes £228,975 (£226,435) and £150,000 The British Aluminium Co., Ltd., reports a is again placed to general reserve. A dividend trading profit for 1944 of £1,049,257 against of 7 per cent, (same) is to be paid, leaving £1,045,112 for 1943. A sum of £125,000 is £225,704 (£248,368) to be carried forward. again allocated to general reserve (which now International Combustion, Ltd., held its annual totals £3,450,000) and £75,000 to depreciation general meeting on March 13th. Mr. G. R. T. reserve (total £1,750,000). The final ordinary Taylor, chairman, in a statement circulated dividend is repeated at 7 per cent., again with the report, says that the company’s plant making 10 per cent, for the year, and £280,691 is employed to its fullest capacity and is expected is carried forward, against £274,684 brought in. to continue to be so for some years to come. Charles Clifford & Son, Ltd., report a net profit Orders on hand are by far the highest in the of £18,428 for 1944, as against £18,539 for 1943. company’s history, comprising large plants for Reserve for war contingencies again receives power stations both at home and abroad. £5,000 (making that reserve £40,000) and general The Automatic Telephone & Electric Co., Ltd., reserve £2,000. A final dividend of 2s. 6d., states that the profit for the year ended December tax free, is to be paid, making 3s. 6a., tax free 31st last amounted to £299,800, against £280,952 (same), and £24,958 (£24,930) is carried forward. for the previous year. After deducting directors’ Brown Brothers, Ltd., propose to pay a final fees, depreciation, taxation, etc., a sum of dividend of 10 per cent., making 12) per cent, £30,000 (£20,000) is allocated to war con­ (same). The net profit for the year ended tingencies reserve. The final ordinary dividend January 16th was £106,634, as against £102,763 is 7 per cent., with a cash bonus of 2£ per cent., in the previous twelve months. again making 12J per cent, for the year, and £124,934 (£130,348) is carried forward. County of London Electric Supply Co., Ltd.— With the accounts for 1944 is included a Hoover, Ltd., records a profit for 1944 summary of the results for the four preceding amounting to £574,967, this figure being arrived years. Gross revenue is shown to have in­ at after providing £184,502 for depreciation, creased from £5,993,000 in 1940 to £7,428,000 including £50,000 additional amortisation o', in 1943, with a further advance last year to buildings. The profit for the previous year was £7,897,985. Between 1940 and 1943 the £452,659. A final dividend of Ilf per cent., balance after deduction of working expenses is to be paid, again making 15 per cent., plus rose from £2,563,000 to £2,819,000 and last a bonus of 10 per cent. (5 per cent.). A sum of year the profit on working was £2,942,076. £39,135 (£26,318) is carried forward. Adding to this £787,759 brought forward and Lancashire Dynamo & Crypto, Ltd., is paying £2,342 profit on investments realised, there is a final dividend on the ordinary shares of 10 £3,732,177 available. After meeting debenture per cent, together with a bonus of 7) per cent, interest,- etc., and preference dividends it is again making a total distribution of 22) per proposed to maintain the ordinary dividend for cent, for the year. Preliminary figures give the the year at 8 per cent, by a final payment of net profit available for distribution as £134,000 5 per cent. This leaves £796,941 to be carried against £127,000 for 1943. forward. Ericsson Telephones, Ltd., announces a final Last year 2,481 -3 million kWh was generated dividend on the ordinary shares of 12 per cent, or purchased as compared with 2,566-4 million and a bonus of 3 per cent., both free of tax kWh in 1943. Of this (in million kWh) 131-6 This makes 20 per cent, tax free for 1944 (128-5) was used on works, the C.E.B, retained the same as for the previous year. The trading 680-4 (784-1), 141-0 (130-8) was used in trans­ nrofit after providing for depreciation, was mission and distribution and 1.528-3 (1,523 0) £414 371 against £363,176 in the preceding year. was sold. The total m.d. was 488,408 kW After deducting £30,000 (same) for obsolescence, against 523,660 kW in 1943. In the three years 440 E lectrical Review March 2 3 , 1 9 4 5

1940-42 the kWh sold, including quantity provision and £40,000 (£17,500) for E.P.T., retained by the C.E.B., was respectively (in including adjustment of previous ye®ff>_ million kWh), 1,902, 1,944 and 2,201, with £158,365 (£146,198); to this is added £95,738 m.d.’s of 482,000, 477,000 and 506,000 kW. (£94,130) brought forward. Income tax, in­ British Power & Light Corporation, Ltd.—The cluding £19,224 required to complete the consolidated profit and loss account for 1944 provision for taxation on the profits for the shows that revenue from the sale of energy was year, takes £96,000 (£79,777) and £15,000 £2,347,780 against £2,203,188 in 1943, the gross (£20,000) is transferred to general reserve, profit being £1,097,465 (£1,002,795). After which now totals £594,692. As already an­ meeting various charges, including £421,267 nounced, the ordinary dividend is maintained (£362,886) provision for taxation, the amount at 10 per cent, by a final distribution of 6 per available for service of ordinary capital is cent, and £98,290 is carried forward. •£101,873 (£88,465). A statement by the chairman, Lord Henley, Revenue received by the parent company by which is printed with the report and accounts, way of interest and dividends, etc., is £390,865 gives details of output and sales for the six (£344,694). Taxation allocation is £242,000 years 1939-44. From 115-2 million kWh sent (£208,500), and after paying of the preference out from the generating station and sold to the dividends and maintaining the ordinary distribu­ C.E.B. in 1939 the total output rose to 228-3 tion at 7 per cent, by a final payment of 5 per million kWh last year, while sales to consumers cent., £183,778 (£157,896) is carried forward. and associated companies increased from 108-8 Group-Capt. C. E. Benson, D.S.O., chairman, million to 181-2 million kWh. Although there in a statement accompanying the report and has been an increase in the price of coal during accounts, says that the demand for electricity the period from an average of 20s. 4)d. to in all the areas of the subsidiary companies 35s. 9)d. a ton, the company’s general tariffs continues to increase. In 1944 rather more have not been raised. War conditions have than 410 million kWh was sold as compared restricted new developments in the rural area with 145 million kW h in 1938, an increase of mainly to supplies to farms; the company is approximately 182 per cent., representing a already supplying nearly 1,000 of these. steady growth of 19 per cent, per annum. The Rushden and District Electric Supply Co., Ltd.— greater part of this was due to the increase in The 1944 accounts show a gross revenue of the power demand. Nosts none of the subsidiary £137,093 (£121,297 in 1943) and an operating companies has found it necessary to increase its balance of £30,663 (£22,204). After deducting charges. Since 1938 the increase in the com­ debenture interest, etc., £16,722 (£6,000) and pany’s own operating and management expenses E.P.T. provision, including previous years’ (excluding generation) has been no more than adjustment, the net revenue is £11,702 (£13,085). 25 per cent., although the amount of electricity A final dividend of 5 per cent, is paid, again sold has expanded by 182 per cent, and the making 9 per cent, for the year. The carry costs of almost everything bought have gone up. forward is £13,799. The number of kWh sold Last year it was announced that two has risen from 15,986,000 in 1939 to 28,664,000 eminent engineers had been appointed to last year. investigate the further water-power resources of North Wales, and the chairman states that their The Clyde Valley Electrical Power Co.’s preliminary investigation has recently been accounts for 1944 record a gross revenue of completed. The report, which has been sub­ £2,418,572 against £2,299,227 in the previous mitted to the Minister of Fuel and Power, the year, and a balance, after payment of working Electricity Commissioners and the Central expenses, of £709,806 (£632,591). With interest, Electricity Board, refers to a number of etc., receivable and £189,949 brought forward developments the economic possibilities of which there is £921,468 available. The contingency merit careful study. fund receives £275,000 (making a total in the Mention is made by the chairman of the fund of £4,000,097) and £25,000 is set aside burden of local taxation in connection with the for war damage insurance (making £150,000 economic development of supplies in rural areas altogether). A sum of £100,000 is provided for taxation, £15,000 for superannuation The North Wales Power Co., Ltd., reports a special contribution and £10,000 for deferred net operating profit for the year ended December repairs. Preference dividends absorb £58,000 31st last of £415,474, which with £38,077 and after paying a final ordinary dividend of interest, rents, etc., makes £453,551. The 5 per cent., making 8 per cent, (same) for the balance on the profit and loss account is £301,977 year, £186,468 is carried forward. and after deducting £159,000 for E.P.T. and The report states that three additional £83,000 for income tax (including £43,000 30,000-kW turbo-alternators with boilers and towards the fiscal year 1945-46), there is left ancillary plant have been installed at Clyde’s £90,359. From this it is proposed to pay an Mill power station since the beginning of the ordinary dividend of 51 per cent, and carry war. forward £35,359. The directors’ report states that sales during Midland Counties Electric Supply Co., Ltd.— the year amounted to nearly 352 million kWh Mr. William Shearer, chairman, stated at the as compared with 128 million kWh in 1938, an annual general meeting on March 15th that increase of approximately 175 per cent., which the rate of progress achieved in the immediate was largely due to the increased power demand. pre-war years had been maintained in the annual increase of load connected and in sales The Northampton Electric Light & Power Co., of energy. With regard to the future, the loss Ltd., in its accounts for 1944, records a gross of the wartime load should be substantially income of £832,068 for the year against £767,903 replaced within a reasonably short time by for 1943 and operating expenses of £611,987 increased domestic supplies, requirements for (£567,407). Net revenue after deducting inter new housing developments, shops, business alia £9,236 (£15,000) for war damage insurance premises, re-establishment of peacetime M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 45 Ganbtat

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factories, street lighting and new and additional per kWh. The company supplied 26,217 supplies to farms. consumers. Having now a combined deprecia­ Sales of electricity in 1939 were 490 million tion fund of £505,000 and bearing in mind the kWh, while in 1944 they had reached 808 very' large sums previously written off, they million kWh, the connected load having considered that the company was in a sound increased from 447,000 kW to over 621,000 kW financial position, there being no debentures and the maximum demand from 121,000 kW or other loan capital liabilities. to over 209.000 kW. During the past ten years, The South London Electric Supply Corporation, notwithstanding the gap in domestic develop­ Ltd., records a revenue of £147,042 for 1944, ment during the war, an average of over 10,000 plus £346 brought in, £16,100 transfer from new connections had been made annually. reserve fund and £1,303 refund of rates, making The average price for electricity sold by.all £164,791. After providing for debenture in­ their operating companies was 0-932d. per terest £13,500, difference between issue and kWh. Special consideration was being given redemption price of debenture stock £685, to supplying isolated premises, particularly contributions to sinking funds £87,195, taxation farms, and at present nearly half of the 15,000 £24,000 and preference dividends £1,800, an • farms in their areas had electricity available. ordinary dividend of 7 per cent, is to be paid, To connect the remaining farms and isolated leaving £265 to be carried forward. premises was estimated to cost £2,000,000. Unfortunately farmers did not make the fullest The Woking Electric Supply Co., Ltd., is use of electricity already made available to again paying a final dividend of 4£ per cent., them, but they hoped after the war to persuade making 1\ per cent, tax free (same). the farmer in his ow n interests to make extensive The Scottish Power Co., Ltd., proposes to pay use of the supplies, which would assure a a final ordinary dividend of 5 per cent., making reasonable return on the capital expended. 8 per cent, (same) for the year. The Bognor & District Gas & Electricity Co.’s The Waste Heat & Gas Electrical Generating report for 1944 shows a balance from the Stations, Ltd., reports a net profit for the year electricity undertaking amounting to £13,390 ended January 31st of £8,786, as against £8,412 and from the gas undertaking £15,667, making in the previous year. A final dividend of 5\ per £29,057, plus £701 interest. A final dividend cent, (same) again makes the total distribution of 3£ per cent, is to be paid on the consolidated for the year 8 per cent. ordinary stock “ A,” making 71 per cent!; 4J per cent, on “ B,” making 8£ per cent.; and The Philco Radio & Television Corporation of 3 4 per cent, on the new consolidated stock, Great Britain, Ltd., announces that Treasury making 7 per cent. A sum of £10,588 is carried sanction has been received to an increase in forward. m capital. While closer working arrangements in the electro-mechanical field are being made with The Lancashire Electric Light & Power Co., Aero Engines, Ltd., there are no grounds for Ltd., reports that, after providing for fees and envisaging a share exchange on the basis fore­ debenture interest £75,313 (£74,288) the profit cast in the financial press. Accounts for the past for 1944 amounted to £369,588 (£370,466). two years will shortly be published and dividends A sum of £13,241 (£12,611) goes to debenture declared on the ordinary shares. redemption and income tax takes £184,872 The Watford Electric & Manufacturing Co., (£187,653). After again paying an extra 4 per Ltd., is paying a final dividend of 10 per cent, cent, on the 7 per cent, cumulative participating (the same as last year but on increased capital), preference shares, a final ordinary dividend of 5 per cent, (same) again makes 74 per cent, for again making 15 per cent. the year, leaving £15,613 (£14,877) to be carried forward. Companies’ Returns The report states that the company’s sub­ Increases of Capital sidiary, the Lancashire Electric Power Co., has been directed to extend the Kearsley generat­ Associated Electrical Industries, Ltd.—The ing station by the installation of two 52,000-kW nominal capital has been increased by the turbo-alternators with the necessary boilers and aadition of £1,363,000 beyond the registered ancillary plant. capital of £6,495,000. The additional capital is divided into 1,363,000 8 per cent, cumulative The Lancashire United Transport & Power preference shares of £1 each. (This relates to Co., Ltd., is to pay a final dividend of 6 per cent, the acquisition of shares in the B.T.H. Co. It is (same), again making 10 per cent. The profit announced that over ,90 per cent, acceptances for 1944 was £154,574 (£153,419). have been received from B.T.H. preference The Newcastle and District Electric Lighting shareholders.) Co., Ltd., made a profit of £70,485 last year to Franco Signs, Ltd.—The nominal capital has which is added £1,642 interest on investments been increased by the addition of £100,000 and £17,569 brought forward, making £89,696. beyond the registered capital of £200,000. After making provision for income tax, de­ The additional capital is divided into 200,000 preciation, etc., there is a balance of £35,721. shares of 10s. each. The dividend for the year is maintained at 7 per cent, and £14,721 is'carried forward. Bankruptcies The Llanelly & District Electric Supply Co., Ltd. At the annual general meeting on March N. E. Butcher, battery manufacturer, trading 14th, Mr Morrice A. Edwards, chairman, as the “ Herts Electrochemical Co.” 2 Wood- said’that the sales of electricity by the company field Road, Welwyn Garden City.—First and onH it-s subsidiary increased from 79,33/,/Z8 final dividend of 7 U1. in the £ payable at the kWh n 1940 to 140,724,475 kWh in 1944 the Trustee’s Office, College Hill Chambers, average price obtained in 1944 being 0 86d. Cloak Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.C.4. STOCKS AND SHARES of the shares retains the impreventefK recorded Iasi week, being now. xafe T tira jy a ' jkvekb«s.. Ericsson. Telephones trading pros* o| TOCK Exchange maritas are pursuing a £414,500 is nearly £5ri«M) up: the pare ct qtnet_ and not particulaiiy eventful the shares -renirins at 54s.. A tta,ï* tnepnan fpiiiftt Lew striking reaisire# develop ftsm on the mcùêv is £1 l?s. 94 per cent, net. day to day. The interesting, if rather nega­ Ascitic shares. after their sharp rire of. 4s. tive. point about prices is the steadiness that last. week to 21s. fid-, have reacted ta characterises them in the comparative idleness 20s. 64. .The company is taking over a Miy of business. Company reports, dividend equipped works, and is to erect another decimations and chairmens speeches -are factory,. almost iflifoiirjy satistetore^MJtowing, be County of Hondo» it hastily added, for wartime burdens. The Count;- of London Electric Supply Price FtetitatiiMS Company, now in its fifty-fifth féar. «Mss The breathless rise, in De la Rue shares that, its ôsrput for 1944 was s_ record, wish wjiiety ran.up the price to 11^ had the effect the one exception of the output in 1943, The of bringing in sellers, and at 10# there Count;: of London is one of the largest sf iS a reaction, of 3s. M . on ute week. British. the supply companies in the 1st The _r.'_ .. CC is... C - , . ' : . - of ; authorised share capital is £164 million, ¡of usual 10 per cent. divideai had been genially which fast ovyr £ i 5+ millions has bean issued. expected. The total profit for the year is a. Its own area for generation and distribution Utile lower, Telegraph Construction & is about 1.500 square tniies and tfis Company Maintenance have reached the level £3, rexves. a total population of something' lbs and Hopkinsons advanced to £4, Ransoms 3,000,000, the consumers supplied, directly or R 'M a rie s .are 3s. M , higher a t 91s.. 3d.; indirecflv, being nearly 300,000, Jfafitaatoiial Combustions have pm. on Is, 'The shares are regarded as one of the at f|, Westaghotsse Brake« are a good soundest in the industrial list and the m arket a t th e advanced gripe o f ~Ss, ° i . possibility of increase in the divided Is Another rise of # lifted Tube Investments reflected m the current price of 45s„ at. TO 5#. 'Ferranti preference are Is. up at which tire return on the money is a m otet 3ls. bd. General Meetiies and. Johnson & £3 I ls , p er cent... P®ilips sre easier.. The recent flutter of Automatic Téléphoné e S ment oxer Indian utility -shares has The Automatic Telephone & Electric Co. &?$} way to. quieter condirions. Calcutta has paid an annual 124 per cent., ividead Trans are Is. down at -64s. 64. and Delhi (which includes 24 per cent, bonus) tiare Electrics have gone back 3s to ~2s. 6d. 1938, and the final, dividend for 1944 main­ The veil of security secrecy imposed upon tains this. The company owns a coatrehiag the. accounts of utility compailies has been interest in several automatic téléphoné madat- sufficicr ri lifted to demonstrate how little, takings, and is associated with British In­ from, the profit-making point of view, elee- sulated Catof?' M distributing companies that - - - . . - by operate in North and South. America, The. wipf eondMiits, In this market Yorkshire 100,000 “ A " deferred shares of £1 are |M Electrics hardened to 45s. fid.: Scottish Power held by British Insulated Cables, The price t o 41s. fid. o f th e com pany’s rird iaaiy shares h as risen, Profit Statements to 67s., hardly a shilling below the record high price touched last year. Within the past British .Aluminium Company's total profit, five years it has been down to 30s. after . providing for E.P.T., comes to £1,049,25'’, which is about £19,000 less than R a ise the profit, of the previous year. The dividend, Lack of business, more than any pressure making 10 per cent, for the year, is hand­ to sell,, Is the main reason for dairies? In the somely covered and the price of the shares radio group. The week's changes in prices, remains unchanged at 46s. cum dividend, w here any have occurred, are o f little cesase- affording a yield at that prise of £4 7s, per qtieaoe. as these examples show :— csnt. on the money. British!hcmscn-HoustOR made a. net profit of £596,32 T, being an s t o v M*si P-Vy Sis? t r SA it S. - s. a. increase of a tout £16.000 as against" the teaiieasi Relay - - ' -S 0 4 « . 4 M. previous twelvemonth and the dividend is Ctote, t . K. " .. 0 3S 9 ~ A again to be 7 per rent,, edifying' on the C essai I 0 E.M.I...... w 0 H ! - S3, tradition established in 1935. M .'M k itel 5 i 4 S 0 Plates 0 14 v Etefd... 5 0 31 6 making 224 per rent., in all, ironTL.anres.iure R.-.J.v- Ri-ai-Us .. 5 0 48 6 I s l . J, & F, S « s » - - 5 0 S O Dynamo & Crypto, The dividend is in 5 areprdaac© with expectations,- .and the price Seejibonj- 0 4 .3: -M, M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 443 Export Trade Fim dam ental§ Manufacturer and Agent Relationship T HE necessity for re-developing By Sala " The manufacturers job is systemati­ and expanding our export cally and efficiently to manage this trade immediately hostilities cease is a problem potential expansion—for that is what it is— to which most manufacturers must have by advertising, in whatever form he and the already given some consideration. Oppor­ agent agree is the best way of appealing to tunities for extending former export trade and prospective users, and educating them to developing new markets with countries which appreciate the manufacturer's product. The were closed to us before the war will no term “ advertising " here includes leaflets, doubt exist, but manufacturers must realise display material, attractive packs and Press that competition will be keen and that slip­ advertising, whichever is considered the most shod, half-hearted efforts to secure and main­ suitable. tain their share of the trade will not suffice. In formulating his plan of expansion the The basis of transacting export trade manufacturer must obviously have satisfied through an overseas agent has very many himself on what volume of business he might similarities to transacting trade at home ultimately be able to secure from the over­ through wholesale distributors. Yet many seas market, and he must base his advertising manufacturers who have adopted and favour expenses on a long-term policy by which he the selling of their products through whole­ hopes eventually to benefit. If he were salers in the home market fail to appreciate introducing a new product to the home market that the overseas agent necessarily requires he would realise that he would be committed just the same amount of support and co­ to a great deal of patient hard work in his operation. Just in the same way as a efforts to make his product known. He wholesaler in the home market spreads his would’ probably be committed also to a handling, selling and distribution costs over judicious advertising expense quite out of the whole range of his products, so does the proportion to his initial returns. Just the export agent offer this valuable and very same applies in developing export business. essential advantage to all the manufacturers whom he represents. Advertising Expenses The manufacturer should ensure that every7 There have been many examples in the past possible opportunity is taken to acquaint the of agents marketing and developing the sales agent with his specialised knowledge, gleaned of a manufacturer's products at their own from long experience, of the technical features, expense, the manufacturer making no con­ advantages, sales arguments and answers to tribution at all to the advertising costs. This sales resistance. If climatic or other conditions arrangement, however, is to be deplored. It in the agent's country necessitate some slight should not be difficult for any manufacturer adaptation of the product the manufacturer to realise that in a truly competitive market— should be willing to make that modification as export markets will surely remain-^his in so far as his manufacturing economy will agents chances of maintaining his share of the permit. trade are not very rosy if he has to add to the landed price of the manufacturers goods his Sales Development handling, distributing, selling and advertising A manufacturer would not expect to expenses, and then his profit. develop the sale of a new product in the Again, many instances have arisen of home market without advertising or popularis­ British manufacturers having forced on the ing it and ensuring that a plan of distribution overseas markets various products with no to meet the demands of probable users of the pre-arranged plan of marketing them, many product had been created. No more can he of the products unbranded, unadvertised, expect to develop an export trade if he chooses just shipped abroad to agents and placed on to ignore these very important factors. the market to compete price for price with the The plan of campaign which he adopts in most inferior articles of the same nature. There co-operation with his agent should be clearly will always be the manufacturer who sells on understood by both parties. Misunderstand­ price alone and there will alway s be the in­ ings are fatal to proper development. It is ferior product. The inferior product is the agent’s job to distribute the goods in the considered good and commands a good price countrv in which he represents the manu­ until it comes to be properly compared with facturer. It is because of his contacts and his a quality article. It cannot compete in knowledge of the trades and customs in ihat quality so the danger of competition is met country that the manufacturer has chosen by bringing down the price, and because users him to' assist the development of sales to the have not been educated to appreciate the mutual benefit of agent and manufacturer. saving and the advantages of the quality 444 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 article its price comes down also to the same grown by 11,000,000 kW. Last year pro­ level. It is a competition in price only, and duction totalled approximately 230,000 million kWh, an increase of 9,000 million kWh (or 4 the price levels go down eventually to a most per cent.) over 1943. All of this took place ridiculous figure. during the first eight months of the year, No wonder many British manufacturers the remaining four having shown a decline. have, in the past, had such sad experiences of This net increase compares with a gam of overseas markets. But they had only them­ 32,000 million, or 17 per cent, in 1943. In the selves to blame, in many instances, for the five years from September, 1939, the total unplanned, unsupported and slipshod annual output has grown from 126,000 million kWh to 230,000 million kWh, an increase of methods which they used in securing for 83 per cent., while generating capacity has grown themselves a temporary share of overseas 28 per cent. In addition, some 2,000 million m arkets. kWh was imported from Canada. The average They must make up their minds now that if cost to the residential consumer continued its they desire export trade they must justify their usual decline, being now about 34 cents per prices, do the lion’s share in making their kW h.— Reuter's Trade Service. products known and have a complete under­ standing with the agents they appoint. Let them appreciate that the main functions of New Zealand Imports the agent are to stock the manufacturer’s Substantial Increase in 1943 goods at suitably dispersed depots so as HE electrical import trade of New Zealand adequately and conveniently to serve the in 1943 showed an advance of about 40 customers in his country, to assist the intro­ T per cent, compared with 1942. In this rise duction of those goods to prospective users nearly all the important groups (except storage by the personal contacts of his representatives batteries and parts) participated, with cable and and faithfully to support and co-operate with wire, radio goods, telephone apparatus and lamps the manufacturer. To carry out these showing marked increases. Details, including functions satisfactorily he must have the full a note of increases and decreases in value com­ pared with 1942, are appended. support of the manufacturer and this can Factory development under the protection never be attained unless the manufacturer afforded by"wartime shortage of imported goods makes himself responsible for the proper and by the import control system has extended introduction of his product to the new to wireless sets and some electrical goods. prospective users. According to a booklet recently issued by the Department of Overseas Trade the manufacture of such goods is almost entirely for domestic U.S. Power Supply consumption and there is no immediate prospect Production and Revenue During 1944 of any volume of export. Whether some of the new secondary industries will be able to hold N a review of the electric light and power their own in competition with imported products industry in the United States during 1944, after the war is doubtful unless some protection IMr. C. W. Kellogg, president of the Edison continues. Electric Institute, says that the use of industrial New Zealand’s post-war plans for the extension power slowly declined from the high point of electricity supply are to install plant of a capa­ reached in the autumn of 1943, but towards city of 40,000 kW yearly. Within the next few the end of the year came back to near 1943’s months it is expected that a 25,000-kW station high level. Most of the curtailment in industrial near Methven, in South Island, will be started up. power resulted from the shutdown of aluminium At Arapuni two 21,600-kW sets are to be plants operating on fuel-generated power and erected shortly. In addition, work has been from the stoppage of manufacture of magnesium. started on five new stations. Household use of electricity made the usual gain in spite of the almost complete cessation Class of Goods 1943 Inc. or of the manufacture of appliances and of restric­ £ N .Z. dec. tions on connecting new customers. Because of restrictions in the use of materials, construction Storage batteries 7,600 _ 5,500 Parts of storage batteries.. 14,500 - 5,000 expenditures, however, were the lowest in ten Other batteries, and cells 20,100 + 13,325 years. Principal line extensions during the Carbons for arc lamps, etc. 4,200 2,250 year were in farm areas; over half of America’s Cooking ranges ...... j - — 2,350 farms now have electricity. Heating & other cooking appliances 12,900 + 1,750 The consolidated income statement of electric Unspecified electrical appliances 38,300 + 23,400 utility companies shows a gain in gross revenues Electrodes for arc lamps, etc. 49,500 + 11,150 Insulated cable and wire 647,400 +283,700 of approximately $110 million over 1943 to an Insulating materials, unspecified 58,600 + 9,100 estimated total of $2,925 million. Net income, Incandescent filament lamp bulbs 145,200 + 59,800 however, after meeting all charges, has been Elec. lamps, unspec., other than reduced from $512 million to $500 million, surgical 41,500 + 20,600 taxes now representing 24 per cent, of all Motors and parts 245,100 + 12,300 money received. Radio receiving sets 4,000 + 3,150 Radio valves 205,000 + 115,800 The installed capacity of all utility power Other radio goods 228,000 + 52,700 plants, both public and private, increased Telegraph & telephone apparatus, during the year by about 1,500,000 kW, bringing not radio 151,000 + 80,100 the total at the present time to about 50,500,000 Electric irons 700 ___ kW. Since the beginning of the war in Europe Insulators 3,200 — 970 in the summer of 1939, generating capacity has Other electrical apparatus 867,500 + 136,800 M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 445

\ m \ P A T E N T S Electrical Specifications Recently Published

The numbers under which the specifications will be Dictograph Telephones, Ltd., and S. Webb.— printed and abridged are given in parentheses. “ Telephone systems.” 13507. August 19th, Copies o f any specification (Is. each) may be 1943. (567694.) obtained from the Patent Office, 25, Southampton Ellison Insulations Ltd., W. A. Morgan and Buildings, London, W.C.2. H. S. Cattermole.—” Fluid-controlling valves.” LPHA Accessories, Ltd., and P. G. 11372. July 13th, 1943. (567688.) Wardle. ass- “ Electric dry batteries.” General Electric Co., Ltd., and L. Jacob.— A 7961. May 19th, 1943. (567757.)' “ Electric-discharge devices having oxide coated Automatic Telephone & Electric Co., Ltd., cathodes.” 8098. May 21st, 1943. (567718.) D. Wright and A. Aston.—” Electrical timing General Electric Co., Ltd., and W. G. Thomp­ arrangements.” 14075. August 28th, 1943“ son.—“ Electro-magnetic pumps for electrically (567819.) conducting liquids.” 8168. June 15th, 1942. Babcock & Wilcox, Ltd.—“ Fluid heaters.” (567772.) 13062:43. August 22nd, 1942. (567734.) R. Jakubskind. — “ Variable resistance K. Baumann and Metropolitan - Vickers devices.” 13444. August 18th, 1943. '(567767.) Electrical Co., Ltd.—“ Machining of irregular B. F. J. Johnson and Power’s & Deane, surfaces.” 5946-8. May 7th, 1941. (567745-7.) Ransome’s, Ltd.—" Electric welding.” 13740 K. Baumann, H. J. Shaker and Metropolitan- August 23rd, 1943. (567696.) Vickers Electrical Co., Ltd.—“ Turning and George Kent, Ltd.—“ Electrodes for pH boring irregular curved surfaces.” 5945. measurement.” 9370 43. June 10th, 1942 May 7th, 1941. (567744.) (567772.) K. Baumann, H. J. Shaker, J. S. Hall and N. E. Af. Kleen.—“ Refrigeratina apparatus.” Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co., Ltd.— 13513.42. October 3rd. 1941. (567706.) “ Machining * of irregular surfaces.” 5949. E. F. Kohl. — ” Speed-actuated electric May 7th, 1941. (567748.) switches or circuit-breakers.” 7694,43. May T. Blackmore & Sons, Ltd., and A. T. Black- 16th, 1942. (567680.) more.—" Wire-coiling machine or adaptor.” J. Lenegan and J. C. Lenegan.—“ Automatic 9227. June 8th, 1943. (567721.) electric vulcanising machine.” 9243. July 19th, J. L. Bland.-—“ W ater-tube boilers.” 9403. 1943. (567804.) June 11th, 1943. (567723.) A. Mandl and Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical M. C. Bloom.—“ Baths for the electro- Co., Ltd.—“ Dynamo-electric machines for supplying both direct current and alternating depositing of antimony.” 18041 43. July current.” 16116. November 13th. 1942. 28th, 1941. (Divided out of 559164.) (567794.) (567775.) British Insulated Cables, Ltd., W. C. Handley Mullard Radio Valve Co., Ltd., and C. L. and J. C, Quavle.—“ Arrangement for mounting Richards.—“ Frequency-modulated receivers.” electric terminals.” 9991. June 21st, 1943. 12407. July 30th, 1943. (567813.) (567809.) Philips Lamps, Ltd. (Naamlooze Vennoot- British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd.™ schap Philips’ Gloeilampenfabrieken). — “ Apparatus for starting electric-discharge " Shielded high-frequency cables.” 2021. devices.” 7074;43. May 8th, 1942. (567782.) February 3rd, 1944. (567704.) British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd. (General Revo Electric Co., Ltd., and A. E. Felton.— Electric Co.). —- ” Magnetic suspension for “ Tubular fluorescent electric lamp fittings.” horizontal shafts.” 18367. November 5th, 19839. November 27th, 1943. (567830.) 1943. (567828.) A. I. Rochmann. — “ Electrically heated British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd.. and soldering irons.” 8961. June 4th, 1943. J. R. Kynaston.—“ Open-type electro-plating (567802.) barrels and electrode supports therefor.” Siemens & General Electric Railway Signal 18507. November 8th, 1943. (567795.) Co., Ltd., and H. J. N. Riddle.—“ Road traffic J. H. Buchanan and Metropolitan-Vickers control systems.” 10302-3. June 25th, 1943. Co., Ltd.—“ Oil- and liquid-immersed electric (567761-2.) transformers and other apparatus for use on Smart & Brown (Engineers), Ltd.. and W. H. high-voltage circuits.” 14027. August 27th, Spivey.—“ Electrical plug contact pins.” 894. 1943. (567789.) January 18th, 1943. (567798.) T. F. Caldwell.—“ Electric time switches Standard Telephones & Cables, Ltd., and embodying revolving magnetic clutches.” Cog­ P. K. Chatterjea.—' Heating materials by high- nate applications 1324 43 and 18565,43. frequency electric current.” 12115. July 26th, January 26th, 1943. (567708.) 1943. (567731.) Callender’s Cable & Construction Co., Ltd., A. W. Sweetinburgh.—“ Means for com­ and A, B. F. G. Richardson.—“ Apparatus paring electrical insulators and detecting for the moulding of thermoplastic materials.” deterioration thereof.” 14022. August 27th, 9442. June 11th, 1943. (567805.) 1943. (567788.) Chloride Electrical Storage Co., Ltd. (W. W. Westinghouse Electric International Co.— Smith) —“ Non-spill arrangements of electric “ Electric-discharge devices.” 9414 43. June accumulators.” 15140. September 15th, 1943. 17th, 1942. (567683.) (567824.) _ H. Wiggin & Co., Ltd., J. Stockdale and Concordia Electric Safety Lamp Co., Ltd., D. E. Rison.—“ Insulation of electrical resistance and C. C. Bleach.—“ Electric battery lamps. materials.” 13210. August 14th, 1943. 12848. August 9th, 1943. (567690.) (567766.) 446 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 CONTRACT INFORMATION Accepted Tenders and Prospective Electrical Work Contracts Open Contracts in Prospect Where “ Contracts Open ” are advertised in our Particulars of new works and building schemes for “ Official Notices ” section the date o f the issue the use of electrical installation contractors and is given in parentheses. traders. Publication in this section is no guarantee that electrical work is definitely included. Alleged Lleethurpes.—April’23rd. Electricity Depart­ inaccuracies should be reported to the Editors. ment. Switchgear, transformers and cable (See this issue.) Altrincham.—Hospital, Timperley By-pass Edinburgh.—April 4th. Corporation Elec­ Road; secretary, General Hospital. tricity Department. Interlocked tile cable Ardwick.—Works additions, Ardwick Terrace, covers for the year ending May 28th, 1946. for the Metallic Seal Co., Ltd.; B. Pendleton, architect, 16, Brazennose Street, Manchester, 2. Halifax.—March 30th. Markets Department. Renewing electrical installation at the abattoir. Birmingham.—Alterations and additions to (March 9th.) restaurants (£5,667); and main drainage works Keighley.—April 6th. Electricity Depart­ (£74,000); city engineer. ment. Four 400-kVA, 6,600/400-V, three- Chester. — Extensions to City Grammar phase transformers. (See this issue.) School (£6,399); city engineer. Kilmarnock (Ayrshire).—March 27th. Town Hartvvood (Lanarkshire). — Extensions to Council. Year’s supply of electric lamps for sanatorium at Hartwood Mental Hospital all Corporation Departments. Forms, etc., (electrical work); W. C. Brownlie, clerk, from burgh surveyor. Lanarkshire House, 191, Ingram Street, Littleborough. — April 10th. Electricity Glasgow, C.l. Department. 500-kVA transformer. (See this Levenshulme. —- Rebuilding works, Chapel issue.) Street, for Stud Co., Ltd.; A. Brocklehurst & Manchester.—April 3rd. Electricity Depart­ Co., architects, 10, Norfolk Street, Man­ ment. Automatic voltage variation equipment chester, 2. and reactors. Mercury-arc rectifier equipment. Macclesfield.—Works extensions (£11,000); DC traction switchgear. (March 9th.) Barracks Fabrics Printing Co., Ltd., Lower April 7th. Electricity Committee. Service Heyes Mill. cut-outs and cables. (March 16th.) Manchester. — Rebuilding rubber works, Middlesbrough.—April 20th. Tees-Side Rail- Bank Street, Clayton; E. Wood & Co., Ltd., less Traction Board. Two 300-kW mercury- Ocean Ironworks, Trafford Park. . arc rectifiers, etc. (March 9th.) Moston.—Works additions, Ashley Lane and Southend-on-Sea.—March 31 si Electricity Milton Street; Moston Brick and Building Co., Department. House meters. (March 2nd.) Ltd., Kenyon Lane. Wolverhampton.—April 4th. West Midlands Oakengates.—Pumping station, transformer Joint Electricity Authority. Transformers. house, etc., for U.D.C.; A. H. S. Waters, (March 9th.) 25, Temple Row, Birmingham, 2. Oldbury. — Maternity home (£50,000); Orders Placed borough surveyor. Oxford.—Buildings (£11,500 with equipment). Bradford.—Electricity Committee. Accepted. Schools of Technology, Cowley Road; borough 33-kV switchgear for turbo-alternator.—English engineer. Electric Co. Peterborough. —- Technical college; A. J. Cardiff. — Health Committee. Accepted. Reeves, town clerk. Slicing machine (£140).—Peerless Electrical Manufacturing Co. Salford. — Works additions; Oldfield En­ gineering Co., Ltd., 96, Ordsall Lane. Chesterfield.—Electricity Committee.Accepted. Additions for T. Bradford & Co., Crescent Cables (£4,444).—Aberdare Cables. Ironworks, Broad Street, Pendleton. Ilford.—Electricity Committee. Accepted. South Shields.—Factory, Adelaide Street for Eight tubular steel lamp columns (£123).— Prices (Tailors), Ltd. B.T.H. Co. Stockport.—Outpatients’ block and nurses’ Leeds.—Corporation Electricity Committee. home extensions, Stockport Infirmary, Welling­ Accepted. Plant in connection with additions ton Road South; superintendent. to the Kirkstall power station:—Circulating water pump for cooling tower (£6,100).— Stockton Heath. — Installation of electric Worthington Simpson. Generator switchgear light in church; Rev. J. Collins, St. Thomas’ and works transformer switchgear (£20,909).— Vicarage, Stockton Heath, Warrington. Ferguson, Pailin. Stretford.—Rebuilding works; T. Barker & Stockport.—Electricity Committee. Accepted. Sons, Ltd. Electrical gear (£667).—George Russell & Co. West Sussex. — Emergency huts, St. Richard’s Two transformers (£560).—Electric Construc­ Hospital; county architect, Chichester. - tion Co. Boiler feed pumps (£153).—Worthing- Wiltshire. — Farm institute (£50,000); ton-Simpson. county architect, Trowbridge. Mi Wsz ■Eg £a Vs ir.fi» f s* i i * CMM hc srthsfom te at ie Ol Fod on o h Seihfote. The frontier. Swedish the to down Fjord Oslo f o side east the m fro stretches which lm softecnrt rvt tp wt pwrhue ahnr of oSj P capacity. .P. H o jq S to f o machinery house power with type gravity concrete the f o is clam h Vmaos a i pcueqey iutd n itod ta par of Norway f o rt a p that Qistfold, in situated picturesquely is Dam Vammafoss The A U HYDRO- C STATI S N IO T A T S IC R T C E L -E O R D Y H OUS FAM NAL HOUSE, , S. .1 .W S , N O D N O L ., T S E V A R G L E B R E W O L , E S U O H L A IN M R E T E AS ME LMI D E IT LIM T EN EM R SU EA M lcrct ad ae Mtr o Quality of Meters Water and Electricity

48 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2 3 , 1 9 4 5

G o - a x i a l

G ' M e represents the very latest scientific achievements applied q to High-Frequency Engineering. We shall be pleased to offer a correctly designed cable to potential users of High- Frequency Equipment on receipt of answers to the following questions : I. CHARACTERISTIC 2. CAPACITY 3. IF FOR TRANSMISSION IMPEDANCE. PER FOOT. STATE WATTAGE AND FREQUENCY. TENAPLAS LTD., 7 PARK LANE, LONDON, W .l

A.I.D. APPROVAL Part I. UIDDFLEK

m s u L f a i m G

S I E E U i n G S

★

V A R N IS H E D t UNVARNISHED GLASS, SILK AND COTTON

which comply with AIR MINISIRY and other specifications High break-down strength, low loss factor and small dimensions. Full details on request. UNITED INSULATOR Co. Ltd., 12-22, Laystall St., E.C.1 JONES STROUD & Co. Ltd., VIDA MILLS, LONG EATON, Tel: Terminus 7 3 8 3 (5 lines) Grams: Calanel, Smith, London NOTTS. Telephone: Long Eaton 404/6 THE PIONEERS OF LOW-LOSS CERAMICS M atch 23, 1945 E lectrical Review

A LIGHT WEIGHT ELECTRODE HOLDER FOR LIGHT GAUGE WORK

This holder has been specially designed for light gauge work and is made of hard copper and fibre—it weighs only 65 ozs.

The electrode is automatically inclined at 80’ to the handle and is released by pressing the fibre insulated knob on to the bench or work.

While work is being fitted or assembled, the electrode holder, with an electrode in, can be laid on the bench or the work without shorting—a flat is provided on the hand guard for this purpose.

Suitable for currents up to 100 amps.

FULLER ELECTRICAL & MNFG. CO. LTD. (Associated with Asea Electric Ltd.) Head Office : Fulbourne Road, W althamstow. London, E .I7 Telephone: Telegrams r Larksw ood 2350 (10 lines) Fullmage, Telex, London Branch Offices: Manchester 2 . Birmingham, Glasgow 50 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

PERSONALITY h f gi Wo make Trans­ formers of many types up to 10 kVA P. A. for industrial pur­ poses. Supplied to all branches of the Services and built and tested under conditions asgruel- ling as those pre­ vailing in opera­ tional areas, they represent the last word in reliability.

Send us your enqui­ r ie s ; we may be able to help YOU. You can rely on Woden Equipm ent.

GRAMPIAN MICROPHONE TH E DIFFERENCE TYPE M.C.S. THE MIKE MAKES Pressure oper­ TRANSFORMER! ated, Swivel War-shortage of sensitive stand-adaptor. MOXUY ROAD BÎISTON STAffS. TetephœBiVvr'&Mû Frequency 70- microphones has caused mass- 8000c. Impe­ murder of “ personality” dance 20 ohms. Sensitivity 42 over many workshop sound- d.b. PRICE systems. Even the works- manager’s voice giving staff- £7.5 talks has been unrecog­ nisable. But now Grampian are able to release again the GRAMPIAN Grampian Pressure Micro­ LOUDSPEAKER phone Type M.C.S., there Projector type is no longer any excuse for P.V.H. Unit Max. Loading “ local” transmissions. 10 watts. Impe­ Replace the war-emergency dance 15 ohms. “ mikes ” you have been Horn, length using in any P.A. systems you 42 in., diam. 24 in. Cut off, maintain with the high-sen- FAIR DEALING 170 C.P.S. sitivity GrampianType M.C.S. PRICE and get rid of one of your In spite of the difficulties of war-time worst sources of trouble. restrictions in supplies and distribution, £13.5 Available fo r early delivery. it has been constantly our rigid policy to be scrupulously fair in our dealings with all our customers .. . according them all the best possible service we can offer in ratio to our greatly depleted staff, and a fair quota of goods in relation to their pre-war ordering. It has not been easy, but we believe it has been just in line with the policy of fair trading upon which our LOUDSPEAKERS reputation has been built.

GRAMPIAN REPRODUCERS LTD., Hampton Rd., Hanworth, Middx. Phone : Peltham 2657. Sloaivfiectricai 41 KINGSWAY, LONDON. W.C.2 Scientific G.6 8 London and Provincial Branches Telephone: TEMple Bar 9611 M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 51

YOUR FUEL WATCHERS « a n d the&e—

bring immediate RESULTS Have you realised just how big the Don’t forget that there are Fuel fuel saving can be when a planned, Efficiency Bulletins to provide you efficient Fuel Watching system is with the latest ‘ specialist ’ knowledge operating in a factory ? Resourceful on almost every fuel subject— factory managements have found in valuable advice at your finger-tips, intensified Fuel Watching the answer ready to be put to full practical to their fuel problems. use. together they cannot fail The combination of a good Fuel Watching system and the intelligent use of your Fuel Efficiency Bulletins cannot fail to bring immediate and very welcome economies in the consumption of coal, gas and electricity. Fuel Watchers' Badges and additional copies of the Fuel Efficiency Bulletins can be obtained from the Regional Offices o f the Ministry of Fuel and Power. ISSUED BY THE MINISTRY OF FUEL & POWER 52 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

ELECTRIC SOLDERING MACHINE NEW IMPROVED MODEL)

Ć* BT S 1 ^ > *.' COPPER ł INSTRUMENT f ? tu b e s 1 DRAWN AND METER ll „STR 1P 1 SECTIONS BRASSES : í s £ s h m t . ' ; FOR TO EV ER Y PRECISION LIMITS .jé¿ r . TRAD£ FOR ELECTRICAL RAD IO AND INSTRUMENT WORK

COMPACT, PRACTICAL AND GUARANTEED for the Complete with three differ­ Repetition Soldering and ent shaped Carbons, Contact Brazing of small parts. Cord and Clip, hand portable Specially suitable for mass Soldering attachment, Foot production work. Switch and Triple Cored ABSOLUTELY SHOCK Main Cable for Power Plug. National Soldering Fluid. PROOF, perform s all kinds o f HARD and SOFT FOR A.C. CURRENT ONLY SOLDERING cleanly, simply and efficiently. 200-250 Volts. 50-60 Cycles EARLE BOURNE »C9LT? Send for descriptive leaflet L O N D O N BIRMINGHAM 18 mancupktpd S. IANZETTE&, 38-40 HEW BROWN SE MANCHESTER

Grelco MULTI-PLUG ADAPTORS

ELEVEN TYPES Reg. Design Fully illustrated descrip­ tive folder on application

GRELCO Ltd., Grelco Works, Hopcott, Minehead, Somerset

While they are still able to meet present needs, Gowshalls will be ready to sign the new post-war ^ roads—whatever form they may take

GOWSHALL LIMITED Manufacturers of Road Direction Signs ST. PAULS STREET, WALSALL, STAFFS. a n d a t 14/15 lamb’s conduit passage, London, w .c.i IN5ULATED - IN5TRUMENT WlRE5 A TUBE INVESTMENTS GROUP COMPANY PLAIN ^ENAMELLED H.C. COPPER 5TRQND5 M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 53

Autom otic and N on-Autom atk Control Gear

The Automatic Change-over Contactor illustrated, is one of many types available for special conditions of service. Over 25 years of practical experience in the control o f A.C. a n d D.C. motors is embodied in a comprehensive range of Contactor Gear, Drum Controllers, and Brakes, for all purposes

EDWARD HOLME* CO. (1931) L td.,ALTRINCHAM TELEGRAMS : “ CONTACT, ALTRINCHAM.” TELEPHONE : ALTRINCHAM 2694/S

W e cannot m ould battleships But we have battled with and overcome many moulding problems. As specialists with over 44 years’ experience of work to the highest standard of quality and precision limits, you can therefore be assured that

IF IT IS MOULDABLE EBONESTOS CAN MOULD IT

FRONESTOS INDUSTRIES LTD., Excelsior Works, Rollins Street, London, S.E. 15 Telephone : New Cross 1913 (6 lines) Electrical R e v ie w March 23, 1945 SPECIALISTS RUBBER RESEARCH

FIREBARS SPIRALS MICA-ELEMENTS

MOULDED RUBBER PARTS For the present we can deal only with enquiries for permitted essential Moulded Rubbers and look ahead and prepare for the future restoration of the com plete “ DAINITE ” Service

The ELECTRIC ELEMENTS Co. NOTTINGHAM. Q s

M EK-ELEK Engineering Ltd. 17 Western Road, Mitcham, Surrey n o p u m p

A POWERFUL, ROBUST, SELF- | YES SUSTAINING WINCH UMP Mopump for unw atering shallow iTMZM Ssmall wells or sumps. Strongly constructed unit prepared for continuous service. ug Killing« in 11*11«. , Dumper». Curtain*, Can be provided mer Llil*. H o.pluU , with float controlled l.ighting, A.K P . CIuOim automatic starting Phone : Uplanitt 4871/2 and stopping switch IfiN ÿ O li E it ç j r i c F du^ .(£9YD O IŁ

R h o d e s , B r y d o n & Y o u a t t Lt d . RATCHETS, PAWLS, SPRINGS Stockport England. NO ______OR GEAR WHEELS M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 55

This illustration shows a W. & G. Electric Bell, Push and Transformer, one of many types usually available.

A wide and com­ prehensive range of electrical accessor­ ies is available to consumers for National Service.

WARD&GOLDSTONE L t d . Pendletons M anchester. 6 ~ - ÎSTASCISM'O OVER MAŁP A CCtfTiraV _

'H in ts cm nucctiininq DRILLING. Any T U F ¡¡jo L d rilling machine is M A T E R I A L , n o n - m e t a l l i c . UCHTWEIOHT I suitable for drilling THE ENGINEERS Tufnol but high speeds are best for small holes. Sharpen standard twist drills to 118“included angle for average use and grind away the back flutes. Feed the drill slowly to avoid “ burning”, clear swarf frequently, back up the work with wood and don’t use cool­ Many further details of speeds and feeds are given ants. Drill tapping holes slightly oversize. in ou r “ Manual on Machining Tufnol ” • Fly cutters can be used for large holes. T U F N O L L I2 PEPPY BAQR Birmingham 2 2 B 131 56 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2 3 , 1 9 4 5

McCLIIRE & WHITFIELD MERSEY DYNAMO WORKS, STOCKPORT Telephone: Telegrams : S T O C K P O R T 365314 "M OTORS. STOCKPORT" D r M O T O R S •V . G E N ERATO RS

for COMPRESSORS CRANES < H0IST8 MINOR’TEST SET PUMPS FOR INSULATION TESTING MACHINE You could not have a more reliable or more con­ TOOLS, venient test set than the " Record Minor.” Made etc. with the high “ Record ” precision, this compact unit gives direct and dead accurate readings inde­ pendent of voltage variation. The case is of LIGHTING SETS for reinforced bakelite, size 5£" X 3V* X 3J", with Ships' Auxiliaries. clear open scale 5,000 ohms to 20 megohms. Anodising and Plating. W eight only 3 lb. Height allows full swing of M.G. Sets. handle. A free handle is fitted to prevent the generator being turned in the reverse direction. London Office : RECORD ELECTRICAL CO. LTD. Fulwood House, Fulwood Place BROADHEATH ALTRINCHAM CHESHIRE High Holborn, LONDON, W .C.I Tel.: Altrincham 3221/22. Grams: "Infusion,” Altrincham Telephone : Telegrams : London Office: 28, Victoria Street, S.W. I. HOLBORN 1594. "TRIBORD, PHONE, LONDON"

PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT OF

m i l l NEWLY DESIGNED INSULATED J2°; QUICK-WIRING ELECTRICAL ACCESSORIES CLAIMING YOUR SPECIAL ATTENTION WITH PUSH-BUTTON Included in this Range will be SWITCHES OF PATENTED DESIGN for use WATTAGE CONTROI____ on A.C. and D.C. Circuits. THREE-PIN SHUTTERED SOCKET OUTLETS (5 amp and 15 amp) to BSS546. SHUTTERED SWITCH SOCKETS (5 amp and 15 amp). DOMESTIC PLUG TOPS (Fused and Unfused). LAMPHOLDER PLUGS (B.C. ADAPTORS) T/rese's a. Roc/n?ato with Patented features. So/c/er (/M n /or eU ery COMBINED TRANSFORMER-BUZZER. type o f ery/r?& er//ry ¡¿or/,. We invite you to write to address below for fuller particulars which will be communicated to you as soon as the relevant literature is available ROCKMAN ENGINEERING CO. LTD. VICTOR H. IDDON LTD. 16-18 Russell St. Manchester, 1. WYTHENSHAWE, MANCHESTER Telephone : W YT 2291 and 2292 M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 57 MICRO-LATHES MODERN SMALL PRECISION BENCH LATHES

for WATCH,CLOCK AND INSTRUMENT WORK METER TEST ROOM AND REPAIR WORK ETC. We are always ready to advise upon the adaptation of Pultra Lathes to meet special requirements. Write for Catalogue CA4.

Micro-Capstan Lathe Model HU 42 PULTRA LTD. 2 4 GRAVEL LANE Centre Height: 50 mm Spindle Bore: 10 mm. Speed Range: 400 r.p.m.to6.000 r.p.m. for motorised model. SALFORD 3 British Made to highest International Standards MANCH ESTER MANY ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE Phone BLA 918/

BEFORE ENTERING INTO COMMITMENTS a s * ° m e ih in 9 don't fail to write for details ( d i f f e r * " 1 f o r g o # # , SANTON LTD H i i d i n 9 £ b e l t NEWPORT 14 (Mon.) Telephone 7 121 I-J

_J,l «r-w

DELIVERYTHREE WEEKS COIL WINDING MACHINES PRE-SELECTION OF WIRE GAUGES

DIXON HAWKESWORTH Ltd., m iddleton, Lancs

Phone: MID 2823 58 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

NEW BOOKS'. FACTORY ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT By N. F. T. SAUNDERS, B.Sc. This up-to-date book will be found extremely helpful to factory managers The contents include : Fundamental Policy—The Human Factor—Design and Development—The Drawing Office- Planning and Tooling—Control of Materials and Produc­ tion— Control of Output — Buying—Goods Inward — Handling the Finished Article— Labour — Overheads — Budgetary C ontrol—Estimating and Costing. 10s. 6d. n e t ROLLING BEARINGS By R. K. ALLAN, A.M.I.Mech.E., M.I.P.E. A com­ prehensive treatise covering history, theory, design, and the practical application and use of ball and roller bearings. It develops the Hertzian theory as specifically applied to bearings, and deals fully with the work of These approved and certified Conduits and Fittings are Stribeck, Goodman, and Palmgren. An essential work consistently reliable under the most arduous conditions of service. You can specify none better. for designers, draughtsmen, plant and maintenance HILDICK & HILDICK engineers. 30s. net WALSALL TUBE WORKS Pitman House PITMAN K,ngswa)' PLECK ROAD.WALSALL . WAL.2f23 Parker Street ■ ■ ■ London, W.C.2 London Stores: 9 Howland Mews West. Howland St., W.t. Phone: Moteom 6225 SMALL GEARED MOTOR UNITS Made Unidirec­ tional and Re­ v e r sin g . Unidirectional— Torque 36’5" lb s. at 1 r.p.m. Reversing — 60" lbs. at 1 r.p.m. Enquiries are solicited. DRAYTON REGULATOR & INSTRUMENT CO. LTD. West Drayton Middlesex

SPOTLIGHTS - FLOODLIGHTS - DIMMERS STAGE BATTENS AND FOOTLIGHTS THEATRE AND CINEMA EQUIPMENT SPECIAL DISCOUNTS TO TRADE

D. W ALTER & CO. LTD. Actual M anufacturers 61-63 LANT STREET, LONDON, S.E.I TELEPHONE: HOP 3651 M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 59

A Monument to

E f f i c i e n c y

In a single passage through the Metafilter, transformer and heavily carbonized switch oils can be completely freed from all suspended impurities; and all traces of sludge and moisture removed—a monumental tribute to the efficiency of the Metafilter. The Metafilter is economical and easy to operate; and can be used on switches and transformers while under load. Qfiletafiitratiorijp

THE METAFILTRATION COMPANY LTD. BELGRAVE ROAD • HOUNSLOW • MIDDLESEX Telephone : - - Hounslow 1121/2/3 Telegrams: - - Metafilter, Hounslow

I N ^ T A N T A

For Electricians—An dispensable Safety Tool NO for detecting live DANGER FOR THE Twelve supplied OPERATOR RELAYS each display box. —even if the Universal A.C. or D.C. Silent Operation. Safe for voltages Indicator Lamp Fully TROPICAL, Shockproof Insulation. Low up to 750. hould get broken Power Factor under moist conditions. High Switching Capacity, low consumption. Coils Patent applied D eliveries Continuously rated 2 to 1000 volts. Multiple From Stock contact assembly, silver contacts. Universal fo r. Mounting bracket, weatherproof casing if LIST PRICE desired. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED LIST G.P.IOI/A. INSTANTA ELECTRIC LTD. 48 OLD CHURCH ST., CHELSEA, S.W.3 TELEPHONE: FLAXMAN 3531 1 6 0 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w March 23, 1945

E ACH planted seed is the bearer of great hopes. Each seed looks much as any other seed and there is no knowing, until it is too late, whether the great hopes will blossom into great results. There is a strong analogy in this to another kind of plant— electrical plant, and transformers in particular. As with seeds, transformers look much alike—all the engineer sees of them is often the tank exterior ; but there need be no uncertainty in installing this kind of plant, and there will be a definite assurance of reliable results if the plant installed comprises

HACKBRIDGE ELECTRIC CONSTRUCTION CO., LTD. WALTON-ON-THAMES, SURREY Telephone : Walton-on-Thames 760 (8 lines) Telegrams : “Electric, Walton-on-Thames 2 3 , 1 945 March E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 61

FOR A L L PURPOSES “ Cressall” Sliding Resistances are manufactured in an immense variety of types and sizes to meet every known requirement. Every “ Cressall ” Re­ sistance is of sound design and incorporates the best possible CRESSALL workmanshi p— yet Back-of-Board Sliding PRICES ARE COMPETITIVE Resistance with bevel wheel drive for fine regulation —- jfgESSALL w ith Hand. Dialplate for mounting 31 & 32 TOWER 8TREET BIRMINGHAM Phone: Aston Cross 3463/4 Grams: Ohmic, Birmingham Pleaie tend us your enquiries—andasktor descriptive literature

/ N V sU je INSULATED i WIRES AND L STRIP

U COVERED WITH ENAMEL COTTON $ SILK VARNISH GLASS I ENAMEL AND PAPER ‘Direet-O -lite ’ Samples and Prices on Application MADE BY C.M.CilUKCIIOUSE LTD . F. D. SIMS LTD. CIARENDON WORKS .CLARENDON CROSS. LONDON.W II. HAZELHUR8T WORKS, RAMSBOTTOM. LANCS T.lephon., PARK 8617 8 Telegramsi "ItTEFlTINS NOTARCH" Telegrams : Telephone : “ SIMS, RAMSBOTTOM" RAMSBOTTOM 2213/4 62 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

HART St o r a g e Batteries FOR Ele c t r ic Lig h t in g a n d Po w e r Installations

SUPPLIES ARE AVAILABLE (but only against orders supported by Government Contract Numbers) for all kinds of Masking and Protection & Identification HART ACCUMULATOR CO. LTD. of Pipe Lines M ARSHGATE LANE, STRA TFO RD . LONDON, E .15 Telephone: MARyland I36I/3 Branches at SAMUEL JONES & CO. LTD. Birmingham, Bristol, Cork, Dublin, Glasgow, Manchester Newcastle-on-Tyne • Nottingham and Westminster I6-I7 SEW BRIDGE SLEW PH OIL CENtrai 6500

NON-FERROUS GREY«M ARTEN ltd SAND CASTINGS Manufacturers F o r In all For all Electrical Work. To British Standard or any other specifications. s non-ferrous W ith a reputation for purity of consti­ tuents and excellence of appearance. o metals LONDON: L SOUTHWARK BRIDGE S.E.l T\ tr iON ite Phone : Hop 0414 Grams : Amalgam, Borob BIRMINGHAM: E TRIONITE LTD. 11 JAMES STREET 3 CLIFFE VALE, STOKE-ON-TRENT Phone : B'ham Cent. 6 Grams : Amalgam, B'ham TELEPHONE 21712

The FLASH “ H ” CONNECTOR The LAST WORD in Cable Connecting. Attached to Live Lines WITHOUT DANGER. Connection made in a few minutes. No damage to Cables. High rupturing capacity fuse at tapping point. No joints to be soldered. Re-fused in one minute. Made to accom­ modate six sizes of cable. Fitted with 5, 10 or IS amps. H.R. Fuse. 30-amp. size also made. RICH & PATTISON 81 JAMAICA ROW. BIRMINGHAM S. Tel.: Midland 0153-4-5 * l " s ft March 1945 Electrical Review 63 6 w e i v e R l a c i r t c e l E 5 4 9 1 , 3 2 hn:tupr11 GrmsStaan, our rt o rp u to ,S teatain s:S ram G Phone:Stourport111. STEATITE PORCELAIN & H ead Office: Stourport-on-Severn, W orcs. orcs. W Stourport-on-Severn, Office: ead H your while to consult us before you you before us consult design. your to finalize while your incorporated are Covers Porcelain S.P. for all purposes and it may be worth worth be may it insulators and make and We purposes all Switchgear for Terminals. Transformer Cable many in P R O D U CLT T S D .

64 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

W e have a wide range of Standard 2, 3, and 4 W ay Terminal Blocks to meet the requirements of manufacturers of electrical equipment. W e have designed and produced many mouldings for the Electrical Trade, and these are some of the few which we can still manufacture for present-day needs. However, we look forward to the time when we shall be solving your post-war problems, assisted by the extensive knowledge we are gaining in manufacturing to exacting war-time specifications.

INSULATORS LTD

J \ A * > u A 4 Li* vus c f yVLeSvCt

LEOPOLD ROAD EDMONTON LONDON . N 18 . PHONE: TOT 1491 (4 lines March 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 65

ON AN OLD VENT-AXIA PROVERB for better OU cannot, says the old adage, Air Conditions Yput a quart Into a pint pot. But, where modern scientific development is concerned, it all depends (with due deference to Dr. Joad) upon what you mean by a pint pot.

Thus, engineers have produced a 2.0C0 H P. aero engine within the space that once looked small for 1,000 H.P. ; and now, by a similar process of research, development and exhaustive test, the Hewittic • * Electric Company has produced a new type of HEWITTIC glass bulb RECTIFIER having a much higher output per cubicle unit, so providing the ideal converting plant for use wherever HEWITTIC reliability is essential but sub­ station space is at a premium.

VENT - AXIA lTD. 9 VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W.l AND a t GlAMiOVV t . MANCHESTER HEWITTIC ELECTRIC ( 0 . LTD. WALTON-ON-THAMES, SURREY Telephone : Telegrams: Walton-on-Thames760(8lines) “Hewittic,Walton-on-Thames’' 66 E l e c t r ic a l R e v i e w M arch 23. 1943

ON EVERY FIGHTING

F R O N T . . . . ON LAND

ON THE S E A S ......

AND IN THE AIR

t'O n o . llRELLI IJENER a L • -

Made at CABLES T h a t Pirelli-General Cable Works. ca vu f canfid& KC t, as H/etffas um eJiïTf

e t u t ( f u n n

Advt. of The General Electric Co. Ltd., Head Office. Magnet House. Kingsvcay. London, TF.CJ? March 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w (Supplement) 67 •CLASSIFIED ADVEBTISEJIEATS ADVERTISEMENTS for insertion in the following REPLIES TO advertisements published under a hndavs issue are accepted up to First Post on Box Number if not to be delivered to any particular M onday, at Dorset House, Stamford Street, London, firm or individual should be accompanied by instruc­ tions to this effect, addressed to the Manager of the TIffi CHARGE for advertisements in this section ELECTRICAL REVIEW7. Letters of applicants in K (approx. S words) per insertion, such cases cannot be returned to them. The name minimum 2 lines 4/-, or for display advertisements of an advertiser using a Box Number will not be 30/- per mch, with a minimum of one inch. Where disclosed. All replies to Box Numbers should be the advertisement includes a Box Number there is addressed to the Box Number in the advertisement, an additional charge of 6d. for postage of replies. c/o ELECTRICAL REVIEW, Dorset House, Stam­ SITUATIONS WANTED. — Three insertions ford Street, London, S.E.l. Cheques and Postal under this heading can be obtained for the price of Orders should be made payable to ELECTRICAL two if ordered and prepaid with the first insertion. REVIEW LTD. and crossed. Original testimonials should not be sent with applications for employment.

BOROUGH OF KEIGHLEY

EASTER SCHEDULE Electricity Department

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS RENDERS are invited for the supply and delivery of 4 400-kVA. 6.600/400-volts. 3-phase Transformers. MAR. 30 issue has already closed for press. Specification and form of tender may be obtained from me. Completed tenders should be sent to S. Walker. Town Clerk. Town Hall, Keighley, by Friday. 6th April. 1945. Latest time for receiving copy for APRIL 6 in sealed envelopes devoid of any indication as to sender issue is First post on THURSDAY, MAR, 29 and endorsed “ Tender for Transformers.’* The Corporation does not bind itself to accept the lowest or any tender. G. F. MOORE. OFFICIAL NOTICES, Electricity Offices. Engineer and M anager.' Coney Lane. Keighley. „ „ TENDERS, ETC. 13th March. 1945. 1646

LITTLEB0R0UGH URBAN DISTRICT COUNCIL SITUATIONS VACANT Electricity Department ------group of companies in the Engineering industry. A reviewing staff requirements for post-war expansion. HE above Council invite tenders for the supply and ! will consider applications from men with outstanding T delivery of th e following :— I qualifications and ability after the present restrictions of ' engagement of labour are removed. The appointments One 500-kVA INDOOR TYPE TRANSFORMER. | to be made cover: Specification, schedules and forms of tender may be DESIGN. DEVELOPMENT. TECHNICAL, obtained on application to Mr. G. Hill. Electrical Engineer. PRODUCTION. ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF. Council Offices, Littleborough. SALES MANAGERS. SALES ENGINEERS. No tender will be received except in a plain sealed ETC. envelope bearing the words “ Tender for Transformer, The group is distinguished by a common endeavour to but which must not bear any name or mark indicating maintain a high standard of quality for its products, out­ the sender. ' . . standing craftsmanship, and a progressive outlook on Tenders, sealed and endorsed as above, must be received industrial relations. by the undersigned not later than TUESDAY. 10th April. 1945. The companies concerned are as follows : The Council do not bind themselves to accept the lowest British Oil Engines (Export) Limited. . or any tender. The Brush Electrical Engineering Co. and Subsidiaries. R. C. CLOUGH. Darwins Limited. Council Offices. Clerk of the Council. Fielding & Platt Limited. Heenan & Froude Limited. Littleborough. _ Lagonda Limited. 22nd March. 1945. _ Mirrlees. Bickerton & Day Limited. McLarens Limited. BOROUGH OF CLEETHORPES Oil Engines (Coventry) Limited. Tar ran Industries Limited. Electricity Department Applications must not be sent to the above companies, but addressed to: D. S. A. E. Jessop. rpENDERS are invited for the supply, delivery (and Industrial Relations Advisory Service, J- erection of High Tension. Low Tension Switchgear) c/o 27. Gilbert Street. for the following:— London. W.l. (a) High Tension Switchgear : All applications will be treated as strictly confidential. (b) Low Tension Switchgear; 1649 (c) 500-kVA Transformer; (d) High Tension Cable. Sneoifications etc.. from Mr. B. S. Lord .Chief Engineer N energetic Sales Representative required by well- and^laDager. 'Electricity Showrooms. Grimsby Road. A known manufacturers of electrical appliances to cover Yorkshire. Must know the area from previous selling experience in the electrical trade, reside in or near Leeds, a TendSfto be delivered by 5 p.m.. Monday. April 23rd. and be capable of controlling area office and staff. Splen­ did opportunity for the right man. State age. experience 194.^1 . , hs forwarded in a plain envelope and and salarv required.—Box 1636. c/o The Electrical Review. mafked^or Uie^tem tendered for and addressed to me. SSISTANT Works Manager required. Young man G. SUTCLIFFE. A for permanent position. Experience desirable in Town Clerk. high speed mass production of small components . Salary Council House. according to experience. Apply, giving full details of Cambridge Street. qualifications, experience, etc.—Box 1674, c/o The Elec­ Cleethorpes* 1665 trical Review. Lincs. 68 (Supplement) E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945

DEMOBILISATION large manufacturing firm has vacancies in its Electric A Traction department for two Sales Engineers having "A/TEN of definitely outstanding ability seeking perma- experience in preparation of tenders and conduct of nent and progressive positions upon demobilisation correspondence on enquiries and orders in connection from the armed Forces or from war industries are invited respectively with railway electrification work 'and with to record particulars of what they have to offer with a tramcar and trolley-bus electrical equipments. Good large and important electro-mechanical manufacturing salaries and prospects are offered to the right men. Apply group engaged in the development and production of in confidence, stating particulars of. age, experience, salary electrical materials, equipment, apparatus, valves, plas­ required, and when free to start, to—Box 1633, c/o The tics. wire and cable. Electrical Review. The policy of the group is to make promotions from OROUGH of Barking. Deputy Borough Electrical within, but a few appointments for demobilised men of B Engineer and Manager; Applicants must be Cor­ outstanding ability are available in the following fields: — porate Members of the I.E.E. or of equivalent standard, and have had a sound technical ^education, and technical Research—electrical, mechanical, metallurgical. administrative and commercial experience of a progressive Efficiency, time and motion study. electricity undertaking. Salary in accordance with Class Production engineering—machine design, tool, jig and F, Grade 1, of the N.J.B. Schedule, commencing at £759 fixture design—shop-trained engineer draughtsmen. p.a., plus car allowance of approximately £60 p.a. The Tool Room and Shop Supervision. appointment will be subject to the Local Government and Factory and Plant Engineering. other Officers’ Superannuation Act, 1937, and a satis­ Inspection. factory medical report. Applicants should write, quoting Progress and Production Control. D.1048XA, to the Ministry of Labour and National Ser­ Costing. vice, Central (T. and S.) Register, Room 5/17, Sardinia Employment and welfare of personnel. Street. Kingsway, London, W.C.2, for the necessary forms Superlative craftsmen, e.g., toolmakers. which should be returned completed on or before 9 April, Young men of character suited for further training. 1945. 1675 /COMBUSTION Engineer required to take charge of Appointments will be considered immediately relevant ^ Boiler House during shift. Experience of high pres­ Government instructions concerning employment permit. sure boilers desirable. Salary, Class H, Grade 8B, of the Men other than those of outstanding ability are advised N.J.B. Schedule. Applications, with copies of testi­ not to reply to this advertisement. monials. to—The Power Station Superintendent. North- Applications in the first instance should be made to met Power Company, Taylors Lane, Willesden, N.W.10. Box 1491, c/o The Electrical Review. X^LECTRIC Lamp factory requires Works Chemist for its small but well-equipped laboratory. If possible, METROPOLITAN BOROUGH OF FULHAM some knowledge of fluorescent tubular lamps. Good pros­ pects for the right man. The factory has good foreign Electricity Department connections with large research laboratories. Applications invited to—Box 1650, c/o The Electrical Review. Appointment of Mains Superintendent X^NGINEER required by the Government of Nigeria for the Posts and Telegraphs Department for one tour PPLICATIONS are invited from Engineers who are of 12 to 24 months with prospect of permanency. Salary A Corporate Members of the Institution of Electrical according to qualifications and experience in the scale of Engineers and who have had a sound technical education £475 rising to £840 a year. On a salary of £475 a year to B.Sc. standard: also technical and administrative ex­ a local allowance of £24 is payable, plus separation allow­ perience in relation to Distribution work, not necessarily ance for a married man between £84 and £204, according an Electricity Undertaking. to number of children. Outfit allowance of £60 where The salary will be in accordance with the N.J.B. salary is £600 or less. Free passages and quarters. Can­ Schedule, Class G, Grade 3, commencing at £652 Is. per didates must hold a university degree in electrical engi­ annum. neering or have passed the Associate Membership examina­ The appointment will be subject to the provisions of tion of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and have the Local Government Superannuation Act. 1937, and the been definitely trained in telecommunication work. Appli­ person appointed will be required to pass a medical cants should write, quoting D.971A, to the Ministry of examination. Labour and National Service, Appointments Dept., Central Application form and particulars of the appointment (T. & S.) Register, Room 5/17, Sardinia Street, Kingsway. may be obtained from the undersigned. London, W.C.2. for the necessary forms, which should be Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, will disqualify. returned completed on or before 21st April, 1945. 1655 Applications should be received not later than noon on Saturday, the 7th April, 1945. TD^NGINEER with experience of works and production CYRIL F. THATCHER. organisation, and control of personnel, required by Town Hall, Town Clerk. important company in the electrical industry in the London Fulham, S.W.6 . 1635 area, in the capacity of Assistant Works Manager. Good prospects, salary and pension for man with the required qualifications.—Box 1549. c/o The Electrical Review. NORTH-EASTERN ELECTRIC SUPPLY CO. LTD. "C^STIMATING Engineers required by large electrical engineering firm (S.W. London area). Engagement Shift Control Engineers. only when present restrictions on engagement removed. Applications are now invited.—Box No. 297, L.P.E., 110, PPLICATIONS are invited for positions as SHIFT St. M artin’s Lane, W.C.2. 1642 A CONTROL ENGINEERS in the power stations of T^XCELLENT opportunity occurs in small but rapidly the above Undertaking. The duties include the operation progressing Manufacturers of high grade Electro of High Voltage Switchboards, the control of Electrical Mechanical Products, with world export, for young man Output from the station, working out results, and general to train for Stock-keeping, Buying, Inspection and Dis­ electrical assistance in the operation of the station. The tribution. Successful applicant will expand with the vacancies are located in the Tyneside and Tees-side areas. organisation and if proved worthy may be eventually The salary will be in accordance with Grade 10, Class G, offered a directorship. Only one with unimpeachable school of the National Joint Board Schedule. The commencing and business records and able to produce highest refer­ salary is at present £280 Os. Od. per annum. ences need apply. Anyone who is afraid of hard work or Experience with a manufacturer of electrical equipment taking their coat off would find this situation incompatible or with an electricity supply undertaking is essential and to them. Age 23-26 (£200/300). London, W.I.—Box preference will be given to applicants holding a Technical 1669. c/o The Electrical Review. Qualification or who can show that they are in course of T^XPERIENCED and energetic Representative required obtaining such a qualification. Suitable Shift Control by well-known manufacturers of electric light fittings. Engineers will be considered for promotion to Technical Accustomed to working by car and stockroom. Good Assistant in due course. salary, expenses and bonus. Only first-class men need Full particulars of practical and theoretical training, apply, stating age, education and experience to —Box 1590. previous employers and age, should be addressed to : — c/o The Electrical Review. The Secretary, . & N. Wade Ltd., 616, Finchley Road, London, N.W. 11, North-Eastern Electric Supply Co. Ltd., wholesale electrical distributors, require London Repre­ Carliol House, Jsentative with connection. Salary, travelling expenses and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1. 1662 commission. Permanent situation for right man. 6869 ll/T ANAGER required with practical experience in /CHARGE Engineer required for Power Station in India. TY-J- installation and maintenance of M.G. sets and of Experience with large water tube boilers and steam low tension wiring systems. State age, full details of turbines essential. Salary Rupees 800 per month with free employment over past ten years and salary required — quarters and passage. Apply, with copies of testimonials, Box E70, Scripps’ Advertising Agency, South Molton St.. to—Box 1616, c/o The Electrical Review. W .l. 1663 M w 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w (.Supplement) 69

TAMES* bectt ¿c Company, Electrical Engineers, of Dun- : ALES Representative wanted for travelling overseas lerpuine, Edinburgh and Branches, are prepared to S to all parts of the world to visit existing agents and consider ior post-war development, young Electrical open up new business. Applicants must have had some Engineers between the ages of 2-5 and 40 years, for experience in the electrical industry. Good opening for supervisory positions. Applicants should have technical energetic man. Apply—Higgs Motors. Witton. Birming­ qualifications equivalent- to Institution of Electreial ham. 166S Engineers Graduate Examination, and preferablv with experience m electrical contracting, especially in erection 'T'ECHNICAL Commissions in H.M. Forces. Vacancies and design of overhead extra high voltage transmission i for two Captains exist in the Corps of Royal Engineers with wood and steel poles to very latest practice. Good i for General Service, with experience as indicated below. prospects tor energetic men. Commencing salarv £400 to Candidates should not be over 45 and should hold a univer­ £650 per annum, depending on technical qualifications and 1 sity degree or equivalent professional qualifications- (a) experience. Apply m first instance, giving all particulars 1 (One) Transmission Line Construction. capable of super­ and stating salary expected, to—I. Selar. James Scott & vising outside repair work, principally on overhead lines ; Co.. Chapel S t.. Dunfermline. j ib) (One) Electric Railway Traction Operation, capable of 1666 supervision, maintenance and operation of an electric rail­ ARGE company in North-West area has vacancies for way system, from the electrical engineering aspect. Appli­ L Senior Electrical Designers, immediately the present cants shbold write, quoting D.1126A. to the Ministry of restriction on employment is removed. Applications: are * Labour and National Service, Appointments Dept., Central now required and applicants should have experience of design of all types of A.C. and D.C. machines. State ase. (T.&S.) Register, Room 5/17. Sardinia Street, Eingsway, experience and salary required.—Box 1592. c/o The Elec­ London. W.C.2. for the neçessàiy forms, which should be trical Be view. returned completed on or before 29th March, 1945. Ï632 EADING firm of electrical contractors, London, pre­ ^TECHNICAL Copywriter with creative ability required L pared to consider applications for position of Manager. on the staff of S. H. Benson Ltd., Eingsway Hall. Applicants must have wide knowledge of and experience London. W.C.2. Applicants must be able to write know- in the contracting-industry, be fully qualified and eacable rdgeabl jtrical plant. Apply bv letter to Pro­ of taking full charge of department dealing with planning, duction Director, stating age, experience and salary preparation of schemes, estimating, etc. Write fully, required. 1637 stating age, experience and salary required. Confidential. TECHNICAL Lighting Assistant required in London by —Box H.25G0. Scripps s Advertising Offices, South Molten large lamp manufacturers, to prepare lighting schemes Street. London, W.l. - for war applications, factories, public lighting, etc. Elec­ T fANTEACTUEERS of Rubber and P.V.C. Cables, wed trical and lighting experience and technical correspondent established in South of England, wish to consider essential. Permanent position with post-war prospects for appojntMent' of Works Manager for post-war development . )ung man free of National Service obligations. Write, Applicants, who must have had managerial or assistant stating age, qualifications, experience and salary required, managerial experience, should write full particulars to— to—Box 1631. c /o The Electrical Review. Box 1644, c/o The Electrical Review. T t ACEUM Flasks Manufacturers wish to contact Expert, LD-established engineering company with world-wide ‘ ' hating experience in the manufacture of thermos O connections requires the services of a first-class Export flasks (vacuum, silvering and sealing). Applicants should Manager. The successful applicant should have good state experience, etc., which will be treated m Strictest general educational standard, together with practical ex­ confidence.—Box 6S54. c /o The Electrical Review. perience of export sales of electrical engineering products. TT^ANTED, for public utility undertaking in Scotland, The position is regarded by the company as important ‘ ' District Engineer with full experience in the opera­ and riie salary range will be from £750 to £1.000, according tion and maintenance of underground and overhead high to qualifications. Applications should be addressed in con­ and low tension mains distribution systems. State age, fidence to—Box No. 19S, S Serle St., London. W.C.2. 164S married or single, and full particulars of experience and technical training. _ Salary ac : tiding to qualifications.— VERSEAS Employment. Mechanical Inspector of 'Box 1647. e / o The Electrical "Review. O Works (Temporary) required by the Government of Sierra Leone for the Electricity Branch of the Public W A N TED - Technical Journalist with special knowledge Works Department for one tour of 12 to 24 months in ' t of electriciiv sunply and applications. Whole-time the first instance. Salary £500 a year, rising to £600 a post in London. Salary £600 to £850 p.a. according to Tear, pins separation allowance for married men between qualifications. Write—The General Manager and Secre­ £84 and £204, according to number of children. .Outfit tary. British Electrical Development Association, 2, Savoy allowance £60. Free passages and quarters. Candidates m il, W .C.2. 1645 most have served a recognised mechanical engineering TYTORE3 Engineer required to take charge, improve apprenticeship and have had experience in the running Vi and maintain existing methods of manufacture of and maintenance of water tube boilers and steam turbines. small printed article. Experience of printing machinery Experience in modem power station practice and in the essential, knowledge of rubber and synthetics- préierréd. running and maintenance of diesel engines would be an Should appeal to live man with own ideas anxious to 30m advantage. Applications in writing (no interviews), stating progressive firm.—Box 1575. c/o The Electrical Review. date of birth, full details of Qualifications and experience, ORES Manager required by well-known Company including present employment, also Identity and National with factory in N.W. London (light engineering and Service o? other registration particulars, and quoting tools). Applicant must have considerable experience in Reference No. O.S.6Q5. should be addressed to the Ministry works management and sound technical, organising and of Labour and National Service, Appointments Dept., commercial abilitv. The company is on essential war A.3(A), Sardinia St., Eingsway. London. W.C.2. 1654 work and is also engaged in the manufacture of products selling through a world-wide organisation to the building, ROGRESSIVE Company in the London area, intend­ electrical and hardware trades. Excellent post-war pros­ P ing to specialise in Mectrical Measuring Instrument pects for right man. Write, stating experience, age. Manufacture as soon as the present restriction oil employ­ salary required and when available—Box 1613, CiO The ment is removed, invite applications for the post of Design Research Engineer. Applicants must have wide Electrical Review. theoretical and practical experience in development of APPOINTMENTS FILLED electrical and electronic apparatus. Excellent opportunity for really first-class man. Write, giving details of ex­ Dissatisfaction having been so often expressed that un­ perience, salary required, etc.. to—Box 1670, c/o The successful applicants are left in ignorance of the fact that Electrical Review. the position applied for has been filled, may we suggest Q ALsS Engineer required for preparation of tenders for that Advertisers notify ns to that effect when they have switchgear. Applicant required to have first-class arrived at a decision? We will then insert a notice free technical education and preferably to have had drawing of charge under this heading. office experience. This vacancy offers excellent oppor­ tunity to any young man with ambition, as this is the S ITU AT IONS WANTED commencement of a sales section or a rapidly developing electrical engineering company.^-Box 1648. c/o The Elec­ CCOUNTANT Secretary, qualified, cost and financial A accounts and secretaryship (A.C.5\ .A.. A.L.A.A.. trical' Review. . . _ , A-C.I.S-). now chief accountant group engineering^ com­ STOREKEEPER for progressive C ompany s London panies with capital exceeding £500.000. free end of March, O m - c i Knowledge of electrical accessories desires post with prospects for man of ability. Good accountant, capable organiser, sound business man. proved abilitv to handle difficult job. Salary £800/£1,000. -Box C^OR EKEEPER required for electrical contractor’s 6S72." c I' o The Electrical Review. A DMTSTSTR ATIVE post required by Senior ©raughts- a n t i s a ia t y e TT 6 S 7 4 man. age 37. experienced in H.T.. L.T.. H-F. and 11 L.F. equipment. Higher National in Elect. &s_Meeh. Engi­ neering. London area preferred. — Box 6373. e o The S % 'm 1'. riving tan particulars c 7 ô The ElectricalKevr Electrical Review. "O (Siirpieniém) E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w Aten is Z i. 1945

V PM IM ST K a TIV y- Engineer .4h lutos Graduate. CITY OF SALFORD' - V M.I.Mech F... M .í E.E.. with intensive teohnioxl and Ksnmssfisl epersíing and deveiowaest experience with Electricity Department i i : i - . ; i - i? ■ -í tics with post-war rrospeo-s inside or outside the eagineer- 'TtENDERS e : e nivtied hy tii# Srst jxrst c: thursc.s; .. rc.c cccsite car as manager oí electricity sur-.xv under­ April lith. fcr rhe purchase of an> of t ue feBowiag: taxing- Organisation. management- Suanee. o.uurnnv m a t e , Ooatractiiig. evsastractk-ffl. sales. public miaron#. Highest or*te;c:xls.— Box 6510.o o The Electrical Review, -Ua-\«it Sfr-peried. S-phasc A.C. Vater« and Starters DVERTISES ícete position oí respoasibStty Electrical Uuuse^i Fra--VV :,r S to ’U . hand. A . escrieí hcies c: h ai :v . s s . iH .F . of M eter! «> Sc 25 20 15 12 M 15 10 aihj efficient controller. Pa2 pmSíuiu* sad ssis-y,—Be® Numtvr fer Ssie! 12162S1I11 «S5S. c. o The Electrical Review. V GK.TCCLh.LR: Consumers' Eugiiíeer with long e\- D.C M etofs and S tarters 'V jvr.emv in public suppiy industry. wishes te> :cm MO-tSO veits. 2204990 voSts. enterprisiiig i a a a a a spionCiknc agricultural eo.mp 1! P. oi Motor’ 75 25 2h 10 5 * ! I j i l i i ST faiw mem. Ssies. demonstrations. estimates, jnsiaiiattois.— StiaiherforSa!e) 1 1 l l u t l l ! S S Bets fGOG c/O The Fiectries! Review, A RMATCR.E Winding Fervorar,. tberengb experi-e-r.ee One M otor Ge nenne-, omp-if 115 volts. 74 arnps. - V eeeairs A -- : nod D-C., production or repair she;e, desites permanent Tettder form, giving further particniars. may he obtained progressive cos: -Box roll e e Vile Fie..:; eei Kevisw on appiicati-on to the City Eiecrricai Engineer. EteetrseSy /'UFARLE Engineer vs r with extensive sales. buying Deparrns-Uf. Tradertok Road. Salfoto. 5-. l.aacs. A- srh administrative exper.er.oe desires executive \vsi- H. H. TOMSON. Town Clerk. tion with manufacturer hr wholesaler. Wide knowledge of 1059 she electrical industry sr..; specialised it; aimers sad generators.—Box child, o o The Electrical Review. I V GhlGh ER Pniughcstnsm with eve: ten yeses' expert- SEORSE COHEN, SONS A CO. LTD. L 1 cnee in the desist; and manufacture oi domestic etectrical appliances. iachtdiits thorough knowledge of for design as as®Ked to mass ptoduotinn. desiras to change jsosittea to first im eraeted it; the de-velegsBem sa d utilisa­ C.FARANTEVD ELECTRICAL tion of dessesrtc electrical products in the jvst-wsr period. —Box fSS. o e The Ekotrleal Review. TLA NT. ■JCLEC. Designer , small motor control gear, desires -*-> pcst-wsr position Sales Engineer. Energetic. keen, MOTORS GENERATORS (M t appearance. Southern ares,—Boot fiSis. e « The Eléctrica; Review. SWTTCHGBAR. ■ptiK TEIC Heating. Sales Engine« 50’ experienced T-J space snd. ware: heating and cooking, iiistaiiaiiers eto. and e-.fuiprmnt design, wishes to represent iiii.iiniaeliir i lit I.or.don and Southern Counties. Contacts amemgst WOOD LANE. LONDON. W U Ctovt. depcs., supply authorities and trade.—Box ts>77. e o The Rleolrioai Review. Teiephene ; Shepherds Bush 207Ö TPIKCTIRICIAN. ail hxaaoh.es, disengaged. wants work. and Wowkl sr.it works tnsiutensnoe.— F .. 10. Stands'; Read. S.W.1S. 6807, STANNINGLEY. NEAR LEEDS. T AMP Works Executive »40>. wide technical and ad- Telephone : Fudsey S241. -Lj »sinistrato. expetietsce oi modem rasnrfitotrring Eitabiiihe,; ISS4. practice, including prodtKtton and personnel manage­ 2f ment. seeks oh.stpre. nor ttecesssT.iy lamp m aaufaciure.— Box Toot. o. o lit.- Ekctrieal Review. liT O R E S Supervisor seeks position with oonoern. nc.anu- REBUILT MOTORS ÄND GEN E F AT OfiS Cc faeíuring tight eirginserlng and ekx-.rieai eoinlnmeai, M r experiei'.oe-d in modestn stock contra;! -.neth.xis and T ONG deliveries can often be availed tv ruvhee’t-c stores ron tine, l-o.yii-g. etc.—Box SST§, o o The Fieotrioai rebuilt seoeudhand n anx Vi g car mieetrn or replace Review. surplus lisust of any sire. ^CBMESSIBEE Motor-driven Damps. Chsrtered F.hv- v trica! and Mechanical Engineer, skii'.ed in design SEND FS Y OCR KNQCIKIES. and mantimoture. wishes contact iirsr-eisss psunp manu- tacturing oonoern interested in same.—Box SÍST. e o The OVER LOOT RATINGS AdCALLY IN STOCK HERE Meeixiesl Review. tiFFFLT Authorities. Qualified Elexirioal V .riii L. A .I.E .E . vSSh free '.Ann Gov- riituen; Service next tew DYNAMO A MOTOR REPAIRS LTD.. months. would appreciate enquiries in any of the foiiowiirg Wembley Park. Middle«v. capacities: Generation, distributhm. oonsumers’ engineer, sales or development. Sound technical and executive back­ Telephone: Wanbley S1S1 ,4 BaesL ground.—Box SSlth e o The Eléctrica! Review, yphhhXICAi Sales nncineer .391. .vsscii.ue I h h . over A iso at Phœnix Works. Bel g rave Terrae«, Sah,; Road. 1 1? years' established tX'iirieci ion electricity ucder- Handsworth, Birmingham. tskuigs, electrical trade and large industrial concerns over T.-b phene : Northern CSSS. wiae area Midlands—Rortiiaii'ctcu to Shetfield, D rr rr: ham. etc.: lighting, heatiog. caries, switchgea- and general ______2d L.T. distribution specialist, desires simitar ncsitioi; where initiative, resourcefnk:e® and responsihihty are demanded. REDUNDANT TRANSFORMERS VVrite— BM KAY 1 1 . Loudon. VY.C.l. fiSBo T H E Boston x District Electric Supply Go. Ltd, have FOR SALE -A- the following Jar déposai:— Tra<3¡rrs Iw&mg m d sdling íh«ísI t ' / í r r í G 'í 2 Berry. 75 kVA. indoor, ti.o o o v o te prim ary. S.S(Y fíft?íTtcri'í>ri t?y c>rsiiPF, 8. K. <€' O. .Vt\ 958, vests 0.-\\-.- :.v:y. delta star. 1 Haekbrldge. IT kVA. indoor, S.SW vwlto 415 24C YOUR WAR AND POST WAR volts, delta star, 1 Brush, 25 kVA. weatherproof, with cable boxes. 4W- req«sqgme«t$ volts primary. 8.150 vote secondary, delta star. B.A . B.S.E. A YD VTHTTVYORTH BRASS AMD STEEI. I A.I a b o v e a r e for iXp’tase, .V-oycle supplies. YV'TS. SCREWS. WASHERS. SITDIMNO AND 1 Ferranti. 7* kYA, pole traastener. 240 volts W SPRING WASHERS, etc.. v o te . 50 cycles, e-ngle-pintee. «au» he supplied from stock hy AB a’-ovt* are In exwiier.t condition and may he in- spectöl by e,rn;ageme.!>t. CLERKENWELL SCREWS, tOS. CLERKESVYELL ROAD. LONDON. E.C.1. OSers shoaM be addressed to th e exuutxauv at Tel. HOLlwrn 6504. Beset House, v.irket Place. Boston. Lincs. SS25 i 1658 M arch 23, 1545 Electric.«. Review S¡tpple-r*srr \ 71 « i» W lf boilers m à m m - ' ' i'v | 'ÏSM: iiysÜ'THfc » » Ä ' S l L E i . ms» t&al“-" ■ m m 1 i i i ü CK=■ lü â n e öbs a te o teSiTSa®

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OTOR Generator Sets and Convertors, all sizes and jL-kW Turbo-Generating Set, 110 volt D.C.. £40. M voltages from £ kW up to 500 kW in stock.— 62 Stewart Thomson & Sons. Fort Road, Seaforth, Britannia Manufacturing Co. Ltd., 22/26, Britannia Walk, Liverpool, 2 1. 55 City Road, London, N.I. Telephone. Clerkenwell 5512, 1-kW Steam-driven Generating Set, Ashworth Parker 5513 & 5514. 2b 7 32 vertical engine coupled to L.D.M. compound wound IVTOTORISED £" Bench Drilling Machine. 13 speeds, 230-volt generator, £120.—Stewart Thomson & Sons. Fort ^ £12 2s. 6d .—John E. R. Steel, Clyde Mills. Bingley. Road, Seaforth, Liverpool, 21. 54 Phone 1066. 51 ()Cl-kW, 220-volts diesel-driven Generating Set. consist- AMEPLATES, Engraving, Diesinking, Stencils, Steel ing of 37£/42-h.p. Crossley vertical diesel engine N Punches.—Stilwell & Sons Ltd.. 152, Tar Gosford and direct coupled 25-kW compound wound generator, Street. Coventry. 14 mounted on baseplate, complete with regulator.—Newman NE Motor Generator Set, 300 amps., 0/60 volts, with Industries Limited, Yate, Bristol. 1562 O direct coupled exciter, and 400/3/50-cycles slip-ring OQ-h.p. Motorised Reduction Gear Unit. 400/3/50, final speed 182 r.p.m., complete with Ellison starter. driving Motor. Complete with oil starting gear and D.C. £140.—Electric Machinery Co. (M/cr.) Ltd.. New Union switchboard.—Newman Industries Ltd.. Yate. Bristol. 1673 Works, New Islington, Ancoats, Manchester. 1556 NE secondhand B.I. Condenser, 400 volts. 50 cycles. CQ-kW , 220-v., 770-revs. C.I. three-bearing Generator. O 3-phase, 9.85 kVA. Best offer to—Box 1661, c /o V O J. P. Hall, with switchboard.—Greenhalgh Bros.. The Electrical Review. Burtons Field Mill. Atherton, Manchester. 1479 WING to change-over. E.C.C. Generator, 50 kW. 500 n C k No. 20PS and 57 No. 35PS M.E.M. Starters and O r.p.m., 230 v. Cheap to quick buyer.—Box 6881, 100 No. 1607X Foster Transformer Units, less c/o The Electrical Review. brackets, all new. Best offer secures.—Box 1660. c/o HONE 98 Staines. 35-kW Crude Oil Set, 220 vo.: The Electrical Review. P 35-kW Browett Steam Set, 220 vo.; 50-kW Hindley Q A unused £-h.p. Squirrel-cage Motors by B.T.H., 100/ Steam Set, 440/220 vo.; 75-h.p. National Twin Diesel: OvF 440 volts, 3-phase, 50 cycles, 1,420 r.p.m.; com­ Three-throw Ramp Pump, 3£" x 6", 700 lbs. w.p.— plete with unused push-button starters. Government Harry H. Gardam & Co. Ltd.. Staines. 60 licence or declaration required. Delivery ex stock.—George ORCELAIN Cleats, 2 and 3 groove, various sizes ex Cohen. Sons & Co. Ltd.. Stanningley. nr. Leeds. 1634 P stock, price list.—Edwardes Bros., 20. Blackfriars 1 A A -h.p. Drysdale Vertical Squirrel Cage A.C. Motors. Road. London, S .E .l. 6889 -LvJvJ 400/3/50, B.B., 1.440 r.p.m.. 3 available. £60 ORCELAIN Insulators, various sizes in stock, galv. each.—Electric Machinery Co. (M/cr.) Ltd.. New Union P spindles.—Edwardes Bros., 20, Blackfriars Road. Works, New Islington. Ancoats. Manchester. 1559 London, S .E .l. 6890 1 A A h.p. L.D.M. Squirrel Cage A.C. Motor. B.B., 720 ORTABLE Engine-driven Welding Sets, output 75/ J-” " r.p.m., 400/3/50, with starter. £170.—Electric P 350 amps., brand new, Government licence to pur­ Machinery Co. (M/cr.) Ltd..New Union Works.New Isling­ chase, delivery stock.—Gladiator Welder Sets Ltd.. 18. ton, Ancoats, Manchester. 1558 Leicester Road, Sale, Manchester. 69 1 A A -h.p., 400/3/50, S.R., 730-revs., Louvre Vent., ECONDITIONED Rotary Converter, input 230 v. B.T.H. (ball bearings), with Ellison O.I. gear.— R D.C., output 230 v., 50 c.. 1£ kV, 3,000 r.p.m.—Box Greenhalgh Bros.. Burtons Field Mill. A therton. M / cr. 1478 6894, c/o The Electrical Review. 0£J^Vh.p. Harland Slipring A.C. Motor, 400/3/50 at OTARY Converters in stock, all sizes: enquiries 750 r.p.m., complete with Ellison control gear; R invited.—Universal Electrical, 221, City Road. 200-h.p. ditto at 600 r.p.m.—Electric Machinery Co. London. E.C.l. 16 (M/cr.) Ltd.. New Union Works, New Islington. Ancoats. ELF-Priming Electric Pumps, 300 g.p.h., £12.—John Manchester. 1557 S E. R . Steel, Clyde Mills, B'ingley. Phone 1066. 53 OfC/Y-kVA Alternator, 400 volts, 3-phase, 50 cycles. 750 EVERAL Telescopic Tower Ladders ready for essential revs., with direct coupled exciter.—Midland Coun­ S work. Extensions, Trestles and Steps to order.— ties Electrical Engineering Co. Ltd., Grice Street. Spon Shaftesbury Ladders Ltd., 453, Katherine .Road, E.7. Lane. West Bromwich. 36 Grangewood 3363. 15 /Y/YfVkW Turbo-Alternator Set. made by Metro- OPECIAL line, B’ell and Telephone Wires, also screened 1 politan-Vickers in 1920, 3-phase, 50-period. wires, large quantity, cheap.—Edwardes Bros., 20. 400 volts, steam pressure 200 lbs., jet condenser. Apply— Blackfriars Road. London, S.E.l. 6892 Patons & Baldwins Ltd., Halifax, Yorkshire. 1484 TAFF Time Checking and Job Costing Time Recorders S (all makes) for quick cash sale. Exceptional con­ ARTICLES WANTED dition. Write — Box 528, Smiths. 100, Fleet Street. London. E.C.4. 31 A CETATE and other thermoplastic scrap; polythene WITCH and Fuse Units, Conduits and fittings, works and P.V.C. in any form; also scrap cable and in­ sulated wire; urgently wanted.—Elton Levy & Co. Ltd.. S requirements stocked.—Edwardes Bros., 20. Black­ 18. St. Thomas Street. S .E .l. 30 friars Road. London. S .E .l. 6891 AUTOM A TIC Lighting Set, 1,500/3.000 w.. 110 or HE following Electricity Prepayment Meters are for 230 v. Price and full particulars to—J. S. Rams- T sale: 70 2 £-amp., 250-v. Ferranti: 12 2£-amp., 250-v. bottom & Co. L td., Keighley. 1594 types B., C. & H .: 5 10-amp., 250-v.. type E.P. Aron: f'lO IL Winding Machines wanted for essential work.— 3 5-amp., 250-v. A.E.G. Also a number that require A-' Box 63. c/o The Electrical Review. slight repairs.—Slough Estates Ltd.. Trading Estate. Slough. Bucks. 1587 TAYNAMOS. 110 volts. 200-400 amps; D.C. Motors. £ h.p. to 10 h.p.. 200-500 volts, ball bearings.— rTLR.S. Cables and Flexibles. Welding Cables, supplied W. H. Sugden. Glenny Road. Barking. Rip. 3302. 1526 J- to M.O.S. requirements.—Edwardes Bros.. 20. Black­ T^NAMELLED Copper Wire wanted. Please state quan- friars Road. London. S.E.l. 6893 tity. make, gauge and price. — Box 61, c/o The ^TRANSFORMER Lead-in Wire, 7/38 and 14/38 s.w.g., Electrical Review. Insu-Glass finished, various colours, stock.—Saxonia. ^ENGINEERING Technical Books (new or secondhand) Greenwich. S.E.10. 34 -L-J wanted in any quantity. Attractive cash offers. Call ^TRANSFORMERS. single and three-phase. All types —Third floor, 356. Oxford Street, W .l. or “ Stoneleigh,” up to 10 kVA.—Woden Transformer Co. (Phone. St. George’s Avenue. Weybridge. 62 Bilston 41959), Moxley Road. Bilston. Staffs. 12 NE compound wound D.C. Generator. 3-bearing type, fTIWO duplicate 73-kW. 230-volts, Diesel-driven Gener- O 230 volts. 120 kW, speed 500-750. One 4-wire, 400- ating Sets, each consisting of 110-b.h.p. Crossley 4- volts, 3-phase, 50-cycles Alternator, with direct coupled cylinder, vertical, scavenge pump, cold start. Diesel engine exciter. 3-bearing machine. 200 kVA. speed 500-600-750. and direct coupled 73-kW. 230-volts compound wound if possible complete "with control switchboard.—Box 67. D.C. Generator and Switchboard. New 1933 and 1936. c/o The Electrical Review. £725 each complete set loaded on site.—Newman Indus­ TTTANTED, Rotary Converters, any size.—Universal. tries Limited, Yate, BTistol. 1614 * * 221, City Road, London, E.C.l. 22 fTIWO 33-h.p. secondhand Laurence Scott Motors. 220 - volt D.C., 250/375 r.p.m., compound wound, with full AGENCIES complement of new spares.—London Brick Company Limited. Stewartby. Bedford. 1639 GENCIES required for Eire for the following: — 1 11-h.p., 440-volt D.C., 500-r.p.m. Motor: 3 lj-h.p., A (i) Domestic Electric Appliances: (ii) Conduit: (iii) -J- 400-volt D.C.. 910-r.p.m. Motors. All Crompton Cable; (iv) Electric Fittings; (v) Switchgear; (vi) Electric Parkinson ball-bearing machines, shunt wound, complete Accessories; (vii) Motor, etc. Advertisers have been w ith starters.—Browning’s Electric Co. L td., Boleyn Castle. established for over 30 years as factors of electrical goods. Green Street. London. E.13. 1537 Annual turnover, £40,000. Either commission or buying basis. Post-war arrangements considered.—Box 1617, c/o O Hewittic Mercury Arc Rectifiers in first-class condition. The Electrical Review. input 6.300 volts, 3-phase, 50 cycles, output 490/460 A GENCIES required. South of England, including the volts, 2-wire, D.C., each complete with transformer, and London area: (a) Cables; (b) Small Switchgear; (c) each unit of 200-kW capacity. For further details apply— Transformers: or any lines suitable for distribution for Glospower.” R ef.C .E ,, 126 Lon^pr) Gloucester. 1651 wholesalers’ business.—Box 40. c/o The Electrical Review March 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w (Supplement) 73 A GENCIES required by Sales Engineer (electrical and XA.mechanical qualifications). Extensive connections WORK WANTED AND OFFERED with corporations and all mam factors in Loudon and South Coast for the following : Wash boilers, water heaters, DYNAMIC BALANCING AT PIECE RATES irons, fires and other domestic appliances. Considerable lmmed^te tonovcr could be guaranteed.—Box 6871, c/o Y \T E dynamically balance all kinds of electric and other The Electrical B e view. T ~ rotors, and return them the day following receipt. No delay, and a perfectly balanced job guaranteed. A GENCIES required for London, South of England, for Vibration Prob.ems are solved on site by means of our ^ the following : il; Domestic electrical appliances. Portable Balancing Equipments and Special Vibrometers. (2) Brass electrical accessories, switch plugs, etc.; (3) Con­ Re-balancing and Correction effected on the spot without duit. Advertisers have clientele with every wholesaler in dismantling the test rotor. Expert Operators with modern the territory mentioned. Immediate turnover can be equipment available at all times. guaranteed. Either commission or buying basis. Post­ C. F. R. GIESLER LTD.. war arrangements considered. — Box 64. c/o The Elec­ Small Hall, River Place, Essex Road. N.I. trical Review. ______1604 GENCIES wanted for British India for motors, pumps, A switchgear. heating and cooking appliances, wires A RMATURE, Rotor and Stator rewinds and repairs; and cables, indoor and outdoor fittings, studio lamps and fractional to 60 h.p. Prompt deliveries.—T. A. Boxall fittings, cinema carbons, overhead line materials, switch­ & Co., Horley. Surrey. Phone 654. 6811 board and portable instrum ents, wiring accessories, ceiling /CAPACITY available for Winding, Armatures. Stators and table fans, meters, lamps and insulating materials.— ^ and Coils. Quantities preferred.—Kingsland Electric Bombay Machinery & Tools Co., 72, Medows Street. Fort, Service, 75a, Well St., London. E.9. Amherst 4166. 6814 Bombay. 1652 T V D you suffer losses in 1944 through bad tooling? S a reputed firm of Elec. and Mech. Engineers enjoying If so, we invite you to place your Tool Designing with A licences, we invite sole agencies for motors, dynamos,. us. Capacity available immediately!—Kirk Designs Ltd.. A.C. diesel and turbine sets, transformers, engines, control Woodford Green, Essex. Phone. Buckhurst 3835. 1550 gear, bulbs, wires, conduits, welding rods, measuring- RAUGHTING. 200 man hours per month available.— testing instruments, etc.—The British Engineering Co.. H. E. C., 8 , Farm Road, N.14. 6875 105. Apollo Street. Fort. Bombay. 1195 T^LECTRICAL Measuring Instruments skilfully repaired D and recalibrated. — Electrical Instrument Repair LECTRICAL Manufacturers of Measuring Instruments Service. " Stanimede,” Forlease Road. Maidenhead. 6876 E and Testing Sets require Agents for Scotland and T^NQUIRIES invited for Plastic Mouldings from existing Leeds. Agents m ust be technically qualified and have tools. Very modern plant capable of giving large established connections amongst manufacturers and radio output. Prompt deliveries.—Jofeh Engineering Co. Ltd.. wholesalers. Please give fullest details.—Box 1615. c/o 901. Finchley Road. N .W .ll. 1640 The Electrical Review. X^XCAVATING and Reinstating Work wanted, cables. TT'XPORT. Firm with connections and selling organisa- ducts, water mains, etc., hand labour.—Box 6866. -1-i tion in almost every country desire to contact firms c/o The Electrical Review. who are interested in establishing a sound Export Trade. ACHINING Work, for Centre Lathes up to 6i in. —Sales & Partners L td.. 7, Victoria Street, Westminster. M centres and medium-sized milling (good grade work S.W.l. Phone. Abbey 2089. 1528 preferred).—The London Electric Firm, Croydon. Up­ lands 4871. ™ EADING Liverpool Electrical Wholesalers with marine EPA IR S: Clocks. Electric Clocks, Clockwork Con­ L industrial and commercial connections are interested R trollers for public lighting, control and time switches, in agencies for manufacturers of first-class products.—Box exposure meters and every kind of clockwork appliance 1638. c/o The Electrical Review. repaired and overhauled. Inquiries welcomed.—J. W. & ANUFACTURERS’ Agents, covering the whole of R. E. Hughes (Clockwork Engineers). 58. Victoria Street. M Great Britain and Colonies, are desirous of contact­ London, S.W.l. Phone. Victoria 0134. 66 ing manufacturers with a view to sole selling rights (either commission or buying), post-war arrangements considered. MISCELLANEOUS — 23. The Electrical Review. Box c/o ATTERY Chargers Modernised. Your old Charger made COTLAND. Electrical Engineer, practical and business B like new by specialists. Conversion from valve to metal S experience, own workshop, equipment, car. wishes to rectification. Send for interesting leaflet “ Q.D.” on this represent manufacturers of domestic or industrial goods, service.—Runbaken Electrical Products, Manchester. 1. 4o washing machines, refrigerators, etc., servicing or sales. "VfOTICE is hereby given that Mr. Andrew Bruce Muir- Sound references. Resident Glasgow.—Box 6867. c/o The 1 ’ head Consulting Engineer, practising under the name Electrical Review. of " D. Selby Bjgge & Co..” of 48, West Regent Street. rpECHNICAL Agent. 20 years’ close contact with elec- Glasgow, has taken into partnership as from 1st Novem­ JL trical and general engineers and metal and allied ber 1944. Mr. Thomas Donaldson, who has been associated trades, considerable practical experience, desires Midland with the’ firm for many years. The name of the firm agency.—Box 6880. c/o The Electrical Review. remains unchanged. 1M 1 The TEMCO SWITCH

COMPLIES FULLY WITH B.S. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS (B.S.816-1938) Surface, Semi-recessed and Flush types OUTSTANDING VALUE

Marketed by : T.M.C.-HARWELL (SALES) LTD. BRITANNIA HOUSE, ?33 SHAFTESBURY AVENUE Telephone : Temple Bar 0055 (3 lines) ^ LONDON, W.C.? Telegrams : “ Arwelidite, Westcent. London 7 4 ( Supplem ent) E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 2 3 , 1 9 4 5

MORPHY-RICH ARDS LTD. V. COMPANY MEETING ELECTRICAL & GENERAL ACCESSORIES (LEICESTER) LIMITED THE MIDLAND COUNTIES ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY LTD. Injunction Granted FF1HE Thirty-second Ordinary General Meeting of the above company was held on March 15th in London. N the 16th day of February, 1945, in an action brought Mr. William Shearer (the chairman) presided, and in the O by Morphy-Richards Ltd. against Electrical & General course of his remarks said: — Accessories (Leicester) Limited, an injunction was granted Taking the war period as a whole, the rate of progress against the defendant, their servants and agents from which we achieved in the immediate pre-war years has passing off electric iron elements as and for the plaintiff’s been maintained, not of course in the number of new con­ goods and from selling or offering for sale electric iron sumers, but in the annual increase of load connected to elements under or in connection with the name Morphy- the system and in the number of units sold to consumers. Richards or Murphy-Richards without clearly distinguish­ In reviewing the results of all our operating companies, ing such elements from those of the plaintiff’s. I cannot refrain from calling attention to the contribution No person is entitled to sell elements or other spare parts we have made to the National Exchequer and local govern­ for electric irons as “ Morphy-Richards ” elements or ment in the form of rates and taxes. Out of our total spare parts unless they are of the manufacture of Morphy- trading profits for the last five years we have paid or Richards Ltd. provided for this purpose no less than 3£ million pounds, Legal proceedings will be commenced against any person whereas during the same period the amount of dividends selling or offering for sale elements or spare parts as paid to holders of Ordinary stock was £618,000. Morphy-Richards elements or spare parts which are not of These figures, read in conjunction with our low scale of the manufacture of Morphy-Richards Ltd. 1657 charges to consumers, surely indicate how utterly mislead­ ing is a statement contained in the Socialist Party’s mani­ ON’T Part With Your Plans. Produce blue prints festo of May, 1944, setting out its post-war policy for D and black line copies, etc., in your own office with­ coal and power, reading as follows: ” The solution of the out glass frame, privately and economically. ” Arcoflex ” power companies is the monopoly of control for the benefit Copiers from 28 shillings. As supplied to H.M. Govern­ of the shareholders, ours is the solution of public owner­ ment.— W. R. Boughton, 53. Kenley Road. Merton, ship and control for the benefit of the community.” London. S.W. 19. 43 As the future of our industry has become the subject ^PECHNICAL French quickly and accurately translated of controversy. I make no excuse for referring again to by M.Sc.Tech. Particulars from—Box 6868, c /o The certain proposals for nationalisation and public control, Electrical Review. on which I gave you my views at length a year ago. The proposals, outlined in certain quarters affect many EDUCATIONAL NOTICES branches of British industrial life, but it would appear that a few key industries, including our own, have been LATEST A.M .I.E.E. RESULTS chosen as special targets by those who desire to create huge State monopolies involving a large extension of the bureaucracy, with an increase of political patronage. N the recent Examinations held by the Institution of The argument is- sometimes advanced that if the revo­ I Electrical Engineers 477 Candidates sat who had lutionary changes proposed were adopted, existing efficient taken B.I.E.T. courses. Of these 457 were successful in managements would be retained under any scheme of passing the examinations. We believe this record of 457 nationalisation, and that, therefore, the benefits of both successes out of 477 entrants has never' before been State ownership and private enterprise would be enjoyed. approached by any oral or correspondence tutorial This is a specious argument, as I imagine that few men organisation, and indicates the very high efficiency of of enterprise, trained in business management, would con­ the modern system of Technical Training which we have sent to work permanently under the harassing conditions laid down. of Government control. No doubt a few would agree to The B.I.E.T. tutorial organisation is waiting to assist carry on in these circumstances, but what of the next you either with a short specialist course or complete generation, brought up in the enervating atmosphere of training for a recognised examination. rules, regulations, endless forms and returns? We have available a large full-time staff of instructors, The industry within 20 years would be run by men while the efficiency of our extensive organisation is a with a typical civil service departmental outlook, an ex­ byword among engineers. cellent and very proper outlook in its own sphere, but not in industry. Everyone knows that when the Govern­ W E G U A R A N T E E —“ NO P A S S — NO F E E ” ment enters into the realm of ordinary trading there is a hampering influence; decisions are not quickly obtainable May we send a copy of " ENGINEERING OPPOR­ and when given are often reversed. This is by no means TUNITIES ” ? Containing a great deal of useful advice a criticism of our permanent civil service, the reputation and detailed information on over 200 Home-Study Courses of which is unequalled anywhere in the world. and examinations, this handbook is of very real value to The Government can, of course, by reason of the powers the ambitious engineer. which it properly and necessarily obtains in time of war. Our highly informative handbook will be sent FREE achieve stupendous results in the field of industry, but in and without obligation on request. time of peace similar methods would ultimately ruin the richest nation and render competition in the world’s BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING markets impossible. Nobody in the business world would TECHNOLOGY. suggest that the Government, except by arbitrary price Established 1927—over 200,000 students. fixing arrangements, obtains the best value for money, judged by ordinary commercial standards. 12, Shakespeare House, 17, 18 & 19. Stratford Place, The contention that the proposals I have referred to Oxford Street, London, W .I. 33 would improve and cheapen- the supply of electricity to the people is. in my opinion, illusory. They are designed Great Possibilities for to place one of the mosF vital industries in the country TECHNICALLY QUALIFIED ENGINEERS under the power of an ever swelling bureaucracy. I mentioned last year that every responsible person Key Men In W ar-Tim e and A fterw ard s engaged in the direction of our industry recognises that certain important changes affecting the distribution fTIHE finest posts and the great majority of posts in of electricity are both desirable and necessary, and Great Britain in this war are technical. The same having enumerated what these changes were, I expressed will be the case when the war is over. The vast increase the view that they could be effected by relatively simple in mechanisation now being applied to war purposes will enactments which would avoid a long period of disloca­ then be suitably utilised in reconstruction, and in trade tion. if not. indeed, years of chaos. The power companies and commerce. Take a recognised Engineering Quali­ incorporated all their proposals in this connection in a fication through home-study with the T.I.G.B.. whose well-considered memorandum which was submitted to the Students have gained 35 FIRST PLACES in the Minister of Fuel and Power in November. 1943. In the A.M.Inst.C.E.. A.M.I.E.E., A.M.I.Mech.E.. A.F.R.Ae.S.. considerable interval that has elapsed, we have become etc.. examinations. Write to-day for ” The Engineer’s more than ever convinced that these proposals, if adopted, Guide to Success,” containing the world's widest choice would effect such reorganisation as is required in the of engineering Courses—over 200—covering all branches : interests of the public by means other than those involving Electrical. Aeronautical. Mechanical. Wireless, etc. “ the serious and unnecessary dislocation of electricity THE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF supply ” which, in the opinion of the McGowan Committee GT. BRITAIN, (confirmed in 1942 by the Cooper Committee) would ensue if the present undertakings were vested in public boards. 35. Temple Bar House. London. E.C.4. 77 The report and accounts were adopted, 1664 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w {Supplement ) 7 5

Tf

TRANSFORMERS INDUCTANCES AND CHOKE COILS AIH-COOLED AND OIL-1MMEOSED Lei W. quote jor your reowrementu—-small or large

Every works needs DONOVAN " S olink' Isolating Links for Isolating Motors, Starters, Ring Mains, Circuit Breakers, Transformers, E t c * Sizes 15 to 2,000 Amps. The ZENITH ELECTRIC CO. Ltd. łoi* Młker» «rf «h« ąrc*l-ki»»» ESwS^*S»l D 0 N (U A V ZenrtL W orn, votiert P r a t WUIeuKn Sreer. LM m . I W I V* smm vt* wSM ^nm. mwsm Phont WILteide»' ItOVJ-OO ifeffeftSfai.

:n g in es&Fl e c t r ic s1id . SUDS PUMPS Used on British and American Machine T oolv. either submersible or flanged design. Types:—EE. 1, 2, and 4. CapacityFrom 7 to ' galls. permixuat 6-fit. head.

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T o deal with M o to r is in a ccord ­ flooding in base- ance with B.S S. m entti boiler 170/1999 and rated bouse s, cable to ensure continu­ trenches, etc. ous and reliable LITHOLITE INSULATORS & Installation : Is extremely simple. Only neceasary ST. ALBANS MOULDINGS LTD to connect pump to delivery pipe, plug motor to nearest socket- WATFORD ENGINES & ELECTRICS PHONE: WATFORD 4494 3, ST. JAMES SQUARE • L0AD0« • SWI 76 (Supplement) E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 2 3 , 1 9 4 5

PAGE Index to Advertisers Electroplant Co ...... 40 PAGE Ellison, George, Ltd ...... 42 Acru Electric Tool Mfg. Co. Ltd ...... 59 Engines & Electrics Ltd ...... 75 Alton Battery Co. Ltd ...... 3 English Electric Co. Ltd...... 15 Ashley Accessories Ltd ...... 40 Erskine, Heap & Co. Ltd ...... 33 A ssociated Pum ps L td ...... 76 Everett, Edgcumbe & Co. Ltd ...... 44 Barber & Colman Ltd ...... 78 Ferguson, Pailin Ltd ...... 37 Benjamin Electric Ltd ...... 5 Ferranti Ltd...... 11 Braithwaite & Co. Engineers Ltd Cover iii Foster Transformers & Switchgear Ltd ...... 13 British Central Electrical Co. Ltd ...... • ...... 40 Fuller Electrical & Manufacturing Co. Ltd ...... 49 British Insulated Cables Ltd ...... 9 General Electric Co. Ltd ...... 17 & 66 British Klockner Switchgear Ltd ...... 80 Gent & Co. Ltd ...... 28 British Trane Co. Ltd ...... 20 Gowshall Ltd ...... 52 Brush Electrical Engineering Co. Ltd...... 27 Grampian Reproducers Ltd...... 50 Burco L td ...... 26 Grelco L td ...... 52 Burdette & Co. L td ...... 46 Grey & M arten L td ...... 62 Bushing Co. Ltd ...... 32 Hackbridge Electric Construction Co. Ltd...... 60 Cable Makers’ Association Cover ii Harboro’ Rubber Co. Ltd ...... 54 Canning, W., & Co. Ltd ...... 22 Hart Accumulator Co. Ltd ...... 62 Churchhouse, C. M., Ltd ...... 61 Heatrae Ltd ...... l City Electrica 1 Co ...... 78 H edin L td ...... 76 Cohen, George, Sons & Co. Ltd ...... 77 Heenan & Froude Ltd ...... 25 Copper Development Association...... 10 H enley’s, W. T., Telegraph W orks Co. L td ...... 18 Cox-Walkers Ltd ...... 78 Hewittic Electric Co. Ltd ...... 65 Cressall Manufacturing Co. Ltd ...... 61 Hildick & H ildick...... 58 C rom pton Parkinson L td 2, 29 & 35 Holme, Edward, & Co. (1931) Ltd ...... 53 Crypton Equipment Ltd ...... 12 Iddon, Victor H., Ltd ...... 56 Cryselco Ltd ...... 30 Instanta Electric Ltd ...... 59 Dalyte Electrical Co. Ltd ...... 76 Insulators Ltd ...... 64 Davis & Timmins Ltd ...... 80 Johnson & Phillips Ltd ...... 31 Desoutter Bros. Ltd ...... 41 Jones, Samuel, & Co. Ltd ...... 62 Dixon Hawkesworth Ltd ...... 57 Jones Stroud & Co. Ltd ...... 48 Donovan Electrical Co. Ltd...... 75 Lanzetter, S...... 52 Dowsing Co. (Electrical Manufacturers) Ltd...... 36 Laurence, Scott & Electromotors Ltd ...... C over i Drayton Regulator & Instrument Co. Ltd ...... 58 Legg (Industries) Ltd ...... 78 Duratube & Wire Ltd ...... 20 Litholite Insulators & St. Albans Mouldings L td... . 75 Earle Bourne & Co. Ltd ...... 52 Londex L td ...... 80 Ebonestos Industries Ltd ...... 53 London Electric Firm ...... 54 Elcordia Ltd ...... 28 M cC lure & W hitfield...... 56 Electric Construction Co. Ltd ...... 24 M.C.L. & Repetition Ltd ...... 1 Electric Depot Ltd ...... 76 78) Electric Elements Co...... 54 (Continued on page

T o t a l l y TfiCÖlKr E n c l o s e d PISTON x \irç b u s t ^ / / W W - PIINPS RTSISTflNC ASSOCIATED PUMPS LTD. 5THAKY 5TRTCT KJ1IGHTOR LANC 73-77 Britannia Rd., LONDON, S.W.6 BIRMINGHAM 16 BUCKHURST HILL

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Cable drums for all applications Manufacturers of electrical equipment of all types for material handling plant. ELECTRIC DEPOT LTD., 114 PRITCHETT ST., B'HAM The Dalyte Electrical Co.%td.,3WestJRow, London, W.IO M arch 23, 1945 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w (Supplement) 77

d k YOU U ffitin y ¿ o p a c it y /

I f you are, perhaps you could save time, labour and money by installing extra Plant. In that event, we could very probably help by supplying what you need from our very large stocks of first-class

MODERN SECONDHAND PLANT & MACHINERY, e.g.

Generating Sets, Alolo/ô, Switchgeai, Transformers, Diesel Engines, Boilers, Pumps, A ir Compressors, Cranes, Locomotives, Power Presses and Sheet Metal Working Machinery, Track and Wagons, Tanks, Steel Sections, Tubes and Fittings, and virtually every kind o f modern Secondhand Works’ Equipment.

I f you are not working to capacity, you may have Machinery standing idle and available for disposal. In that event, please offer it to us. If it is good, useful Plant, we shall be glad to purchase it and will ensure that it is put to work with all possible speed by firms who need it to increase Production. George Cohen, Sons & Co., Ltd. ESTABLISHED 1834 WOOD LANE, LONDON, W.12 and STANNINGLEY, Nr. LEEDS Phone : Pudsey 2241 **NE OF THE Grams: oJS&fcU^London Lrams : Coborn, Leeds

And at • Birmingham, Sheffield. Glasgow, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Manchester, Southampton, Bath, 6 0 0 And at . rwrm g Belfast, Swansea, etc. GROUP 8 F COMPâNItt

451/P 20 78 (Supplem ent) E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w M arch 23, 1945 Index to Advertisers (Continued from page 76) page Measurement Ltd ...... 47 Mek-Elek Engineering Ltd ...... 54 Metafiltration Co. Ltd ...... 59 ITS THE Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd ...... 23 M icanite & Insulators Co. Ltd ...... 4 Ministry of Fuel and Power...... 51 Parmiter, Hope & Sugden Ltd ...... 79 Philips Lamps Ltd Cover iv Pitm an, Sir Isaac, & Sons L td ...... 58 Poles L td ...... 61 Premier Electric Heaters Ltd ...... 21 P ultra L td ...... 57 Ray Engineering Co. Ltd ...... 32 * THAT LOCK/ Record Electrical Co. Ltd ...... 56 ftediffusion Ltd ...... 8 Rhodes, Brydon & Youatt Ltd ...... 54 Rich & P a ttiso n ...... 62 Rockman Engineering Co. Ltd ...... 56 Ross Courtney & Co. Ltd ...... 1 Ruberoid Co. Ltd ...... 40 Runbaken Electrical Products...... 80 Santon L td ...... 57 Saxonia Electrical Wire Co. Ltd ...... 52 Scholes, George H.,. & Co. L td ...... 36 Simmonds & Stokes Ltd ...... 79 Sims, F. D., Ltd ...... 61 Skefko Ball Bearing Co. Ltd...... 34 Sloan Electrical Co. Ltd...... 50 Sordoviso Switchgear Ltd ...... 26 Sparklets Ltd ...... 58 Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd ...... 39 Steatite & Porcelain Products Ltd ...... 63 Stirling Boiler Co. Ltd ...... 14 Sturtevant Engineering Co. Ltd...... 7 T aylor & Petters L td Cover iii Tenaplas Ltd ...... 48 Thew, Edward H., Ltd ...... 80 T.M.C.-Harwell (Sales) Ltd...... 73 Factors and Dealers Enquiries to ;—W m . Clark (Spare Parts) Trionite Ltd ; 62 Ltd., Nobby House. Elgin Avenue, London, W.9 Tufnol L td ...... 55 Tullis Russell & Co. Ltd ...... 6 Tyne Truck & Trolley Co. Ltd ...... 32 United Insulator Co. Ltd ...... 48 Vent-Axia Ltd ...... 65 Veritys Ltd ...... 19 & 45 Viscose Development Co. Ltd ...... 16 Walsall Conduits Ltd ...... 38 Walter, D., & Co. L td ...... 58 BATTERY CHARGERS Ward & Goldstone Ltd ...... 55 Wardle Engineering Co. Ltd Cover iii RECTIFYING EQUIPMENT Watford Instruments...... 32 West Insulating Co. Ltd Cover iii TRANSFORMERS Westminster Engineering Co. Ltd ...... 1 Woden Transformer Co. Ltd ...... ' . 50 Yarrow & Co. Ltd...... 43 (INDUSTRIES) Zenith Electric Co. Ltd ...... 75

The fact that goods made of raw m aterials in short : WILLIAMSON ST, supply owing to war conditions are advertised in this : WOLVERHAMPTON. Journal should not be taken as an indication that ; they are necessarily available for export ;

AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE, A.C. FEEDER SPEED AN D OTHER STOCK REGULATORS

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IRO N C LAD DISTRIBUTION BOARDS with Aeroflex high breaking capacity rewirable cartridge fuses

Aeroflex distribu­ tion fuseboards are supplied in capacities PARMITER, HOPE & SUGDEN, LTD. from 15 amps to 600 Fluvent Electrical Works amps ; D.P., T.P. and T.P. & N. construction Longsight, Manchester 12

SIMMONDS & STOKES LTD. Victoria House,Southampton Row, London, W.C.I. Holborn 8637& 2I63 80 ( Supplement) E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w March 2 3 , 1 9 4 5

STUDDING #- We are now able to supply Brass or Steel Studding from stock in the following sizes : 0— 8 BA i ' —I' Whitworth Supplied in 12 inch lengths in gross bundles. Special lengths supplied to order. • We are manufacturers o f Screws, Small Turned A V IS & TIM M IN S II- Parts and Inserts. Head Office: BILLET ROAD • WALTHAMSTOW ■ LONDON • E.I7 Enquiries Invited. Telephone: Larks wood 2244 and 4441

Instantly detects faults in Armatures b Coil Windings A C or D C " ENGRAVED BRASS, CAST BRASS AND ALUMINIUM, ENAMELLED BRONZE AND CHEMICALLY ENGRAVED Send for PLATES OF ALL TYPES IN ALL LANGUAGES MANU­ FACTURED BY THE EMPIRE'S LARGEST GENERAL ENGRAVERS. SAMPLES AND QUOTATIONS ON REQUEST. EDWARD H. THEW LIMITED 11 Dean Street N e w c a s 11 e - o n - T y n e RUNBAKEN MANCHESTER7!

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P rin te d in G reat B ritain a t THE CHAPEL RIVER PRESS, A ndover, H a n ts, a n d published by ELECTRICAL REVIEW, LIMITED, at Dorset House, Stamford Street, London, S.E.l. March 23, 1945 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w hi

MICA AND MICANITE BRAITHWAITE INSULATORS Pressed Steel Precision Gauged and Stamped T a n k s Condenser Plates BRAITHWAITE & CO. ENGINEERS, LTD. London Office (Temporary Address) : Radio Valve Spacers, etc. 45 King’s House, Haymarket, London, S .W . I TAYLOR & PETTERS LTD. 3-11 WESTLAND PLACE, N.l Telephone : WHI 3993 Telegrams : Bromkirk-Phone Insulation Engineers Tel. : Clerk. 4105

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WARDLE ENGINEERING CO. LTD. OLD TRAFFORD. MANCHESTER 16 LONDON 34 VICTORIA STREET. S W. I

INSTRUMENT WIRES INSULATING MATERIALS

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PHILIPS LAMPS LIMITED. CENTURY HOUSE. SHAFTESBURY AVENUE. LONDON. W .C a ( )